______________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ http://www.e2analytics.com Sub-region (District) and Sector Level SO 2 and NO X Emissions for India: Assessment of Inventories and Mitigation Flexibility Amit Garg and P.R. Shukla Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, Sumana Bhattacharya National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi V.K. Dadhwal Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad Paper Published in Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 35/4, pp. 703-713
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Sub-region (District) and Sector Level SO2 and NOX Emissions for India:
Assessment of Inventories and Mitigation Flexibility By
Amit Garg*, P.R. Shukla*, Sumana Bhattacharya** and V.K. Dadhwal*** (* Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, ** National Physical Laboratories, New Delhi, ***
Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad)
Abstract
Sub-regional and sector level distribution of SO2 and NOX emissions inventories for India
have been estimated for all the 466 Indian districts using base data for years 1990 and 1995.
Although, national level emissions provide general guidelines for assessing mitigation
alternatives, but significant regional and sectoral variability exist in Indian emissions.
Districts reasonably capture this variability to a fine grid as 80% of these districts are
smaller than 1ox1o resolution with 60% being smaller than even 1/2ox1/2o. Moreover,
districts in India have well established administrative and institutional mechanisms that
would be useful for implementing and monitoring mitigation measures. District level
emission estimates thus offer a (A.1.1) finer regional scale inventory covering the combined
interests of the scientific community and policy makers. The inventory assessment
methodology adopted is similar to that prescribed by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The sectoral decomposition
at district level includes emissions from fossil fuel combustion, non-energy emissions from
industrial activities and agriculture. Total SO2 and NOX emissions from India were 3542
and 2636 Gg respectively [1990] and 4638 and 3462 Gg [1995] growing at annual rate of
around 5.5%. The sectoral composition of SO2 emissions indicates a predominance of
electric power generation sector [46%]. Power and transport sector emissions equally
dominate NOX emissions contributing nearly 30% each. However, majority of power plants
are situated in predominantly rural districts while the latter are concentrated in large urban
centers. Mitigation efforts for transport sector NOX emissions would therefore be higher.
The district level analysis indicates diverse spatial distribution with the top 5% emitting
districts contributing 46.5% and 33.3% of total national SO2 and NOX emissions
respectively. This skewed emission pattern, with a few districts, sectors and point sources
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The authors are grateful to Dr Jae Edmonds, Dr Murari Lal, Dr A. P. Mitra, Dr Morita T.
Suneyuki and Dr Jayant Sathaye for their suggestions and valuable comments.
Note: (a) NOX emission factors for small combustion facilities tend to be much smaller than for large facilities due to lower combustion temperatures. (b) Includes animal dung, agricultural, municipal and industrial waste (c) It assumes that heavy-duty vehicles running on diesel consume the major part.
Overall Bilaspur Delhi Sonbhadra South Arcot Karimnagar Table 11: Sectoral contributions to Indian emissions in 1995
% share Sectors NOx SO2
Power generation 27,9 46,1 Transport 32,0 7,8 Industry 19,2 34,4 Biomass burning 18,7 5,2 Other sectors 1,9 3,8 Non-energy sources 0,3 2,7 All India emissions (Tg) 3.46 4.64