Subject index Abstraction, 55 Accuracy assessment, numerical examples, 239-53 Acoustic problems, equations for, 635 Adaptive finite element refinement: about adaptive refinement, 500-3, 518-20 asymptotic convergence rate, 504-5 h-refinement, 501-3, 503-14 element subdivision, 501 hanging points, 501 L-shaped domain example, 509 machine part example, 509, 513 mesh regeneration/remeshing, 501 perforated gravity dam example, 513, 515 Poisson equation in a square domain example, 506-11 predicting element size, 503-5 r-refinement, 501-2 short cantilever beam example, 505, 507-9 stressed cylinder example, 505-6, 519 mesh enrichment, 504 p and hp-refinement, 501-3, 514-18 about p and hp-refinement, 51 4-16 L-shaped domain and short cantilever beam example, 51 6-18 permissible error magnitudes, 500 ADI (alternating direction implicit) scheme, 658 Adjoint differential equations: non-self-adjoint, 702-3 self-adjoint, 702-3 Advancing front method of mesh generation see Mesh generation, two dimensional, advancing front method Airy stress function, 378-9 Algorithm stability, 609-15 Algorithmic damping, 619 Alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme, 658 Amplification matrix, 596 Anisotropic and isotropic forms for k, 231-2 Anisotropic materials, 394 elasticity equations, 197-200 Anisotropic seepage problem, 244-5, 247 Approximations: about approximations, 1 and displacement continuity, 20 history of approximate methods, 3 and transformation of coordinates, 12 see also Convergence of approximations; Elasticity finite element approximations for small deformations; Function approximation; Least squares approximations; Moving least squares approximations/expansions; Tensor-indicial notation in the approximation of elasticity problems Arch dam in a rigid valley example, 216-17 Area coordinates, 117-18 Assembly and analysis of structures: boundary conditions, 6-7 electrical networks, 7-9 fluid networks, 7-9 general process, 5-6 step one, determination of element properties, 9-10 step two, assembly of final equations, 10 step three, insertion of boundary conditions, 10 step four, solving the equation system, 10 Assessment of accuracy, numerical examples, 239-53 Asymptotic behaviour and robustness of error estimators, 488-90 Asymptotic convergence rate, 504-5 Augmented lagrangian form, 406 Automatic mesh and node generation see Mesh generation Auxiliary functions, with complementary forms, 378-9 Axisymmetric deformation problems, 188-9, 235-7 B-bar method for nearly incompressible problems, 397-8 Babu~ka patch test, 490 Babu~ka-Brezzi condition, 363 Back substitution, simultaneous equations, 684 Base solution, patch test, 332 Basis functions see Shape functions สั่งสําเนาหน้าที ่ ต้องการได้ที ่ [email protected]
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Subject index
Abstraction, 55 Accuracy assessment, numerical examples, 239-53 Acoustic problems, equations for, 635 Adaptive finite element refinement:
element subdivision, 501 hanging points, 501 L-shaped domain example, 509 machine part example, 509, 513 mesh regeneration/remeshing, 501 perforated gravity dam example, 513, 515 Poisson equation in a square domain
example, 506-11 predicting element size, 503-5 r-refinement, 501-2 short cantilever beam example, 505, 507-9 stressed cylinder example, 505-6, 519
mesh enrichment, 504 p and hp-refinement, 501-3, 514-18
about p and hp-refinement, 51 4-16 L-shaped domain and short cantilever beam
example, 51 6-18 permissible error magnitudes, 500
ADI (alternating direction implicit) scheme, 658 Adjoint differential equations:
non-self-adjoint, 702-3 self-adjoint, 702-3
Advancing front method of mesh generation s e e Mesh generation, two dimensional, advancing front method
Airy stress function, 378-9 Algorithm stability, 609-15 Algorithmic damping, 619 Alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme, 658 Amplification matrix, 596 Anisotropic and isotropic forms for k, 231-2 Anisotropic materials, 394
Approximations: about approximations, 1 and displacement continuity, 20 history of approximate methods, 3 and transformation of coordinates, 12 s e e a l s o Convergence of approximations; Elasticity
finite element approximations for small deformations; Function approximation; Least squares approximations; Moving least squares approximations/expansions; Tensor-indicial notation in the approximation of elasticity problems
Arch dam in a rigid valley example, 216-17 Area coordinates, 117-18 Assembly and analysis of structures:
