Subject Index A Abbasid dynasty, 51–52, 185 c Abd al-Rahman I, 51, 64 c Abd al-Rahman III, 58 Aboriginals, 16–17 Abulafia, Samuel Halevi, 61–63 Acropolis, 156–157 Acropolis Museum, 31, 159, 164–167 Act of Partition, 1921, 74–75 Act of Union, 1801, 77 Adams, Gerry (President of Sinn Féin), 80, 85 Adriatic Sea, 25, 114 African American communities, 5–7, 17, 24, 30, 205–208, 212, 217–218, 220–222, 225–226 African American tourists, 7, 30, 206–208, 212 African burial ground, 5 African objects, 14 African slave trade/traders, 206–211, 214–215, 217–220, 222, 224–225, 227–229 al-Andalus, 51, 54–55, 64 Albania, see The Balkans, management of cultural heritage in Alexander the Great, 26, 185 Alexandretta, 176 al-majma‘al-‘ilmi al-‘arabi (Arab Academy), 175 al-Qaeda, 55–56 See also 9/11 Incident influencing paramilitary murals in Belfast Amazonian warriors, 212, 229 Ancient Maya region, 11, 21, 261–264 Andalusian Islamic culture, 54 Angkor, 22 Anglicans, 128, 135–137 Anglo-Irish Agreement, 100 Anglo-Normans, 72, 104 Anglo-Norman Belfast Castle, 73 An Gorta Mór, Irish Famine of 1845–1849, 87 Anti-George Bush murals, 88 Antiquities Department, 144 Antiquities Service, 142–143, 147, 153 Apollonia, Greek colony, 115, 117–118 Apollonia’s necropolis, 117–118 Arab Muslims, 51 Archaeological area of Rome, 200, 202 Archaeological heritage management, 12, 18 Archaeologies (publication), 10 Art Loss, 145 Asmara, Eritrea, 202 Attualismo, 197–198 “Auction block”, Slave Route, Bénin, 211–213, 219–220, 224 Augustus, 202–203 Austria, 153, 196 Authenticity, of Slave Route, Bénin, 223–227 authority, 226–227 originality, 225–226 verisimilitude, 224–225 Avondale People’s Market, 245–246 Ayman al-Zawahri (Osama bin Laden’s second-in-command), 55 Aymara inhabitants, 23 Ayodhya tragedy, 8 Azbakiya museum, Egypt, 142–143 B Babri Masjid, Ayodhya, India, 8 Bajraktars, “banner chiefs”, 120 Balikh River, 172, 185 Balkan Peninsula, 109–122 The Balkans, management of cultural heritage in, 109–110, 121–122 Albania, archaeological and ethno- historical research in, 114–121 Albanian land claims vs. former Yugoslav republics, 115 Apollonia, 115, 117–118 H. Silverman (ed.), Contested Cultural Heritage, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7305-4 C Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 267
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Subject Index
AAbbasid dynasty, 51–52, 185cAbd al-Rahman I, 51, 64cAbd al-Rahman III, 58Aboriginals, 16–17Abulafia, Samuel Halevi, 61–63Acropolis, 156–157Acropolis Museum, 31, 159, 164–167Act of Partition, 1921, 74–75Act of Union, 1801, 77Adams, Gerry (President of Sinn Féin), 80, 85Adriatic Sea, 25, 114African American communities, 5–7, 17,
BBabri Masjid, Ayodhya, India, 8Bajraktars, “banner chiefs”, 120Balikh River, 172, 185Balkan Peninsula, 109–122The Balkans, management of cultural heritage
in, 109–110, 121–122Albania, archaeological and ethno-
historical research in, 114–121Albanian land claims vs. former
The Balkans (cont.)bajraktars, banner chiefs, 120blood feuds, 118, 121“Bosnian Pyramid”, 117–118carved stone block turned altar, 117change of Albanian place names to
Greek, 114construction of road from Shkodër to
Theth in Shala, paving way foreconomic development, 120
demolition of churches and mosques bycommunist officials, 117
Doric column, 115Dyrrachium, 115ecotourism, 120–121evidence of temples, 115freedom of inter-regional
movement, 120frontier zone, 114–115government officials charged with
119–120Orthodox Slavic Montenegro, 119orthodoxy, 111, 114–117, 119–121Ottoman conquest and administration,
115, 119outstanding natural beauty, 120people of Shala, origin, 119–120religious prohibition and death
penalty, 117relocation of physical structures, 115
retribalization and radicalreorientation, 121
