Subject cataloging a review

SUBJECT CATALOGING: SUBJECT CATALOGING: A REVIEWA REVIEW

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

Refresh memory with the concepts Refresh memory with the concepts and principles of subject catalogingand principles of subject cataloging

Refresh memory with the rules in Refresh memory with the rules in using Sears List of Subject Headings using Sears List of Subject Headings and Library of Congress Subject and Library of Congress Subject HeadingsHeadings

Show examples of subject headingsShow examples of subject headings

OUTLINEOUTLINE

Definition of TermsDefinition of Terms Concepts and Principles of Subject Concepts and Principles of Subject

CatalogingCataloging Sears List of Subject HeadingsSears List of Subject Headings Library of Congress Subject HeadingsLibrary of Congress Subject Headings

DEFINITION OF TERMSDEFINITION OF TERMS

Subject Cataloging Subject Cataloging Subject HeadingSubject Heading Subject ContentSubject Content Subject AnalysisSubject Analysis Subject CatalogSubject Catalog Subject Authority RecordSubject Authority Record Subject EntrySubject Entry

SUBJECT CATALOGINGSUBJECT CATALOGING

The process of providing subject The process of providing subject access points to bibliographic access points to bibliographic records.records.

The process of assigning subject The process of assigning subject headings to materials being headings to materials being cataloged.cataloged.

SUBJECT HEADINGSUBJECT HEADING

The term (a word or a group of The term (a word or a group of words) denoting a subject under words) denoting a subject under which all material on that subject is which all material on that subject is entered in a catalog.entered in a catalog.

An authorized heading in a standard An authorized heading in a standard list of subject headings.list of subject headings.

SUBJECT CONTENTSUBJECT CONTENT

The theme or topic treated by the The theme or topic treated by the author in the work whether stated in author in the work whether stated in the title or not.the title or not.

Examples:Examples:– PhilosophyPhilosophy ( (Introduction to philosophyIntroduction to philosophy))– Classical literatureClassical literature ((Greek and Roman Greek and Roman

literature)literature)

SUBJECT ANALYSISSUBJECT ANALYSIS

The process of identifying the The process of identifying the intellectual content of a work.intellectual content of a work.

Process:Process:– Read the workRead the work– Identify subject content(s)Identify subject content(s)– Determine phase relations of subjectsDetermine phase relations of subjects– Represent subject content with subject Represent subject content with subject

heading(s)heading(s)

SUBJECT CATALOGSUBJECT CATALOG

A catalog consisting of subject A catalog consisting of subject entries only.entries only.

The subject portion of a divided The subject portion of a divided catalog. catalog.

SUBJ ECT AUTHORITY RECORDSUBJ ECT AUTHORITY RECORD

A record of a subject heading that A record of a subject heading that shows its established form, cites the shows its established form, cites the authorities consulted in determining authorities consulted in determining the choice and form of the heading, the choice and form of the heading, and indicates the cross references and indicates the cross references made to and from the heading.made to and from the heading.

A collection of subject authority A collection of subject authority records is known as subject authority records is known as subject authority file.file.

SUBJECT ENTRYSUBJECT ENTRY

An entry in a catalog or a An entry in a catalog or a bibliography under a heading which bibliography under a heading which indicates the subject of an item.indicates the subject of an item.

The subject card in a card catalog is The subject card in a card catalog is an example of a subject entry.an example of a subject entry.

IMPORTANCE OF SUBJECT IMPORTANCE OF SUBJECT CATALOGINGCATALOGING

It helps in determining subject content It helps in determining subject content when the title of the work does not when the title of the work does not completely indicate what the material is all completely indicate what the material is all about.about.

It provides access to all relevant materials It provides access to all relevant materials by subject.by subject.

It brings together all references to It brings together all references to materials on the same subject.materials on the same subject.

It shows subject fields affiliations.It shows subject fields affiliations. It provides a formal description of subject It provides a formal description of subject

content.content.