boundary conditions, 6-7 electrical networks, 7-9 fluid networks, 7-9 general process, 5-6 step one, determination of element properties, 9-10 step two, assembly of final equations, 10 step three, insertion of boundary conditions, 10 step four, solving the equation system, 10
Assessment of accuracy, numerical examples, 239-53 Asymptotic behaviour and robustness of error
estimators, 488-90 Asymptotic convergence rate, 504-5 Augmented lagrangian form, 406 Automatic mesh and node generation s e e Mesh
generation Auxiliary functions, with complementary forms,
B-bar method for nearly incompressible problems, 397-8
Babu~ka patch test, 490 Babu~ka-Brezzi condition, 363 Back substitution, simultaneous equations, 684 Base solution, patch test, 332 Basis functions s e e Shape functions
Beam, circular, subjected to end shear example, 209-10
Beam, rectangular, subjected to end shear example, 209
Bearings, stepped pad, 251 Biomechanics problem of bone-fluid interaction,
652 Blending functions, 169-70 Body forces, distributed, 26 Boundary conditions:
about boundary conditions, 6-7, 191 Dirichlet, 59 and equivalent nodal forces, 29 errors from approximation of curved boundaries, 39 forced, 59 forced with natural variational principles, 81 and identification of Lagrange multipliers, 87-8 linear elasticity equations:
on inclined coordinates, 192 normal pressure loading, 193 symmetry and repeatability, 192-3
natural (Neumann condition), 60 nodal forces for boundary traction example, 30-1
Boundary value problems: element, 483 Neumann, 484
CAD, with surface mesh generation, 286 Cavitation effects in fluids, 645-6 CBS (characteristic-based split) procedure, 407 Central difference approximation, multistep
collocation methods, 525 subdomain/finite volume mehod, 61,547 Taylor series collocation, 593-4 see also Point collocation
Complementary forms see under Mixed formulations Completeness of expansions, 75 Computer procedures:
about computer procedures, 664 see also FEAPpv (Finite Element Analysis Program
- personal version) Conical water tank example, 215-16 Consistency index, mesh generation, 274, 299 Consistent damping matrices, 566 Consistent mass matrix, 566 Constant stress state, 3-node triangle, 26-7 Constitutive relations, 195 Constrained parameters, 12 Constrained variational principles:
discretization process, 84-6
enforcement with Lagrange multiplier example, 86 locking, 91 penalty function method, 88-9, 90-1 penalty method for constraint enforcement
example, 90 perturbed lagrangian functional, 89-91 see also Lagrange multipliers
Constraint and primary variables, 360 Continuity requirements:
mapped elements, 143-5 mixed formulations, 358-9
Continuous and discrete problems, 1 Contravariant sets of transformations, 12 Contrived variational principles, 77 Convergence of approximations, 74-5
and completeness of expansions, 75 criterion of completeness, 75 h convergence, 75 p convergence, 75 ultraconvergence, 469 see also Superconvergence
Convergence criteria and displacement shape functions:
and constant strain conditions, 37 and functional completeness statements, 38 and rigid body motion, 37 for standard and hierarchical element shapes, 103 strains to be finite, 37
Coupled systems: about coupled systems, 631-4, 660 classes, 631-2 definitions, 631 different discretizations, need for, 632-3 partitioned single-phase systems- implicit-explicit
partitions (Class I problems), 653-5 see also Fluid-structure interaction (Class 1
problem); Soil-pore fluid interaction (Class II problems); Staggered solution processes
Diagonality with shape functions, 105 Diagonalization or mass lumping, 568-70, 704-9 Diffuse finite element method, 526 Diffusion or flow problems, 230 Direct minimization, 36 Direct pressure stabilization approach to
Nitsche method example, 440 Discontinuity of displacement problems, 39-40
between elements, 32-3 Discontinuous Galerkin method, 442, 596 Discrete and continuous problems, 1 Discrete systems, standard methodology for, 2 Discretization:
about discretization procedures, 2 constrained variational principles, 84-6 discretization error and convergence rate, 38-9
singularities problems, 38 finite element process, 233-4 of mixed forms, 358-60 partial, 71-4 three-dimensional curves, 297-9
Displacement, virtual, 28 Displacement approach:
and bound on strain energy, 35-6 direct minimization, 36 and minimizing total potential energy, 34-6