Shala Valley Project (SVP), 118soapstone bunker ashtrays, 116topology, 114totalitarian dictatorship, 116, 121trading of guns and ammunitions, 120tribal councils, 121tribal oral customary law code,
118, 121tribal system in Shala almost extinct
due to communism, 120world-systems theory, 119
crossroads of various cultures, 109factors producing heritage structures,
110–114agency, 110–111history, 113imagination, 112memory, 112–113national identity and ethnic origins,
113–114generation/intersection of heritage
structures, 110Ballykilcline, Ireland, 24Bamiyan Buddhas, 15, 149Banner mural at Cluan Place, Belfast, 97–98Barracoons, 214, 220Ba’th Party, 180Baths of Caracalla, 199–200Battle of the Boyne, 1690, 72–73, 77–80Battle of the Somme, 1916, 73–74, 93BBC, 126Bedouins, 185–187Belfast, mural tradition and aestheticized
geographies of conflict inanti-George Bush murals, 88artwork of Jim Fitzpatrick influencing
nationalist murals, 90Battle of the Boyne, 72–73, 77–80Bloody Sunday murals, 79, 89celebration and intimidation influencing
murals, 77–90allegations of collaboration between
other alleged ethnonationalistextremists, 88–89
Battle of the Boyne and Siege of Derrycommemorated yearly, 77–78
celebrations that gave rise to murals ofKing Billy, 79
drug trafficking, 85Flags and Emblems Act, 80hunger strike, 80–81
Subject Index 269
incarceration, 80–81loyalist mural depicting William of
Orange defeating King James at thebattle of the Boyne, 78–79
loyalist mural of “Eddie”, 84mural of balaclava-clad gunman, 83mural of Bobby Sands, 81–82new direction in mural art, 85Orange Order, 78parade season, 79paramilitary murals, 82–85rapid social change with the Act of
Union, 1801, 77–78republican mural located
in Ardoyne, 85sectarian military activity, 82territorial dispute within UFF/UDA,
summer 2000, 84“triumph of defeat”, 80Union Jack, 78, 80, 93, 100William of Orange, 78
heritage in mural-making, politics of,90–95
children involved in mural-making,90–92
community seeking to reinvent itself asneither Irish nor British, 93
Good Friday Agreement, 93Kelly (Mo Chara) and Devenney’s
paintings, 90–92legitimation of Irish culture, 93–95loyalist mural at “Freedom Corner”,
East Belfast, depicting Cúchulainnas an Ulster hero, 94–95
loyalist mural depicting a Scottishpiper, 94
prevalence of Irish language inrepublican murals, 92–93
ubiquitous Union Jacks, 93history behind mural-making, political
aspirations, 72Anglo-Norman Belfast Castle, 73Battle of the Boyne, 1690, 73Battle of the Somme, 73–74Belfast incorporated by the Crown in
1613, 73Catholic Emancipation, 73Charles Stewart Parnell, 73Daniel O’Connell, 73declared as Republic of Ireland, 74defeat of King James II, 73Easter Rising of 1916, 73, 79, 88first “peace wall” erected, 1969, 75
Free State of Ireland created by Act ofPartition, 1921, 74
General Post Office in Dublinseized, 73
Henry Grattan (Anglo-Irish elite), 73Henry II’s conquest, 72home rule in 1880s, 73Lowland Scottish “undertakers” cruelty,
72–73modern Irish nationalism, 73Nine Years War, 73Patrick Pearse, 73Penal Laws to secure Protestants, 73Protestant Ascendency shaken in early
twentieth century, 73–74Protestants vs. Catholics, 74–75republican movement martyrs, 73settlers attracted by industrial revolution
and prosperity, 74shipment of Catholics as slaves, 72Sir Arthur Chichester, 73Theobald Wolfe Tone, 73“the Troubles”, 74Tudor and Cromwellian reconquests, 72United Irishmen, 73William III of Orange, 1650–1702, 73
9/11 incident influencing paramilitarymurals, 95
instrument of anticolonial discourse, 80Irish mythology in murals, 90Irish National Liberation Army (INLA), 79as mode of communication and
warning, 80mural depicting violence at Holy Cross
Primary School in Ardoyne(2001–2002) and 1957 crisis, 89–90