TYPES OF CATALOGS WITH TYPES OF CATALOGS WITH SUBJECT ENTRIESSUBJECT ENTRIES

Classed catalog – with hierarchical entriesClassed catalog – with hierarchical entries Alphabetical-specific catalog -contains Alphabetical-specific catalog -contains

specific subject headings arranged specific subject headings arranged alphabetically alphabetically

Dictionary catalog – entries are interfiled Dictionary catalog – entries are interfiled in one alphabetical orderin one alphabetical order

Divided catalog – author, title, and subject Divided catalog – author, title, and subject entries are separately arranged in entries are separately arranged in alphabetical sequencealphabetical sequence

Online catalog – automated catalogOnline catalog – automated catalog

SUBJECT AUTHORITY FILE SUBJECT AUTHORITY FILE FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS

Serves as a source of controlled Serves as a source of controlled vocabulary and as a means for vocabulary and as a means for verifying and validating headings.verifying and validating headings.

Serves as the source for validation Serves as the source for validation and verification of cross references, and verification of cross references, current status of headings, etc.current status of headings, etc.

Shows user terminology and form of Shows user terminology and form of subject access points and cross subject access points and cross references in the catalog.references in the catalog.

PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

USER and USAGEUSER and USAGE

The user and their usual way of The user and their usual way of looking or searching for information looking or searching for information should be determined since these should be determined since these are important in determining the are important in determining the terms and forms of subject headings terms and forms of subject headings to be used.to be used.

Example:Example: Birds Birds instead of instead of Ornithology Ornithology

(for a public library catalog)(for a public library catalog)

UNIFORM HEADINGSUNIFORM HEADINGS

Each subject should be represented Each subject should be represented in the catalog under only one in the catalog under only one heading and under only one form heading and under only one form and format.and format. – Synonymous termsSynonymous terms– Variant spellingsVariant spellings– Foreign terms vs. local termsForeign terms vs. local terms– Technical vs. popular termsTechnical vs. popular terms– Obsolete vs. current termsObsolete vs. current terms

Choice Among Synonymous Choice Among Synonymous TermsTerms

Adventure fictionAdventure fiction

UFUF Adventure and adventures – Adventure and adventures –

FictionFiction

Adventure storiesAdventure stories

Suspense novelsSuspense novels

Choice Among Variant SpellingsChoice Among Variant Spellings

AestheticsAesthetics

UFUF EstheticsEsthetics

ArcheologyArcheology

UFUF ArchaeologyArchaeology

Foreign Terms vs. Local TermsForeign Terms vs. Local Terms

Dung-awDung-aw instead of Crying for the instead of Crying for the dead, dead, PinakbetPinakbet instead of Vegetable instead of Vegetable in tomato sauce, in tomato sauce, BagnetBagnet instead of instead of Deep fried pork).Deep fried pork).

There may be a list of subject There may be a list of subject headings specific to a “country” e.g. headings specific to a “country” e.g. Filipinana subject headings list, Filipinana subject headings list, which may be used as a source.which may be used as a source.

Technical vs. Popular TermsTechnical vs. Popular Terms

CryogenicsCryogenics

USE USE Cold temperaturesCold temperatures

GynecologyGynecology

USEUSE Women—Health and hygieneWomen—Health and hygiene

Obsolete vs. Current TermsObsolete vs. Current Terms

Computing machinesComputing machines

USE USE ComputersComputers

BlacksBlacks

USE USE African AmericanAfrican American

UNIQUE HEADINGSUNIQUE HEADINGS

The same term should not be used in The same term should not be used in more than one sense. more than one sense.

Example:Example: Cold (Disease) ; Cold (Temperature)Cold (Disease) ; Cold (Temperature)

SPECIFIC ENTRYSPECIFIC ENTRY

Chose the most specific subject Chose the most specific subject heading available.heading available.

Example:Example: CatsCats instead of instead of Animals Animals (if the book is (if the book is

about cats only)about cats only)

CROSS REFERENCESCROSS REFERENCES

See or USE – See or USE – unauthorized to authorizedunauthorized to authorized See also – related headingsSee also – related headings

– BT – broader termBT – broader term– NT – narrower termNT – narrower term– RT – related termRT – related term

General reference – covers an entire General reference – covers an entire category or class of headingscategory or class of headings

PHASE RELATIONSPHASE RELATIONS

Influence phaseInfluence phase ExEx.: .: Role of sociology in educationRole of sociology in education Bias PhaseBias Phase Ex.: Biology for Philippine schoolsEx.: Biology for Philippine schools Tool or application phaseTool or application phase Ex.: Use of mathematics in artEx.: Use of mathematics in art Comparison phaseComparison phase Ex.: Asian literatureEx.: Asian literature