Displacement discontinuity between elements problems, 32-3, 39-40
and patch tests, 39-40 Displacement formulation, 20 Displacement functions:
about displacement functions, 21-4 rectangle with 4 nodes, 22-4 shape functions, 22 triangle with 3 nodes, 22-3
Displacement gradient, 676 Displacements, result reporting, 207-9 Distributed body forces, 26 Domain decomposition methods s ee Subdomain
linking by Lagrange multipliers; Subdomain linking by perturbed lagrangian and penalty methods
Driven cavity incompressibility example, 41 6-19 Dual mortar method, 433-4 Dummy and free index, 677 Dynamic behaviour of elastic structures with linear
damping: about dynamic behaviour, 565--6 consistent damping matrices, 566 consistent mass matrix, 566 d'Alembert principle, 565 element damping matrix, 566 element mass matrix, 566 mass for isoparametric elements example, 568 plane stress and plane strain example, 567-8 s ee a l so Eigenvalues and time dependent problems;
Time dependence
Effective stress concept, 646 Effective stresses with pore pressure, 211-14 Effectivity (error recovery) index 0,477 Eigenproblem assessment, 554 Eigenvalues and time dependent problems:
about time dependent problems, 570-1 eigenvalues determination, 572-3 eigenvectors, 572 electromagnetic fields example, 575, 577 forced periodic response, 579 free dynamic vibration- real eigenvalues, 571-2 free responses- damped dynamic eigenvalues,
578 free responses - for first-order problems, 576-8 free vibration with singular K matrix, 573 general linear eigenvalue/characteristic value
problem, 572 matrix algebra, 672-3 and modal orthogonality, 572 reduction of the eigenvalue system, 574 standard eigenvalue problem, 572-3 vibration of an earth dam example, 575-6 vibration of a simple supported beam example,
elasticity matrix of compliances, 195 elasticity matrix of moduli, 195 equilibrium equations, 190-1 initial strain, 200 isotropic materials, 195-6 material symmetry, 198 orthotropic materials, 197, 198 strain matrix, 189-90 thermal effects, 200-1 transformation of stress and strain, 194-5
Elasticity (linear) problems: about direct physical approaches, 19-20, 46-7 about linear elasticity problems, 187-8 accuracy assessment:
beam subjected to end shear example, 40-2 circular beam subjected to end shear example,
42-5 convergence criteria, 37-8
convergence rate considerations, 38-9 displacement approach, 34-6 displacement function, 21-4 finite element solution process, 40 formulation of finite element characteristics, 20-31 generalization to whole region, 31-3 nodal forces for boundary traction example, 30-1 result reporting, 207-9 stiffness matrix for 3-node triangle example, 29-30 stress flow around a reinforced opening application,
Elasticity (linear) problem examples: arch dam in a rigid valley, 216-17 beam subjected to end shear, 209 circular beam subjected to end shear, 209-10 conical water tank, 215-16 dam subject to external and internal water pressure,
Electrical networks, assembly, 7-9 Electrostatic field problems, 245-51 Element boundary value problem, 483 Element damping matrix, 566 Element mass matrix, 566 Element matrices, evaluation of, 148-50 Element properties determination, 9-10 Element shape functions s e e Shape functions Element subdivision, h-refinement methods, 501 Energy:
and equilibrium, 678-9 minimization of an energy functional, 463
from approximation of curved boundaries, 39 from round-off, 39 Herrmann theorem, 462-5 and irregular scalar quantities, 456 local errors, 456 norms of errors, 457-9 optimal sampling points, 459-65 permissible error magnitudes, 500 recovery of gradients and stresses, 465-7 relative energy norm error, 458 RMS error, 500 singularity effects, 457-8 s e e a l s o Adaptive finite element refinement;
Discretization error and convergence rate; Recovery by equilibrium of patches (REP); Residual-based error estimators; Superconvergence
Function approximation: about function approximation, 527 interpolation domains and shape functions, 530-2 least squares fit scheme, 527-9 weighted least squares fit, 527-9
h convergence, 75 h-refinement see Adaptive finite element refinement Hamilton's variational principle, 594 Hanging points, h-refinement methods, 501 Heat conduction:
steady-state, equation in two-dimensions example, 55-6
steady-state Galerkin formulation with triangular elements example, 65-8
time problems, 237-8 weak form-forced and boundary conditions
example, 59 Heat conduction-convection:
steady state, equation in two-dimensions example, 56