believers and skeptics, 126cities that operate, 125–126cost, 126Living TV (Paranormal Channel), 126momentum of increasing
popularity, 126popular forms, 125
Harry Potter, 138interpretation of British secularism,
131–133conflict between Vikings and Christians,
131–133mythico-history, 132–133Reformation battles between Catholics
and Protestants, 131–133learning about ghosts through the past,
129–131historical truths, 131illicit affair between nun and monk, 134lacking familiarity with the past, 129Martindale story, 130Percy’s (Earl of Northumberland)
narrative, 133pseudoscience, 130range of religious conflicts, 131–133Roman ghosts, 130St. Margaret, 134willingness to maintain an open
mind, 130Most Haunted, TV program, 138power of ghost hunting science, narrating
Anglicanism, 135–137lack of factual evidence, 134the Queen as an ultimate national
symbol, 135tolerance, 134–135
Subject Index 271
questions of national belonging, ghostlyabsences
absence of contemporary religions,135–136
blacks vs. British, 136–137claims of state religiosity and
secularism, 137repository of ghosts, 136
superiority of science over religion,128–129
technoscience spirituality, defined, 137in York, 126–128
Ghost Cellar at Treasurer’s House, 126Haunted (haunted house), 126most haunted city in the world (BBC
report), 126narratives of discovery and the past,
127–128Shambles, 127York Minster, 127
British secularism, interpretation of, 131–133B-Specials, 82Bulaq Museum, 143Bunkers, Albania, 116, 122Bust of Nefertiti, 14, 30–31, 145–146,
145–148, 163debated ownership, 147discovered by Borchardt in 1912, 147Egypt’s requests for repatriation, 146–148fitting onto a modern bronze body, 148initially displayed at Dr. Simon’s
home, 147moved to Berlin National Museum
in 1920, 147offer of other valuable pieces in exchange
for, 147return thwarted by Hitler, 147UNESCO intervention, 147
Butrint return, statues of Artemis andApollo, 163
CCAAR, see Central Archaeological Area of
Rome (CAAR)Capitoline museum, 197, 202Carnegie Institute of Washington, 262Carved stone block turned altar in Shtyllas,
southern Albania, 117Castillo at Chichen Itzá (used as backdrop of
NAFTA meeting in 2006), 261–262Cathedral–Mosque of Cordoba
courtyard, 61exterior view, 55
interior of original prayer hall, 52mihrab, 53–54
Catholic Church, 56–58, 63, 76–77, 99, 104Catholic Emancipation, 73“Catholic” vs. “Republican”, 76Caucasian, see Native American Indian“Cearta teanga, cearta daonna”: “language
rights are human rights”, 93Celebrations, 26, 56, 69, 72–73, 77–90, 219Central America, 21, 27, 32Central Archaeological Area of Rome
(CAAR), 199–202Champaner-Pavagadh, Gujarat, India, 17Champollion, Jean François, 144, 146, 153Channel 4 (British TV broadcaster), 167Charles III Bourbon, King of Naples, 197Chichen Itzá, 262Chichester, Sir Arthur, 1563–1625, 73Children involved in mural-making, 90–92Chirac, Jacques, 27–28Chitsinga, Blessing (Zimbabwean sculptor),
245, 247Chorti Maya, 27Christians, 54, 60, 64, 131–133, 135, 152Christian sites vs. Islamic sites, 11Chunchucmil ruins, 21Church of San Benito, Cordoba, 62Church of San Vicente, Cordoba, 56–60Church of St. John, Damascus, 56The Circus Maximus, 199–200Cities of Light: The Rise and Fall of Islamic
Spain (video), 63Cities that operate ghost tours, 125–126“Civil and Religious Liberties for All”, 97Civil War, 9, 21Classic Period Maya, 21“Classic” Zimbabwean sculptural artwork, 243Cloth banners and uniforms, 78, 130Cluan Place, Belfast, 97–98, 100–101Coach Fellas, 11–12Colonial Williamsburg, 5–7The Colosseum, 199–202Columbia River, 6Communist Party in Albania, 116Conflict between Vikings and Christians,
131–133Construction of road from Shkodër to Theth
in Shala, paving way for economicdevelopment, 120