SEARS LIST OF SEARS LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGSSUBJECT HEADINGS

BRIEF INTRODUCTIONBRIEF INTRODUCTION

Developed by Minnie Earl SearsDeveloped by Minnie Earl Sears First title : First title : List of Subject Headings List of Subject Headings

for Small Librariesfor Small Libraries Has patterns with LCSH with Has patterns with LCSH with

modifications appropriate for small modifications appropriate for small librarieslibraries

TYPES OF MAIN HEADINGSTYPES OF MAIN HEADINGS

Topical Topical Place or geographicPlace or geographic FormForm NameName

FORM OF HEADINGSFORM OF HEADINGS Single noun headingsSingle noun headings

Ex.Ex.: : Essay Essay (abstract concept)(abstract concept) EssaysEssays (Concrete concept) (Concrete concept)

Compound headingsCompound headings ExEx.: .: Satire and humor Satire and humor Adjectival headings Adjectival headings ExEx.: .: Higher educationHigher education Prepositional phrase headings Prepositional phrase headings ExEx.: .: Electricity in agricultureElectricity in agriculture Freedom of speechFreedom of speech

SUBDIVISIONSSUBDIVISIONS

Types:Types:– TopicalTopical ExEx.: .: English language--GrammarEnglish language--Grammar– Geographic/PlaceGeographic/Place ExEx.: .: Flowers--AustraliaFlowers--Australia– Chronological/PeriodChronological/Period ExEx.: .: Philippines—History—1946-1971Philippines—History—1946-1971– FormForm ExEx.: .: Chemistry—DictionariesChemistry—DictionariesOrder of Subdivisions:Order of Subdivisions:

Main Heading—Topical—Geographic—Chronological—FormMain Heading—Topical—Geographic—Chronological—Form

OMITTED SUBJECT OMITTED SUBJECT HEADINGSHEADINGS

Terms not included in the list but can Terms not included in the list but can be supplied by the cataloger:be supplied by the cataloger:

- Proper names for persons, families, - Proper names for persons, families, places, nationalities, national places, nationalities, national languages and literatures, events, languages and literatures, events, ethnic tribes and corporate bodiesethnic tribes and corporate bodies

- Common names of animals, plants, - Common names of animals, plants, objects, activities, diseases, foods, objects, activities, diseases, foods, chemicals, minerals, etc.chemicals, minerals, etc.

KEY HEADINGSKEY HEADINGS

Authors -Authors -Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616

Ethnic Groups – Ethnic Groups – Native AmericansNative Americans Languages – Languages – English languageEnglish language Literature – Literature – English literatureEnglish literature Places – Places – United StatesUnited States

OhioOhioChicago (Ill.)Chicago (Ill.)

Public figures – Public figures – Presidents—United StatesPresidents—United States Wars – Wars – World War, 1939-1945World War, 1939-1945

INDIVIDUAL BIOGRAPHYINDIVIDUAL BIOGRAPHY

Heading is the name of biographeeHeading is the name of biographee Form takes on the rules from Form takes on the rules from

AACR2RAACR2RExampleExample: : Obille, Kathleen Lourdes B., 1977-Obille, Kathleen Lourdes B., 1977-

For materials containing significant For materials containing significant information in the field to which they information in the field to which they “belong” another subject heading on “belong” another subject heading on the field or discipline may be added. the field or discipline may be added.

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL HEADINGSHEADINGS

Subject heading to be assigned Subject heading to be assigned should be similar with the author should be similar with the author entry.entry.

ExampleExample: :

Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865Lincoln, Abraham, 1809-1865

COLLECTIVE BIOGRAPHYCOLLECTIVE BIOGRAPHY

General biographyGeneral biography

ExEx.: .: BiographyBiography

Biography—DictionariesBiography—Dictionaries National biographyNational biography

ExEx.: .: Philippines—BiographyPhilippines—Biography Professional / Subject biographyProfessional / Subject biography

ExEx.: .: ChemistsChemists;; Librarians Librarians;; Women-- Women-- Biography Biography;; Baseball-- Baseball--BiographyBiography

WORK ABOUT BIOGRAPHYWORK ABOUT BIOGRAPHY

When the material discusses how to When the material discusses how to write biographies, assign the subject write biographies, assign the subject heading heading

