Style Guidelines for Project Writing. Basic Information for Report Preliminary drafts should be 1.5 line spaced Preliminary drafts should be 1.5 line.

Style Guidelines for Style Guidelines for Project WritingProject Writing

Basic Information for ReportBasic Information for Report• Preliminary drafts should be 1.5 line spaced Preliminary drafts should be 1.5 line spaced

• Spacing in final project should be discussed Spacing in final project should be discussed with supervisorwith supervisor

• Preliminary drafts should be double-sidedPreliminary drafts should be double-sided

• Double-siding final projects - discuss with Double-siding final projects - discuss with supervisorsupervisor

• Select one convention of English and be Select one convention of English and be consistentconsistent

PresentationPresentation• Title Page:Title Page:

– Title of project, centred at top of pageTitle of project, centred at top of page– Your name, centred mid-pageYour name, centred mid-page– Name of Project (Semester, Internship, Thesis), Name of Project (Semester, Internship, Thesis),

centred near bottom of pagecentred near bottom of pageEx. 8Ex. 8thth Semester Project in Development and Semester Project in Development and

International RelationsInternational Relations– Name of University and Date, centred very bottom of Name of University and Date, centred very bottom of

pagepage

• Second Page:Second Page:– Title of projectTitle of project– Your signature with name below, centred mid-pageYour signature with name below, centred mid-page– Supervisors nameSupervisors name– Name of Project Name of Project – Name of University and DateName of University and Date

PresentationPresentation

• Following Pages:Following Pages:– Table of ContentsTable of Contents– Acknowledgements (if you like)Acknowledgements (if you like)– Acronyms and AbbreviationsAcronyms and Abbreviations– List of FiguresList of Figures– Introduction..Introduction..

• Report must be clearly structured with sections, Report must be clearly structured with sections, headings & sub-headings (bold and upper case)headings & sub-headings (bold and upper case)

• Pictures/Diagrams/Tables must have a caption or Pictures/Diagrams/Tables must have a caption or title with explanation and source at bottomtitle with explanation and source at bottom

• Page numbering is preferably at the bottom, in Page numbering is preferably at the bottom, in the centrethe centre

Basic Quotation GuidelinesBasic Quotation Guidelines

• Quotations must reproduce exactly Quotations must reproduce exactly the original authors words, including the original authors words, including spelling, capitalization, and spelling, capitalization, and punctuationpunctuation

• An ellipsis (…) indicates where words An ellipsis (…) indicates where words are omittedare omitted

• Square brackets ([ ]) are added for Square brackets ([ ]) are added for reasons of grammar or coherencereasons of grammar or coherence

Basic Quotation GuidelinesBasic Quotation Guidelines

1.1. A sentence before the quote establishes A sentence before the quote establishes the relevance and contextthe relevance and context

2.2. Commentary after the quote provides Commentary after the quote provides analysis (the reader should not be left to analysis (the reader should not be left to interpret its meaning)interpret its meaning)

3.3. Tags to introduce sources into your work:Tags to introduce sources into your work:Ex. Plaschke argues, describes, explains, claims..Ex. Plaschke argues, describes, explains, claims..

Takeda compares, hypothesizes, concludes.. Takeda compares, hypothesizes, concludes..

Basic Quotation GuidelinesBasic Quotation Guidelines

• A quote of four lines or less appears in the A quote of four lines or less appears in the text, enclosed in quotation marks (” ”)text, enclosed in quotation marks (” ”)

• Longer quotes are:Longer quotes are:– separated from the main text, separated from the main text, – begin on a new line, begin on a new line, – are indented approx. three centimetres from are indented approx. three centimetres from

both marginsboth margins– Font size: 10Font size: 10

Example of long quote..Example of long quote..

5.1 Policy Implications of Dependency School Dependency advocates would like the term development redefined and reformulated. It should describe enriching the living standards of all people of the developing world rather than representing for instance, increased productivity and industrialisation. Alvin So characterizes one of the fundamental implications of Dependency,

Thus [developmental] programs should not cater to elites and urban dwellers, but should attempt to satisfy the human needs of rural peasants, the unemployed, and the needy. Any developmental program that benefits only a small sector at the expense of the suffering majority is no good at all.[1]

 In addition to So’s proposition that development programs must include each strata of society, the Dependency school discourages further contact with core countries and it can be inferred - foreign-dominated multinational institutions. Rather than relying on foreign aid and investment for development, peripheral countries should rely on their own resources and paths towards development…

Styles of CitationStyles of Citation

• Two main ways to credit other Two main ways to credit other people’s work:people’s work:

– Author-Date Style or Harvard StyleAuthor-Date Style or Harvard Style•Parenthetical (at end of sentence)Parenthetical (at end of sentence)