Consuming Tradition, ManufacturingHeritage. Global Norms and UrbanForms in the Age of Tourism, 11
272 Subject Index
Contested cultural heritage, historiography, 1,7–8, 9, 33–35
Continuity IRA, 82Convention Concerning the Protection of
the World Cultural and NaturalHeritage, 1972, 18
Convention for the Safeguarding of theIntangible Heritage, 2003, 28
Convivencia, social harmony in CordobacAbd al-Rahman I, 64al-Andalus, 64Islamic-Christian negotiations, 65Pact of cUmar, ca. 637, 64treaty by Ibn cAsakir, 64treaty of Tudmir, 713, 64
chief of Vodun), 207, 209Dahomean kings, 210–212, 216, 229Damascene Hall, 177–179Dantissa (auction block), 210–211Dark Continent, 4“Defending the Community”, 97“Definitions for Cultural Heritage”, 240Deir ez-Zor, 185–186Demolition of churches and mosques by
communist officials in Albania, 117Department for the Repatriation of Stolen
Antiquities, 145Derry, 79, 89De Souza, Francisco Felix (Portuguese slave
trader), 208, 210–212, 214Dhimmis, 64Dictators, 25–26, 109–110, 116, 121, 206Directorate-General of Antiquities and
Museums, Syria, 172, 179–181, 189
Subject Index 273
Director of Arts and Crafts in the Ministryof Youth, Sport, and Culture,Zimbabwe, 241
Discovery of “Bosnian Pyramid” byOsmanagic, Semir, 117
Discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum, 197Disenfranchised people, 3, 5, 10, 12, 17, 23,
EEaster Rising of 1916, 73, 79, 88The Economist, 19Ecotourism, 120–121Edinburgh, 125–126, 131Effendi, Hakiakine (engineer of Egyptian
museum), 142Egypt’s past, collecting and repatriating,
141–142, 152–153iconic artifacts, 145–148
body of King Ramesses I, 145bust of Nefertiti, 145–148Rosetta Stone, 145–146
law and problems of trade in Pharaonicantiquities
Decree of 1869, 142Decree of 1891, 143encouraged by Mariette, 142–143Law 12 of 1897, 143Law 14 of 1912, 143Law 215 of 1951, 143Law of 1983, 142new law being drafted, 144Order of 1880, 142Ordinance of 1835, 142repatriation of objects, 144–145Schultz, Parry and Johnson involved in
illegal trade, 144Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Egyptian
Department, 144national identity, 150–152
connection to the past, 151–152
National Courthouse at Maadi, linkingthe contemporary to theancient, 151
Pharaonic past used as logos in stamps,currency, newspaper mastheads,etc., 151
relocation of the statue ofRamesses II, 152
Saad Zaghloul mausoleum, 150other artifacts
calcite ducks, 144fragments of the tomb of Seti I, 144funerary mask, 145mummy, 145obelisks, 153
personal hunting ground for antiquities,141–142
poverty and fundamentalism, argumentsagainst restitution, 149–150
issue of fatwa, 149–150looting via war and local/regional
crisis, 150poor museum conditions, 149
tourism, 148–149Museum of Stolen Things, 148–149prime source of income, 148special displays of returned objects
attracting tourists, 148–149Ejido (Mayan national land grant system), 22“Elgin marbles”, 157–160Elmina Castle, Ghana, 7, 9, 206, 208, 224El Mundo Maya, 11El Pilar and Maya cultural heritage
abundance of water, 261–262ancient Maya region, 261–262Chichen Itzá, 262concept of Peace Parks, 263–264El Pilar Archaeological Reserve for Maya
Flora and Fauna, 263–264geography, 261iconic Castillo at Chichen Itzá (used as
backdrop of NAFTA meeting in2006), 261–262
Maya hieroglyphs connected to the presentvernacular language, 263
shared cultural and natural heritage of twonations, Belize and Guatemala,263–264
stakeholders, 263temples, corozo palms, nuts and
art, 261, 263traditional settlements with forest
gardens, 263
274 Subject Index
El Pilar and Maya (cont.)UNESCO’s 2001 Universal Declaration on
Cultural Diversity, 264UNESCO’s 2003 Convention for the
Safeguarding of the IntangibleHeritage, 264
El Pilar Archaeological Reserve for MayaFlora and Fauna, 263–264
El Salvador, 27Ename Charter for the Interpretation of