Biography (as a literary form)Biography (as a literary form)

WORK ABOUT LITERATUREWORK ABOUT LITERATURE

Where literature is the subject, this is Where literature is the subject, this is treated like other works with subject treated like other works with subject headings representing the scope of headings representing the scope of the works. the works. ExamplesExamples: : Literature; Drama; German Literature; Drama; German drama—History and criticismdrama—History and criticism

LITERARY WORKSLITERARY WORKS For an individual literary work, no form For an individual literary work, no form

heading is assigned.heading is assigned. For collections of works of more than one For collections of works of more than one

author, a literary form heading is assigned. author, a literary form heading is assigned. ExamplesExamples: : Essays; Essays; American drama--Collections American drama--Collections

For works about literature, assign subject For works about literature, assign subject headings representing the content and headings representing the content and scope of the materials. scope of the materials.

ExampleExample: : American literature; DramaAmerican literature; Drama

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGSSUBJECT HEADINGS

BRIEF INTRODUCTIONBRIEF INTRODUCTION

Originally developed by the Library of Originally developed by the Library of Congress for use on its cataloging Congress for use on its cataloging recordsrecords

First published in 1914First published in 1914 Omitted headingsOmitted headings

– Name headingsName headings– Headings with free floating subdivisionsHeadings with free floating subdivisions– Headings with free floating phrasesHeadings with free floating phrases

TYPES OF MAIN HEADINGSTYPES OF MAIN HEADINGS

TopicalTopical FormForm Headings for named entitiesHeadings for named entities

SYNTAX OF MAIN HEADINGSSYNTAX OF MAIN HEADINGS

Single noun headingsSingle noun headings Adjectival phrase headingsAdjectival phrase headings Conjunctive phrase headingsConjunctive phrase headings Prepositional phrase headingsPrepositional phrase headings Inverted phrase headingsInverted phrase headings Free floating phrase headingsFree floating phrase headings QualifiersQualifiers

HEADINGS FOR NAMED HEADINGS FOR NAMED ENTITIESENTITIES

Personal namesPersonal names Corporate namesCorporate names Geographic namesGeographic names

– Jurisdictional Jurisdictional – Non-jurisdictionalNon-jurisdictional

Personal NamesPersonal Names

Follow AACR2R rules as regards format.Follow AACR2R rules as regards format. PersonPerson

ExEx.: .: Defoe, Daniel, 1661-1771Defoe, Daniel, 1661-1771 FamiliesFamilies

ExEx.: .: Aquino family Aquino family Gods/goddessesGods/goddesses ExEx.: .: Zeus (Greek deity)Zeus (Greek deity) Legendary characterLegendary character

ExEx.: .: Merlin (Legendary character)Merlin (Legendary character)

Corporate namesCorporate names

Follow AACR2R format of headings Follow AACR2R format of headings for corporate bodies.for corporate bodies.

If used as main entry, its form of If used as main entry, its form of heading should be similar with the heading should be similar with the subject entry.subject entry.

ExEx.: .: Chinese Medical AssociationChinese Medical Association

Jurisdictional Geographic Jurisdictional Geographic NamesNames

Established according to AACR2REstablished according to AACR2RExamplesExamples: : PhilippinesPhilippines

Vigan (Ilocos Sur, Vigan (Ilocos Sur, Philippines) Philippines)

Chicago (Ill.)Chicago (Ill.) Regardless of the changes in Regardless of the changes in

geographic jurisdictions, the current geographic jurisdictions, the current name of the place should be used.name of the place should be used.

Non-jurisdictional Geographic Non-jurisdictional Geographic NamesNames

Names of natural geographic Names of natural geographic features that may be used as subject features that may be used as subject entries but not used as main entries.entries but not used as main entries.

ExamplesExamples: : Amazon RiverAmazon River

Ohio River ValleyOhio River Valley

Generic QualifiersGeneric Qualifiers

Added to the non-jurisdictional name Added to the non-jurisdictional name when there is a need to distinguish when there is a need to distinguish between headings and/or cross-between headings and/or cross-references that have the same name references that have the same name and geographic qualifier.and geographic qualifier.