– Note-System or Chicago StyleNote-System or Chicago Style•Footnotes/Endnotes (anywhere in sentence)Footnotes/Endnotes (anywhere in sentence)

Harvard StyleHarvard Style

• Author-Date Style, parenthetical ( )Author-Date Style, parenthetical ( )

• Traditionally used in Traditionally used in hard scienceshard sciences

• Referring to general work:Referring to general work:– Requires only name of author and year of publication in Requires only name of author and year of publication in

parenthesesparentheses

• Referring to a specific point:Referring to a specific point:– Requires name of author, year and pageRequires name of author, year and page

• Citations are placed at end of a sentenceCitations are placed at end of a sentence

ExEx: Because of the underdevelopment of the racial theme, Bright Skin was : Because of the underdevelopment of the racial theme, Bright Skin was said to have "failed to feed the growing appetite for antiestablishment said to have "failed to feed the growing appetite for antiestablishment tracts while at the same time offering no new insights into the nature of tracts while at the same time offering no new insights into the nature of Blue Brook Plantation" (Landes 1976, p.121). Blue Brook Plantation" (Landes 1976, p.121).

• Full citation given in bibliographyFull citation given in bibliography

General Examples of General Examples of Harvard StyleHarvard Style

• Book - more than one author (general work)Book - more than one author (general work)– Citation in text: Citation in text: (Craton and Saunders 1992)(Craton and Saunders 1992)– Reference list form: Reference list form: Craton, M. and Saunders G. (1992) Craton, M. and Saunders G. (1992)

Understanding GlobalisationUnderstanding Globalisation. New York: Routledge.. New York: Routledge.

• Article from Journal (specific point)Article from Journal (specific point)– Citation in text: Citation in text: (Herring 1998, p.211)(Herring 1998, p.211)– Reference list form: Reference list form: Herring, G. (1998) “A Food Fight That Affects Us Herring, G. (1998) “A Food Fight That Affects Us

All.”All.” Third World Quarterly Third World Quarterly vol. 26 (3): 214. vol. 26 (3): 214.

• Newspaper article - no authorNewspaper article - no author– Citation in text: Citation in text: (Chicago Tribune 1994:4)(Chicago Tribune 1994:4)– Reference list form: Reference list form: “Gun injuries take financial toll on hospitals.” “Gun injuries take financial toll on hospitals.”

Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune (1994) 24 February.(1994) 24 February.

Chicago StyleChicago Style• Note-System, footnotes/endnotesNote-System, footnotes/endnotes

• Used in Humanities and Social Sciences Used in Humanities and Social Sciences

• Sources placed at bottom of page or end of documentSources placed at bottom of page or end of document

• GenerallyGenerally when a writer uses only a few sources it is when a writer uses only a few sources it is acceptable to omit bibliography **acceptable to omit bibliography **

• With Bibliography:With Bibliography:– Notes within next are in short form (ex. Christiansen 2000, Notes within next are in short form (ex. Christiansen 2000,

12)12)

• Without Bibliography:Without Bibliography:– First note should include all info necessary to identify and First note should include all info necessary to identify and

locate sourcelocate source– Subsequent references have only author’s last name, comma, Subsequent references have only author’s last name, comma,

shortened title, comma and page numbershortened title, comma and page number

General Examples of Chicago General Examples of Chicago StyleStyle

• Book - more than one authorBook - more than one author– Footnote form (first footnote) no biblio: Footnote form (first footnote) no biblio: Michael Craton and Gail Michael Craton and Gail

Saunders. Saunders. Understanding Globalisation. Understanding Globalisation. New York: Routledge, 1992, 24.New York: Routledge, 1992, 24.– Footnote form, with biblio: Footnote form, with biblio: Craton and Saunders 1992, 24Craton and Saunders 1992, 24– Bibliographic form: Bibliographic form: Craton, Michael and Gail Saunders. Craton, Michael and Gail Saunders.

Understanding GlobalisationUnderstanding Globalisation. New York: Routledge, 1992. . New York: Routledge, 1992.

• Article from journalArticle from journal– Footnote form, no biblio:Footnote form, no biblio: Gina Herring. “A Food Fight That Affects Gina Herring. “A Food Fight That Affects

Us All." Us All." Third World QuarterlyThird World Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1998): 216. 26, no. 3 (1998): 216. – Bibliographic form: Bibliographic form: Herring, Gina. " A Food Fight That Affects Us All.“ Herring, Gina. " A Food Fight That Affects Us All.“

Third World QuarterlyThird World Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1998): 214-219. 26, no. 3 (1998): 214-219.