Cultural Heritage Sites (2005),222–223, 227
English Heritage, 8–9Eritrea, 202Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR), 193, 202The Ethics of Collecting Cultural Property, 14Ethnographic art, 32, 237, 239–240, 253Euphrates River, 172, 185, 187EUR, see Esposizione Universale Roma (EUR)European buyers of African slaves, 208,
murals, 78–79, 90, 92Flags and Emblems Act, 80“Flow sculptures” of abstract families, 251Fogu, Claudio, 198
Fora of Augustus and Nerva, 202Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
(FYROM), 26Forum of Trajan, 202“Freedom Corner”, East Belfast, mural
depicting Cúchulainn as an Ulsterhero, 94–95
Freedom of inter-regional movement bybajraktars in Albania, 120
Free Festival, Stonehenge, 8–9French holdings in Syria, 176French Mandate, 1918–1946, 174, 176French-Turkish war, 157Frontier zone, Albania, 114–115Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia
(FARC), 89Funerary vault, 202Futurismo, 197–198
GGable murals, 70–71, 78, 81, 86, 100Gaddafi, Muammar, 26Gaelic seanachi, storytellers, 81García, Alan, 15General Director of Museums and
Excavations, 143General Post Office in Dublin seized, 73Genoese traders, 24Genographic Project, 29Gentile, Giovanni, 197Ghadames, 26Ghost Cellar at Treasurer’s House, 126, 130Ghost hunters’ narratives (Britain)
conflict between Vikings and Christians,131–133
house haunted by ghosts of the plague, 127illicit affair between nun and monk, 134Martindale, 130Percy (Earl of Northumberland), 133Reformation battles between Catholics and
Protestants, 131–133Roman ghosts, 130Yorkshire dinner party tragedy, 127–128
Ghost hunting, 125, 127–130, 133–137Giza Plateau, 31Global Heritage Fund (GHF), 12–13Global tourism industry, 12, 18, 27God’s Crucible, 63Gomaa, Ali, see Grand Mufti of EgyptGood Friday Agreement, 93Gorée Island, 224Government officials, managing and
developing tourism in Albania, 121
Subject Index 275
Graffiti, 79–80Granada, 54–55, 57, 63Grand Mufti of Egypt, 149–150Grattan, Henry (Anglo-Irish elite), 73The Great Mosque of Cordoba
Visigothic fragments, 57, 63Cathedral–Mosque of Cordoba, 52
courtyard, 61exterior view, 55interior of original prayer hall, 52mihrab, 53–54
Church’s mission to safeguard and inspireculture and art, 59–60
Church–Synagogue “El Tránsito”, Toledo,61–62
acquisition by Spanish government, 62conversion into church, Church of San
Benito, 62Hebrew and Arabic inscriptions, 62Samuel Halevi Abulafia, patron, 61–62shield of Castile, 62stucco ornament, 62women’s gallery turned into museum
explaining Iberian Jewish life, 62concept of originality, 63conquest by Ferdinand III of Castile, 53–54
chapels and burial spaces added, 54conversion of mosque into church,
53–54mudejarstyle pantheon for Castilian
royalty, 54convivencia, social harmony in Cordoba
cAbd al-Rahman I, 64al-Andalus, 64dhimmis, 64Islamic-Christian negotiations, 65Pact of cUmar, ca. 637, 64treaty by Ibn cAsakir, 64treaty of Tudmir, 713, 64
evacuation of Muslims and Jews, 54Franco regime, 56Hispano-Islamic identity, 55Hispano-Umayyad rule, 51increasing immigrants and diversity after
Spain’s entry into European Unionin 1986, 60–61
Islamic Council’s petition to PopeJohn Paul for the right to pray,2004/2006, 56–57
minaret demolished and replaced by largertower, 58–59
Museo de San Vicente, 58–59museological perspectives, 57–60
historical study overseen byManuel Nieto Cumplido(canon-priest/archivist), 58
Pedro Marfíl (archaeologist), 58
276 Subject Index
The Great Mosque of Cordoba (cont.)1985 Spanish Historic Heritage Law
No. 16, 57–58stone inscription of minaret location,
58–59owned by Catholic Church, 57–58recent construction of mosques in
Corboda, 57Roman and Byzantine influence, 52social and economic issues of repossession,
