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FORENSIC SCIENCE
PAPER No.12: Forensic Biology and Serology
MODULE No.10: Biological Characteristics, Identification, General Test and Analysis of Drug in Urine
SUBJECT FORENSIC SCIENCE
Paper No. and Title PAPER No.12: Forensic Biology and Serology
Module No. and Title MODULE No.10: Biological Characteristics, Identification,
General Test and Analysis of Drug in Urine
Module Tag FSC_P12_M10
FORENSIC SCIENCE
PAPER No.12: Forensic Biology and Serology
MODULE No.10: Biological Characteristics, Identification, General Test and Analysis of Drug in Urine
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Learning Outcomes
2. Introduction: Urine
3. Constituents of urine
4. Purposes of urine test
5. General Urine test
6. Test of degraded protein in urine
6.1 Bilirubin
6.2 Urobilinogen
6.3 Bench jones proteins
7. Confirmatory test of urine
7.1 Detection of urea by Gee’s urea nitrate test
7.2 Detection of Creatinin
7.3 Detection of Indican
8. Analysis of drug in Urine
9. Presumptive substance testing
10. Diagnostic screening of urine
11. Determination of time for different drug in Urine
12. Forensic detection of drug Marijuana in Urine
13. Summary
FORENSIC SCIENCE
PAPER No.12: Forensic Biology and Serology
MODULE No.10: Biological Characteristics, Identification, General Test and Analysis of Drug in Urine
1. Learning Outcomes
After studying this module, you shall be able to know-
What is Urine?
What are the constituents of Urine?
What are the purposes of urine testing?
What are the confirmatory tests of Urine?
What is a diagnostic screening of Urine?
How we will do the alcohol test through Urine?
2. Introduction: Urine
Urine can be defined as the liquid waste product secreted by kidneys by a process known
as urination and is excreted through the urethra. Cellular metabolism produces various
waste products that are needed to be cleared from the bloodstream and are also rich in
nitrogen. Healthy urine is not toxic and only undesirable substances are eliminated by the
body. Usually the urine is transparent pale yellow solution but its color also ranges from
colorless to pale yellow. Over-hydration is indicated by the presence of colorless urine.
During the process of drug testing if colorless urine is detected then it suggests an attempt
to avoid the detection of illegal drugs in the bloodstream through over-hydration.
Examination of urine may sometimes require in the investigation of unnatural death like
hanging and strangulation. A microscopic examination of the urine may be helpful to
identify organic or inorganic substrates that help in the diagnosis. Many tests are used in
analyzing the urine in order to determine, whether it contains abnormal substances
indicative of diseases. Usually the substances that are not present in urine and can only be
detected during its analysis are glucose, blood, protein, acetone and pus. Some renal
function tests are based on clearance of metabolites into the urine.
FORENSIC SCIENCE
PAPER No.12: Forensic Biology and Serology
MODULE No.10: Biological Characteristics, Identification, General Test and Analysis of Drug in Urine
3. Constituents of Urine
NORMAL CONSTITUENTS
ABNORMAL CONSTITUENTS
Sodium chloride, uric acid, hippuric acid,
potassium, oxalate, amino acid, ammonia,
traces of glucose, ketose, vitamins, hormones,
calcium, sulphate and keratinine.
Sugar, protein, ketone bodies, bile salts,
etc.
Contents and appearance
The color of normal urine is that of clear straw and consists of slight odor with some
crystals and small number of cells from the tissues which line the urinary bladder. Sugars,
proteins, bacteria, yeast cells, ketones and parasitic organisms are not present in normal
urine.
A different time in a day a urine sample is collected can make a difference in the
appearance of the specimen. Medicines and foods such as penicillin and red beets,
asparagus may affect the odor and color of urine. Although most color variations are
harmless, they sometimes indicate the presence of serious disease.
4. Purpose of Urine Test
A urine test may be done:
To check for a disease or infection of the urinary tract. The various signs and
symptoms shown in case of an urinary infection consists of colored and bad-
smelling urine, pain and finding it hard to urinate, blood in urine, etc.
In treatments for kidney stones, diabetes, UTI i.e. urinary tract infection, high BP,
urine tests are done so as to check for the conditions.
FORENSIC SCIENCE
PAPER No.12: Forensic Biology and Serology
MODULE No.10: Biological Characteristics, Identification, General Test and Analysis of Drug in Urine
To diagnose the diseases or disorders of the kidneys or urinary tract and
monitoring of patients having diabetes.
To test for pregnancy
To screen for drug abuse
In a urine test, waste by-products made by the kidneys and the various components
present in it are checked for.
5. General Urine Test
Colour Normal: Pale to dark yellow in colour
Abnormal: Various foods and medicines and drugs may affect the urine
color. Long-term kidney disease or uncontrolled diabetes may also result in
color change of urine. Dark yellow urine can be caused by the dehydration.
Blood in urine results in its red color.
Clarity Normal: Clear
Abnormal: Cloudy urine can be caused by pus, blood, sperm, bacteria,
yeast, crystals, mucus, or a parasite infection, such as trichominiasis.
Odour Normal: bad odour
Abnormal: Consumption of some food, vitamins, and antibiotics can cause
urine to have a different odour. A sweet, fruity odour may be caused by
uncontrolled diabetes
Specific gravity
Normal: 1.005–1.030
Abnormal: A very high specific gravity means very concentrated urine,
which may be caused by, loss of too much fluid, sugar or protein in the urine.
Very low specific gravity means diluted urine, which may be caused by
drinking too much fluid or severe kidney diseases.