steady-state Galerkin formulation in two-dimensions example, 68-9
Heat equation: in first-order form example, 82-3 with heat generation example, 73-4
Heat transfer solution by potential function example, 378
Hellinger-Reissner variation principle, 365 Helrnholz equation, least squares solution example,
93-4 Helmholz problem in two-dimensions example, 82 Helmholz wave equation, 565 Hemispherical dome example, 216 Hermite cubic spline/Hermite polynomials, 268-9 Hermitian interpolation function, 531 Herrmann theorem and optimal sampling points,
462-5 Hierarchic finite element method based on the
partition of unity: about hierarchical forms, 549-52 and global functions, 551 and harmonic wave functions, 552 linear elasticity application, 553-7 polynomial hierarchial method, 552-3 quadratic triangular element example, 554-7 and singular functions, 552 solution of forms with linearly dependent
equations, 557-8 Hierarchical shape functions:
concepts, standard and hierarchical, 104--6 diagonality, 105 global and local finite element approximation,
131-2 improving of conditioning with hierarchical forms,
130-1 one-dimensional (elastic bar) problem, 105-6 one-dimensional hierarchic polynomials, 125-7 polynomial form, 106 triangle and tetrahedron family, 128-30 two- and three-dimensional elements of the brick
bubble function, 386-7 locking (instability) prevention, 385,390 patch tests, multiple-element, 386-9 patch tests, single-element, 386-9 simple triangle with bubble- MINI element
example, 390-3 driven cavity example, 418
stability (or singularity) of the matrices, 385 Incompressible problems:
about incompressible problems, 383, 421-2 and deviatoric stress and strain, 383-4 driven cavity example, 41 6-19 reduced and selective integration and its
equivalence to penalized mixed problems, 398-404
slow viscous flow application, 402-3 with weak patch test example, 403-4
simple iterative solution for mixed problems: Uzawa method, 404-7
tension strip with slot example, 419-21 Incompressible problems for some mixed elements
failing the incompressibility patch test, 407-21 about the stability conditions, 407-8 characteristic-based split (CBS) procedure, 407 direct pressure stabilization, 410-13
3-node triangular element example, 412-13 driven cavity example, 418 implicit equations, 416
Galerkin least squares method, 409-10 driven cavity example, 417-18
incompressibility by time stepping, 413-16 Stokes flow equation, 413-14
laplacian pressure stabilization, 408-9 deviatoric stresses and strains, 408
Indicial notation: summation convention, 674-5 see also Tensor-indicial notation in the
approximation of elasticity problems Infinite domains and elements:
about infinite domains and elements, 170-2 Boussinesq problem, 174--6 convergence considerations, 173 electrostatic and magnetostatic problems, 250
Initial strain, and elasticity equations, 200 Integral/'weak' statements, 57-60 Integration see Numerical integration Integration by parts in two or three dimensions
(Green's theorem), 699-700 Integration formulae:
tetrahedron, 693 triangles, 692
Interpolating functions, 169 see also Shape functions
Irreducible formulations, 56, 356-7, 359, 360 see also Mixed formulations
Irregular scalar quantities, and errors, 456 Irrotational and free surface flow problems, 251-3 Isoparametric concepts, 554 Isoparametric expansions/elements, 145, 151-2
transformer example, 249-50 Isotropic and anisotropic forms for k, 231-2 Isotropic materials, elasticity equations, 195-6 Iterative solution, simultaneous equations, 688-91
Lagrange multipliers: boundary conditions identification example, 87-8 and constrained variational principles, 84-6 constraint enforcement example, 86 identification of, 87-8 see also Subdomain linking by Lagrange
Galerkin least squares, stabilization, 94-5 and the Herrmann theorem, 462-3 interpolation domains and shape functions, 530-2 solution for Helmholz equation example, 93-4 and variational principles, 92 see also Moving least squares approximations/
expansions Least squares fit scheme, 527-8
fit of a linear polynomial example, 528-9 weighted least squares fit scheme, 529-30
Linear and non-linear relationships, 11 Linearization of vectors, 77 Linearized surface wave condition, fluid-structure
interaction, 636 Linking subdomains by Lagrange multipliers s e e
Subdomain linking by Lagrange multipliers Load matrix for axisymmetric triangular element with