60–61Great Rebellion of 1925–1927, 176Great War, 198Great Zimbabwe ruins, 233–234Greek national identity, 2, 156, 158Ground zero, 7, 17
See also 9/11 Incident influencingparamilitary murals
GSA, see United States Government ServicesAdministration (GSA)
Interior of original prayer hall, Great Mosqueof Cordoba, 52
International Centre for the Study of thePreservation and Restoration ofCultural Property (ICCROM), 222
International community, 15, 163, 207, 215,222–223, 236
International Council on Monuments and Sites(ICOMOS), 21, 222, 227, 240–241
International Journal of Cultural Property, 5International Journal of Heritage Studies, 5
International Journal of IntangibleHeritage, 28
Interpol, 145Invented tradition, 2, 160, 223, 241
See also Intangible practicesInvention, 2, 35, 63, 241IPLO, see Irish People’s Liberation
Organization (IPLO)IRA, see Irish Republican Army (IRA)Iraklio Museum, 12Iraq Museum, 150Irish Famine of 1845–1849, An Gorta Mór, 87Irish National Liberation Army (INLA),
79, 82Irish People’s Liberation Organization
(IPLO), 82Irish Republican Army (IRA), 79–80, 82, 85,
Journal of Field Archaeology, 13Journal of Social Archaeology, 10Journal of the World Archaeological
Congress, 10
KKahlo Museum, 19Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit (oral customary law
code), 118, 121Kelly, Gerard (Mo Chara) and Devenney’s
paintings, 90–92Kennewick Man, 6Kérékou rule, 206–207Khmer Rouge regime, 22Kill All Taigs (KAT), 104King Adandozan, 210–211King Akhenaten, 147King Gezo (king of Dahomey), 210–211King of Italy, 195, 199King of Savoy, 195King Ramesses I, 145King Ramesses II, 152Knossos, 12Korean War in 1950, 186Kosova, Albania, 114, 119–120Kuhnian paradigm shift, 5
LLa Paz, 23La Ruta Maya, 11, 27Lefebvre, Gustave, 147Legitimation of Irish culture, 93–95Lenca, western Honduras ethnic group, 27Leptis Magna, 26Liberal period and integration of past
landscapes in Italy, 199–201Libya, 25–26, 202Lincoln, Abraham, 9Living TV, 126Local/local–national disputes, 17Local, national, and international deployment,
20–24Angkor, 22disparity in Cuzco, 23Hassan Fathy’s plan for Gournis, 20–21interconnectedness, 24issue of land rights, 222001 Land Law, 22local–national conflict in Bolivia, 23San Biritute, carved monolith, 23tourist massacre at Temple of
Metropolitan Museum of Art’s EgyptianDepartment, 144
Mexico, 19–21, 27, 35, 262–263Michael Carlos Museum, Atlanta, 144Mihrab, Cordoba, 53–54Ministry of Religious Endowments, Syria,
176–177Misconceptions of murals, 101–102Mochica Village, Lambayeque, Peru, 11Montenegro, 114, 119Monument to the Unknown Soldier, 151“Moorish” themes, Cordoba, 63MORI, see Market & Opinion Research
International, Ltd (MORI)Moroccan-style tea houses, Cordoba, 63Most Haunted, TV program, 138MRAP, see Mallakastra Regional
New direction in mural art, 85New millennium apprehensions, 10–29
heritage and politics, 24–28illegal antiquities, 13–15intangible heritage, 28–29local, national, and international
deployment, 20–24manufacture, marketing, and consumption,
10–13public outreach, 15–17value and UNESCO, 18–20
New World, 7, 72, 213, 215, 218New York City, 5, 7, 141, 153, 239, 248The New York Times, 14–15Niagara Falls, 145Nile River, 21Nine Years War, 1594–1603, 73“Nofri”, cultural symbol of Berlin, 147Norbulingka, 26Northern Albanian tribes, 118–120Northern vs. southern Albanian tribes,
119–120
OObama, Barack, 26Oblivion, 2, 18O’Connell, Daniel, 73Orange Order, 78Ordinance of 1835, 142, 153The Ornament of the World, 63Orthodoxy, Albania, 111, 114–117, 119–121Orti (gardens), 196Ortiz-Torres, Rubén, Mexican muralist,
86, 104Ottoman Empire, 24–25, 115, 119, 141, 157“Ouidah ’92”, 210, 212, 229Ouidah, Bénin, 206–215, 217–226, 228–229Outline of a Theory of Practice, 110