Ex.: Big Bear Lake (Calif. : City)Ex.: Big Bear Lake (Calif. : City)

Big Bear Lake (Calif. : Lake)Big Bear Lake (Calif. : Lake)

The inverted form is used when the name The inverted form is used when the name of the natural geographic feature consists of the natural geographic feature consists of a specific and a generic term, and the of a specific and a generic term, and the generic term precedes the specific term.generic term precedes the specific term.

ExamplesExamples:: Fuji, Mount (Japan)Fuji, Mount (Japan) specific genericspecific generic

But But Rocky MountainsRocky Mountains (specific) (generic)(specific) (generic)

ENTRY ELEMENT ENTRY ELEMENT (for Geographic headings)(for Geographic headings)

SUBDIVISIONSSUBDIVISIONS

TopicalTopical FormForm GeographicGeographic ChronologicalChronological Free floating (form or topical)Free floating (form or topical)

Free Floating SubdivisionsFree Floating Subdivisions Free floating subdivisions of general application Free floating subdivisions of general application ExEx. . MathematicsMathematics––Study and teachingStudy and teaching Free floating subdivisions under specific types of Free floating subdivisions under specific types of

headings headings ExEx. . Actors—Political activityActors—Political activity Free floating subdivisions indicated by “multiples”Free floating subdivisions indicated by “multiples” ExEx. . Birth control—Religious aspects—Birth control—Religious aspects—

Buddhism [Christianity, etc.]Buddhism [Christianity, etc.] Free floating subdivisions controlled by pattern Free floating subdivisions controlled by pattern

headings headings

Examples of Pattern HeadingsExamples of Pattern Headings

Languages and Languages and groups of groups of languageslanguages

English languageEnglish language

--Pronoun --Pronoun

Individual Individual literary authorsliterary authors

Shakespeare, William, Shakespeare, William, 1564-16161564-1616

Literary works Literary works entered under entered under authorauthor

Shakespeare, William, Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet1564-1616. Hamlet

Geographic SubdivisionsGeographic Subdivisions Direct (country follows heading)Direct (country follows heading) Ex. Ex. Music—SpainMusic—Spain Education—Finance—JapanEducation—Finance—Japan Indirect (country interposed between main Indirect (country interposed between main

heading and local place)heading and local place) Ex. Ex. Charities—France--Paris Charities—France--Paris Exceptions (to be entered directly)Exceptions (to be entered directly)

– CanadaCanada ProvincesProvinces– United StatesUnited States StatesStates– Great Britain Great Britain Constituent CountriesConstituent Countries

LITERARY WORKSLITERARY WORKS Works about literature in generalWorks about literature in general Ex. Ex. Literature—History and criticismLiterature—History and criticism Anthologies by more than one authorAnthologies by more than one author

Ex. Ex. Literature—CollectionsLiterature—Collections

Individual Works by one author Individual Works by one author No literary form headings are assigned.No literary form headings are assigned. Works about individual authors and Works about individual authors and

worksworks Ex. Ex. Shakespeare, William--BiographyShakespeare, William--Biography Beard, Henry N. Bored of the RingsBeard, Henry N. Bored of the Rings

BIOGRAPHYBIOGRAPHY For individual biographies, the subject For individual biographies, the subject

heading is the name of the biographee heading is the name of the biographee following the AACR2R format.following the AACR2R format. Ex. Ex. Twain, Mark, 1835-1910—BiographyTwain, Mark, 1835-1910—Biography

For collection of biographies use the For collection of biographies use the following examples:following examples: Biography; Biography—Dictionaries; Biography; Biography—Dictionaries;

Philosophers—Biography; Philosophers—Biography; Art—Biography; Italy--BiographyArt—Biography; Italy--Biography

CHILDREN’S MATERIALSCHILDREN’S MATERIALS

Regular headings implying juvenile nature Regular headings implying juvenile nature or with juvenile subdivisionsor with juvenile subdivisions ExamplesExamples: : Family--Juvenile dramaFamily--Juvenile drama

Children’s playsChildren’s plays Alternative headings for children’s Alternative headings for children’s

materials (regular subject headings materials (regular subject headings without juvenile subdivisions)without juvenile subdivisions)– Headings are enclosed in bracketsHeadings are enclosed in brackets

Example: Example: [Horsemanship—Fiction][Horsemanship—Fiction]