3 nodes example, 237 Local coordinates, 12 Local errors, 456 Locking, constrained variational principles, 91 Lubrication problems, 251
Magnetostatic field problems, 245-51 Mapped elements:
about mapping, 138-9 blending functions, 169-70 Boussinesq problem, 174-5 continuity requirements, 143-5 evaluation of element matrices, 148-50 finite element mesh generation, 169-70 fracture mechanics application, 176-7 geometric conformity of elements, 143 global derivatives, computation of, 146-7 infinite domains and elements, 170-6 interpolating functions, 169 isoparametric elements, 145 jacobian matrix, 146 one-to-one mapping, 141 order of convergence, 151-3 parametric curvilinear coordinates, 139-45 parent elements, 141 quadratic distortion, 142-3 shape functions for coordinate transformations,
139-43 singular elements by mapping, 176-7 subparametric elements, 145 surface integrals, 148 transformations, 145-50 uniqueness rules, 142-3 unreasonable element distortion problems, 141-2 variation of the unknown function problems, 143-5 volume integrals, 147 s e e a l s o Degeneration; Numerical integration
Mass lumping or diagonalization, 568-70, 704-9 Material symmetry, 198 Matrices/matrix notation:
about matrices, 54 and degrees of freedom, 5 evaluation of element matrices, 148-50
eigenvalue problem, 672-3 inversion, 670 partitioning, 672 spectral form of a matrix, 673 subtraction, 669-70 sum of products, 671 symmetric matrices, 671 transpose of a product, 671 transposing, 670
Matrix singularity due to numerical integration, 167-8
Voronoi diagram, 304-6, 308-10 example, 305-6 properties, 304
Voronoi vertices, 309-10 Mesh generation, two dimensional, advancing front
method: about the advancing front method, 266, 285-6 active sides and active nodes, 277 boundary node generation:
algorithmic procedure, 271-5 procedure verification example, 275-7
consistency index, 274 diagonal swapping, 282-4 distorted elements, 282 element generation steps, 277-80 Euclidean metric tensor, 273-4 generation front, 277-8 geometrical transformation of the mesh, 271
transformation of a triangle example, 271 higher order elements, 283-5 mesh modification, 281-3 mesh quality enhancement for triangles, 280-3 mesh smoothing, 280
example, 281 node elimination, 282 triangular mesh generation, 270-80
Method of weighted residuals s e e Weighted residual-Galerkin method
Minimization of an energy functional, 463 Mixed formulations:
about mixed and irreducible formulations, 56, 356-7, 379
complementary forms with direct constraint: about directly constrained forms, 375 auxiliary function solutions, 378-9 complementary elastic energy principle, 377 complementary heat transfer problem, 376-7 elastic solution by Airy stress function, 378-9
heat transfer solution by potential function example, 378
physical discontinuity problems, 363 single-element test examples, 362-3
primary and constraint variables, 360 principle of limitation, 359 singular and non-singular matrices, 361 solvability requirement, 360-1 stability of mixed approximation, 360-3 and the variational principle, 357
Mixed formulations in elasticity, three-field: stability condition, 371-2 u - a - e mixed form, 370-1 u-o'-een form- enhanced strain formulation, 372-5
Neumann boundary value problem, 484 Neumann (natural) boundary condition, 60 Newton-Cotes quadrature, 160 Nitsche method for subdomain linking, 438-40
Dirichlet boundary condition example, 440 Nodal forces equivalent to boundary stresses and
forces, 26-31 3-node triangle, 26-7 boundary considerations, 29 external and internal work done, 28 internal force concept abandoned for
generalization, 31-3 nodal forces for boundary traction example, 30-1 plane stress problem, 29 stiffness matrix for 3-node triangle example, 29-30 see a l s o Whole region generalization
Norms of errors, 457-9 Numerical algorithms, 618-19 Numerical integration:
computational advantages, 177-8 Gauss quadrature, 160-1 and matrix singularity, 167-8 minimum order for convergence, 165-6 Newton-Cotes quadrature, 160 one dimensional, 160-1 order for no loss of convergence rate, 166-7 rectangular (2D) or brick regions (3D), 162-4 required order, 164-8 triangular or tetrahedral regions, 164 s ee a l s o Mapped elements
about the patch test, 329-30, 347-50 application to an incompatible element, 343-7 application to elasticity elements with 'standard'
and 'reduced' quadrature, 337-43 for base solution example, 337-9 higher order test-assessment of order example,