PPact of cUmar, ca. 637, 64The Palatine Hill, 196, 199, 202Palestinian intifada, 2001, 11Palmyra, excavations at (Syria), 176, l 178Pan-Indian activism, 27Papal States, 194–196Parade routes, Belfast, 78–79Parade season, 77–79, 83, 85, 100Paradigm shift, 1–9
heritage, 160–161, 163historical consciousness and national
identity, 156–157“missing link” of cultural past, 158nations, stakeholders, and memory,
162–163New Acropolis Museum, 164–166
blend of neoclassical and ancientarchitecture, 167
designed by Tschumi and Fotiadis, 164entrance, 165mirroring ancient and contemporary
architectural praxis, 164–165Parthenon gallery, 165–166reflection of the Parthenon on the main
gallery, 166Parthenon marbles, 157–158promoting co-operation between British
and Greek curatorship vs. claims ofownership, 166–168
re-creation of classical Greek withneoclassical architecturein Athens, 159
reverse archaeology, 163sacred and essential symbols, 160
The Past Is A Foreign Country, 2Peace Parks initiative, 33, 263–264Pearse, Patrick, 73Pedro I (Pedro the Cruel), 61–62Penal Laws, 73, 79, 87Pera/Beyoglu district, Istanbul, 24–25Permanent Committee of Antiquities, 143Petty, William, 1623–1687, 76
Pharaonic antiquities law and problems oftrade
Decree of 1869, 142Decree of 1891, 143encouraged by Mariette, 142–143Law 12 of 1897, 143Law 14 of 1912, 143Law 215 of 1951, 143Law of 1983, 142new law being drafted, 144Order of 1880, 142Ordinance of 1835, 142repatriation of objects, 144–145Schultz, Parry and Johnson involved in
illegal trade, 144Pharaonic past used as logos in stamps,
currency, newspaper mastheads,etc., 151
The Phoenicians, 26, 234Piano di Sistematizzazione della Zona
Monumentale Riservata di Roma(Management Plan for the ReservedMonumental Area of Rome), 199
Piano Regolatore Generale (PRG), 199–200,202
Piazza del Popolo, 199Piazza Venezia, 194–195, 200The Poetics and Politics of Museum
Display, 4Police Service of Northern Ireland
(PSNI), 86The Politics of Public Culture, 4Pompeii, discovery of, 197Popularity of ghosts, 125–126“The Portland Vase”, 159Potala Palace, 26Prayer hall, Cordoba Cathedral–Mosque, 52Prevalence of Irish language in republican
131, 133Protestants vs. Catholics, 30, 74–75Protestant Ascendency shaken in early
twentieth century, 73–74Protestant “theatrical calendar”, 79Provisional IRA, 80, 82Pseudoscience, 32, 130PSNI, see Police Service of Northern Ireland
(PSNI)Public Archaeology, 10
282 Subject Index
Public outreach, cultural heritage, 15–17African Americans, poorly served, 17Australian Aboriginal stakeholders, 16–17old, mud-coated sign, Harpers Ferry
National Park, 16
QQasr al-Hayr al Gharbi, Syria, 176, 178Qibla wall, Cathedral–Mosque, Cordoba,
52–53The Queen as an ultimate national symbol,
93, 135Queen of Sheba, 234
RRaqqa Museum, 172, 185–188
chronologically organized, 187evidenced by Tell Bı’a, 185exterior view, 186focuses on future growth and development,
187–188Korean War in 1950, resulting in cotton
cultivation, 186location, 185material being usurped by Aleppo or
Damascus Museums, 186–187migration of Syrians from Deir ez-Zor,
185–186model of future, 188origin and hierarchical establishments
down the ages, 185–186Raqqa, trading-post between Bedouin and
townspeople, 187Tabqa Dam Project, 186
Real IRA, 82, 103Re-contextualization, 171, 173, 189Red Hand Commandos, 82, 99Red Hand Defenders, 82“Red hand of Ulster”, mural, 98–99Reformation battles between Catholics and
98, 104Republic of Macedonia, 26Restitution, see RepatriationRetribalization and radical reorientation in
Albania, 121Reverse archaeology, 163Revolutionary War-era Virginia, 6Rhodesia, see Zimbabwean sculptorsRhodesia Herald, 238Rhodes National Gallery, see National Gallery
of Zimbabwe“The Rokeby Venus”, 159Roman and Byzantine influence in