• Newspaper article - no authorNewspaper article - no author– Footnote form, no biblio:Footnote form, no biblio: "Gun Injuries Take Financial Toll on "Gun Injuries Take Financial Toll on

Hospitals." Hospitals." Chicago TribuneChicago Tribune, 24 February 1994, 6. , 24 February 1994, 6. – Bibliographic form: Bibliographic form: "Gun Injuries Take Financial Toll on Hospitals." "Gun Injuries Take Financial Toll on Hospitals."

Chicago TribuneChicago Tribune, 24 February 1994. , 24 February 1994.

Tricky Examples: Chicago Tricky Examples: Chicago StyleStyle

• Unpublished InterviewsUnpublished Interviews– Last Name of Interviewee, First Name of Interviewee. Interview by [name of Last Name of Interviewee, First Name of Interviewee. Interview by [name of

interviewer or reference to author if the author is the interviewer]. Type of interviewer or reference to author if the author is the interviewer]. Type of Interview [such as "Tape recording"]. Place of Interview, Day/Month/Year of Interview [such as "Tape recording"]. Place of Interview, Day/Month/Year of Interview. Interview.

ExampleExample: McDougall, Corrie Lynn. Interview by author. Tape recording. : McDougall, Corrie Lynn. Interview by author. Tape recording. Winnipeg, MB. 29 September 2004.Winnipeg, MB. 29 September 2004.

• Unpublished Letters and Personal CommunicationsUnpublished Letters and Personal Communications– Entries for unpublished letters or other such irretrievable personal Entries for unpublished letters or other such irretrievable personal

communications should not be included in the bibliography. These types of communications should not be included in the bibliography. These types of sources should instead be documented in the notes (see Appendix).sources should instead be documented in the notes (see Appendix).

• Unpublished ThesisUnpublished Thesis– Last Name of Author, First Name of Author. "Title of Thesis." Master's thesis, Last Name of Author, First Name of Author. "Title of Thesis." Master's thesis,

Degree Granting Institution, Date of Submission of Degree. Degree Granting Institution, Date of Submission of Degree. ExampleExample: Hughey, Annie Catherine. "The Treatment of the Negro in South : Hughey, Annie Catherine. "The Treatment of the Negro in South

Carolina Fiction." Master's thesis, University of South Carolina, 1933.Carolina Fiction." Master's thesis, University of South Carolina, 1933.

• Chapter in a book with editorsChapter in a book with editors– Footnote formFootnote form: Ortiz, S. "The Language We Speak." : Ortiz, S. "The Language We Speak." In Living Languages: In Living Languages:

Contexts for Reading and WritingContexts for Reading and Writing, edited by N. Buffington, M. Diogenes, and , edited by N. Buffington, M. Diogenes, and C. Moneyhun. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1997. C. Moneyhun. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1997.

Electronic SourcesElectronic Sources

WWW sites, databases, newsgroups etc:WWW sites, databases, newsgroups etc:

• Two Principles: Two Principles: 1.1. Supply as much info as possible about the sourceSupply as much info as possible about the source2.2. Draw an analogy to a relevant print sourceDraw an analogy to a relevant print source

• Pagination: provide with pdf files, otherwise Pagination: provide with pdf files, otherwise omit numbers and use paragraph numberomit numbers and use paragraph number

Examples of Electronic StyleExamples of Electronic Style

• Electronic JournalElectronic Journal - Chicago- ChicagoFoster, John B. “Marx’s Ecological Value Analysis” in Foster, John B. “Marx’s Ecological Value Analysis” in Monthly ReviewMonthly Review

52 no.4, (2000), <52 no.4, (2000), <http://www.umi.com/pqdautohttp://www.umi.com/pqdauto/ > / > (21 October 2001).(21 October 2001).

• Electronic Journal – HarvardElectronic Journal – HarvardFoster,Foster, J.B. (2000) “Marx’s Ecological Value Analysis” in J.B. (2000) “Marx’s Ecological Value Analysis” in Monthly Review Monthly Review [Online database] 52(4), Available from:<[Online database] 52(4), Available from:<http://www.umi.com/pqdautohttp://www.umi.com/pqdauto/ > / > [Accessed 21 October 2001][Accessed 21 October 2001]

In text example: (Foster 2000, paragraph 8)In text example: (Foster 2000, paragraph 8)

Usage of Ibid. and Op. Cit.Usage of Ibid. and Op. Cit.

• Ibid. : Latin term, Ibid. : Latin term, ((ibidemibidem, "the same“, , "the same“, immediately preceding reference) immediately preceding reference) – Ex. Ex. First footnote: First footnote: Michael Craton and Gail Saunders. Michael Craton and Gail Saunders. Understanding Globalisation. Understanding Globalisation.