340-3 for quadratic elements: quadrature effects
example, 339-40 Babu~ka patch test, 490 base solution, 332 consistency requirement, 331 convergence requirements, 330-1,332, 334-5 curvilinear coordinates, 330 degree of robustness, 331,488-9 and discontinuity of displacement, 39-40 generality of a numerical patch test, 336 higher order patch tests, 336-7
assessment of robustness, 347 mapped curvilinear elements, 333 mixed formulations, 362-3 non-robust elements, 331 single element tests, 335 size of patch, 333 stability condition, 331 tests A and B, simple tests, 332-4 test C, generalized test, 334-5 weak patch test satisfaction, 333-4
PCG (preconditioned conjugate gradient), with iterative solutions, 690-1
Penalized mixed problems, and reduced and selective integration, 398-404
variational principles, 89-91 Perturbed lagrangian method s ee Subdomain linking
by perturbed lagrangian and penalty methods Plane stress problem, 29 Plane triangular element with 3 nodes example, 235-6 PML (perfectly matched layers), 637 Point collocation:
about point collocation, 61,540-2, 546-7 cross criterion method, 541 Galerkin weighting and finite volume methods,
Preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG), with iterative solutions, 690-1
Prescribed functions of space coordinates, 564 Pressure vessel problem example, 217 Primary and constraint variables, 360 Principle of limitation, mixed formulations, 359 Principle of virtual work, 20 Prismatic problems, 72
about quasi-harmonic equations, 229 anisotropic and isotropic forms for k, 231-2 axisymmetric problem, 235-7 governing equations, 230-1 with time differential, 563-5 and torsion of prismatic bars, 240-2 two-dimensional plane, 235-6 weak form and variational principal, 233
r-refinement s e e Adaptive finite element refinement Rayleigh-Ritz process/procedure, 35 Recovery, definition, 456 Recovery based error estimators, 476-8
s e e a l s o Errors Recovery by equilibrium of patches (REP), 474--6,
490 Rectangle with 4 nodes, displacement function, 22-4 Rectangular (square) bar, transient heat conduction
example, 242-4, 246 Rectangular (three-dimensional) prisms:
Lagrange family, 120-1 serendipity family, 121-2
Rectangular (two-dimensional) elements: concepts, 107-9 Lagrange family, 11 0-12 serendipity family, 112-16 s e e a l s o Standard shape functions
Recurrence algorithm, 603
Recurrence relations, 589 Reduced and selective integration and its equivalence
to penalized mixed problems, 398-404 Relative energy norm error, 458 REP (Recovery by equilibrium of patches), 474-6,
Shape functions: about shape functions, 22, 103-4 and convergence criteria, 103 for coordinate transformations, 139-43 diagonality, 105 elimination of internal parameters before assembly,
standard and hierarchical concepts, 104-6 substructuring, 133-4 tetrahedral elements, 124-5 and the triangular element family, 118-19 see a l so Displacement functions; Hierarchical
shape functions; Standard shape functions Shepard interpolation, moving least squares
expansions, 539-40 Similar and identical algorithms, 599 Simo and Rifai enhanced strain formulation, 373-4,
375 Simultaneous discretization, 590 Simultaneous linear equations:
back substitution, 684 DATRI (FEAPpv sub program), 684-8 direct methods/solutions, 683-8 forward elimination, 684 iterative solution, 688-91
SS32/SS31 algorithms, stability of, 613-15 SS42/SS41 algorithms, stability of, 614 stability, 609-15 weighted residual finite element form SSpj, 601-6 see a lso Time discretization, single-step algorithms,
first and second order equations Singular elements by mapping, 176-7 Singularities, effects on errors, 458-9 Singularities problems, and convergence rate, 38 Smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, 558 Soil consolidation equations, 565 Soil-pore fluid interaction (Class II problems):
about soil-pore fluid interaction, 645-8 biomechanics problem of bone-fluid interaction,
409-10 patch test stability condition, 331 staggered schemes, 658-9 see a l so Incompressible problems for some
mixed elements failing the incompressibility patch test; Single-step (SS) algorithms; Time discretization
Staggered solution processes: about staggered solutions, 655 alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme, 658 in fluid-structure systems and stabilization
processes, 658-9 multigrid procedures, 658 in single phase systems, 655-8