performing the Slave Route, 210–219“auction block”, 211–212, 220Dantissa, auction block, 211–212de Souza’s barracoons, 214, 220Door of No Return, 217–218emotional rememberings of the past,
218–220Mass Grave Memorial, 220sculptures, 212–214Tree of Forgetting, 213Tree of Return, 215–217, 220village of Zoungbodji, 213–214,
220–221Zomaï, 214–215, 220–221
Slave Route Project, 208–210local government and UNESCO
Soapstone bunker ashtrays in Albania, 116The Social Life of Things, 223Society for American Archaeology, 6Spas, 63“Spirit Ancestor”, sculptural artwork, 242Spoliation, 52, 173, 189St. Lawrence Island, 14St. Louis Art Museum, 145St. Margaret of York, 134Stone houses (zimbabwes), 233–234, 240Stone sculpture industry, 234, 236, 240, 252St. Patrick’s Cathedral, Belfast, 100Superiority of science over religion, 128–129Supreme Council of Antiquities, 144–145,
145, 151, 153Sventramenti (gutting), 201–202SVP, see Shala Valley Project (SVP)Sykes–Picot agreement, 171Symbolism in murals, 96Synagogue of Dura Europus, 178Syria, national museums in, 171–172
future progress and modernity, 188–190history of, 171–174
colonization by the Ottomans andFrench, 171
284 Subject Index
Syria, national museums (cont.)declared as sovereign nation in 1946,
171, 174foreign expeditions tapping Syria’s
antiquities, 172museums, vehicle of knowledge and
identity, 174museum system originated by
nationalist intellectuals, 171map showing locations of national
museums, 172National Museum of Damascus
al-majma‘al-‘ilmi al-‘arabi (ArabAcademy), 175
Ba’th Party, 180Bloc Party and Nationalist Party
approach, 179Classical and Byzantine material, 177,
179–180community outreach activities, 180–181Damascene Hall, 177, 179Damascus, one of world’s oldest cities
and capital of Syrian ArabRepublic, 174
discovery and excavation, 176focus on Islamic material, 175–176French Mandate, 1918–1946, 174, 176Great Rebellion of 1925–1927, 176High Commissioner’s decrees of 1926
and 1928, shifting control of ArabAcademy under Frenchdirection, 176
Italy–Syria initiative, 180–181location, 175Madrasa al ‘Adiliya, 175printed guide, 1952, 179sculpture garden, café, and gift shop,
180Service des Antiquités, 1920, 176spatial inadequacy resulting in
construction of new building,176–177
synagogue of Dura Europus, 178tourist audiences, 180–181
regional museums, 181–188National Museum of Aleppo, 182–185Raqqa Museum, 185–188
Sykes–Picot agreement, 171
TTabqa Dam Project, 186Tadrart Acacus, 26“Taigs”, 104
replica of, 183Temple of Dagun, wall mural, 210Temple of Hatshepsut, 20Temples in Albania, 115Terrorism, 30, 55, 70, 81, 83, 85–87, 95, 101Text, Play and Story: The Construction and
Reconstruction of Self andSociety, 1
Theth, Albania, 120Tiber River, 199Tiwanaku, 23, 26Tolerance, British, 134–135Tomb of Seti I, 144Tone, Theobald Wolfe, 73Totalitarian dictatorship in Albania, 116, 121Tourist art, 242–245, 247–249, 253“Tourist/tribal art”, 244–245Trading of guns and ammunitions in
Treaty by Ibn cAsakir, 64Treaty of Tudmir, 713, 64Tree of Forgetting, Slave Route, Bénin, 213,
215–216, 223Tree of Return, Slave Route, Bénin, 215–217,
220, 225Tribal councils in Albania, 121Tribal oral customary law code, Albania,
118, 121Tribal system in Shala, almost extinct due to
communism, 120“Triumph of defeat”, 80“The Troubles”, 69, 74, 77, 79–80Tuatha de Danann, 90Tudor and Cromwellian reconquests, 72Turkey, 2, 8, 24–25, 157, 161, 176, 185
UUCLA, University of California at Los Angeles
(UCLA)UDA, see Ulster Defense Association (UDA)UDR, see Ulster Defense Regiment (UDR)UFF, see Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF)Ulster Defense Association (UDA), 82, 84–85,
89, 94, 98–99, 101, 104
Subject Index 285
Ulster Defense Regiment (UDR), 82, 97Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF), 79, 82, 84, 99“Ulster People Take Stand Against Republican