New York: Routledge (1992) 24.New York: Routledge (1992) 24.– Ibid. ORIbid. OR– Ibid., p.28Ibid., p.28

• Op. Cit.: Latin term, (opus citatum, “the work Op. Cit.: Latin term, (opus citatum, “the work cited”, earlier citation)cited”, earlier citation)– Ex. Ex. First footnote:First footnote: Gina Herring. “A Food Fight That Affects Us All." Gina Herring. “A Food Fight That Affects Us All." Third World Third World

QuarterlyQuarterly 26, no. 3 (1998): 216. 26, no. 3 (1998): 216.– Neil Smith. Neil Smith. Following the PathFollowing the Path. London: Sage (2000) 340.. London: Sage (2000) 340.– Herring, op. cit., p.218Herring, op. cit., p.218

Bibliography PresentationBibliography Presentation

• Format:Format:– Begin on new page, following last pageBegin on new page, following last page– Page should be numberedPage should be numbered

• Page Format:Page Format:– Title is centred 3cm from top of pageTitle is centred 3cm from top of page– Lengthy bibliographies sometimes have categories Lengthy bibliographies sometimes have categories

according to type or subject of source**according to type or subject of source**

• Entry Format:Entry Format:– Single-spacedSingle-spaced– First line flush with left margin, second and subsequent First line flush with left margin, second and subsequent

lines are indented 3cm from left marginlines are indented 3cm from left margin– Entries listed in alphabetical order, author’s family name Entries listed in alphabetical order, author’s family name

(not numbered)(not numbered)

Tricky Biblio. TopicsTricky Biblio. Topics• No Author No Author

– If the author's name is unavailable, the first word in the entry If the author's name is unavailable, the first word in the entry is the first significant word of the is the first significant word of the titletitle, and the entry is , and the entry is alphabetized according to this first word.alphabetized according to this first word.

• Single Author of Both a One-Author Work and a Multiple Single Author of Both a One-Author Work and a Multiple Author WorkAuthor Work– List the one-author entry first. List the one-author entry first.

• More Than One Author, but Fewer Than FourMore Than One Author, but Fewer Than Four– Use all the authors' names by listing the first name on the Use all the authors' names by listing the first name on the

book/article according to the last name first rule. All others book/article according to the last name first rule. All others follow in the normal order of first name, space, last name. follow in the normal order of first name, space, last name.

• When There Are Four and More AuthorsWhen There Are Four and More Authors– It is ideal to list all authors in the bibliographic entry, then to It is ideal to list all authors in the bibliographic entry, then to

refer to it in the notes by using only the first author's name, refer to it in the notes by using only the first author's name, followed by followed by "et al."--a Latin term meaning "and others." "et al."--a Latin term meaning "and others."

Defining PlagiarismDefining Plagiarism

• Consists of persons using words or ideas of another as if they were Consists of persons using words or ideas of another as if they were his or her ownhis or her own

• No student shall submit work at any time that is not entirely their No student shall submit work at any time that is not entirely their own except where either:own except where either:– The use of the words or ideas of others is appropriate and duly The use of the words or ideas of others is appropriate and duly

acknowledged oracknowledged or– The examiner has given prior permission for collaborative work The examiner has given prior permission for collaborative work

to be submittedto be submitted

• A very serious offence, penalties range from A very serious offence, penalties range from – Rewrite and submit the project (draft submissions)Rewrite and submit the project (draft submissions)– Zero for the whole semester and dismissal from University for Zero for the whole semester and dismissal from University for

minimum of 6 months to a year minimum of 6 months to a year – Expulsion from the programExpulsion from the program

Plagiarism can take several Plagiarism can take several forms:forms:1.1. Presenting extracts from books, articles, theses, websites Presenting extracts from books, articles, theses, websites

and other published or unpublished works such as and other published or unpublished works such as working papers, seminar and conference papers, lecture working papers, seminar and conference papers, lecture notes or other students works, without clearly indicating notes or other students works, without clearly indicating their origin with quotation marks and/or references such their origin with quotation marks and/or references such as footnotes; the same piece of work for assessment in as footnotes; the same piece of work for assessment in two different projects, except with approval and proper two different projects, except with approval and proper citationcitation

2.2. Using very close paraphrasing of sentences or whole Using very close paraphrasing of sentences or whole paragraphs without due acknowledgement in the form of paragraphs without due acknowledgement in the form of reference to the original work;reference to the original work;

3.3. Quoting directly from a source and failing to insert Quoting directly from a source and failing to insert quotation marks around the quoted passages. It is not quotation marks around the quoted passages. It is not adequate merely to acknowledge the source.adequate merely to acknowledge the source.