Standard discrete systems: about, 1-3, 55 definition and unified treatment, 2, 1 0-11 linear and non-linear relationships, 11 system equations, 11 system parameters, 10-11 transformation of coordinates, 11-12 see a lso Assembly and analysis of structures
Standard shape functions: Kronecker delta, 108-9 standard and hierarchical concepts, 104-6 one-dimensional (line)elements, 119-20 two-dimensional elements, 107-19
completeness of polynomials, 109-10 Lagrange family, 110-12 rectangular element concepts, 107-9 rectangular element families, 110-16 serendipity family, 112-16 triangular element family, 116-19
Time dependence: about time dependence, 563 and boundary conditions, 565 damped wave equation, 565 direct formulation of with spatial finite element
subdivision, 563-70 Helmholz wave equation, 565 mass lumping or diagonalization, 568-70 and partial discretization, 237-9 prescribed functions of space coordinates, 564 quasi-harmonic equation with time differential,
563-5 soil consolidation equations, 565 symmetry and repeatability, 583 transient heat conduction equation, 565 s e e a l s o Dynamic behaviour of elastic structures
with linear damping; Eigenvalues and time dependent problems; Transient response by analytical procedures
Time discontinuous Galerkin approximation, 619-24 solution of a scalar equation example, 623-5
Time discretization: about discrete approximation in time, 589-90 general performance of numerical algorithms,
Time discretization, multistep recurrence algorithms: about multistep recurrence algorithms, 615 approximation procedures, 615-18 central difference approximation, 618 and recurrence relations, 589 three-point interpolation example, 617-18 two-point interpolation example, 617
Time discretization, single-step algorithms, first order equations, 590-600
rectangular bar example, 242-4 rotor blade example, 244, 246
Transient response by analytical procedures: about transient response, 579 damping and participation of modes, 583 frequency response procedures, 579-80 modal decomposition analysis, 580-3 s e e a l s o Time dependence
Truncated Taylor series expansion algorithm GNpj, 606-9
Two-dimensional elements s e e Rectangular (two-dimensional) elements; Triangular (two-dimensional) element family
Two-dimensional plane problem, 235-7 load matrix for axisymmetric triangular element
with 3 nodes example, 237 plane triangular element with 3 nodes example,
235-6 stiffness matrix for axisymmetric triangular
element with 3 nodes example, 236-7
u-a-e mixed forms s e e u n d e r Mixed formulations Ultraconvergence, 469 Uzawa method, iterative solution process for mixed
problems, 404-7
Variational principles: about variational principles, 76-8 contrived variational principles, 77 Euler equations, 78-80 forced boundary condition equations, 81 and the Galerkin method/process, 80 heat equation in first-order form example, 82-3 Helmholz problem in two-dimensions example, 82
about vector algebra, 694 addition, 694-5 direction cosines, 696 elements of area and volume, 697-8 length of a vector, 695-6 scalar products, 695 subtraction, 694-5 vector or cross product, 696-7
of an earth dam example, 575-6 free vibration with singular K matrix, 573 of a simple supported beam example, 574-5 also see under Fluid-structure interaction (Class 1
see also Mesh generation, three-dimensional, Delaunay triangulation
Voronoi neighbour criterion point collocation, 541-2
Warping function, and tension of prismatic bars, 240-2
Weak form: coupled systems, 637-8 integral/'weak' statements, 57-60 quasi-harmonic equations, 233 small elastic deformations, 202 and virtual work, 69-71 'weak form of the problem', 20 'Weak'/integral statements, 57-60
Weighted least squares approximation, 463 Weighted least squares fit scheme, 529-30 Weighted residual-Galerkin method:
about the weighted residual method, 55, 60-2 approximation to integral formulations, 60-9 convergence, 74-5 Galerkin formulation with triangular elements
example, 65-8 and integral/'weak' statements, 57-60 one-dimensional equation of heat conduction
example, 62-5 and partial discretization, 72 partial discretization, 71-4 and point collocation, 61 residuals, 61 restrictions needed, 58 steady-state heat conduction in two-dimensions
example, 65-8 steady-state heat conduction-convection in
two-dimensions example, 68-9 and subdomain collocation, 61 virtual work as the 'weak form' of equilibrium,
69-71 weak form of the heat conduction equation
example, 59-60 Weighting function choice, 701 Whole region generalization, 31-3 Work done principle/concept, 28