Studying Population Demography is the statistical study of human populations Demography is used to predict future population trends to determine where.

Studying Population• Demography is the statistical

study of human populations

• Demography is used to predict future population trends to determine where possible population increases/decreases will occur

Population Density• Average number of people living

in a region, which is expressed in # of people/square mile.

• Populations vary greatly throughout the world–Landforms–Climates–Water availability

Population Distribution• How are

populations densities spread or distributed all over the world?– Populations

are spread unevenly throughout the world

Where do most people live?

• 90% of the world population lives in the Northern Hemisphere–between 20 and 60 degrees North

latitude–In low lands and areas with fertile

soil• Example- river valleys

Four world population clusters

• East Asia• South

Asia• Europe • Eastern

North America

Population Changes• 3 factors determine population

changes

–1. Birth Rate

–2. Death Rate

–3. Migration

Birth Rate• Number of live birth’s each year

for every 1000 people in a region

Death Rate• Number of death’s each year

for every 1000 people in a region

Migration• Process of moving from one

place to live in another– Emigrants

– Immigrants

– Push and Pull Factors

– Refugees

Natural Increase• Population changes

based solely on the birth and death rates

• Existing number of people is too large to be supported by available resources

• Currently 6.9 billion people on Earth– Population

growing by 80 million each year

Future Population• Population

Projections- estimates the future population sizes, ages, growth rates

• Demographers use POPULATION PYRAMIDS

Culture- All the features of a peoples way of life

• Culture Trait- activities and behaviors used by people

• Culture Region- an area where people have similar traits and beliefs

• Ethnic Group- human population which shares ancestry and culture traits

3 causes for Culture Change

• 1. Migration- movement of people and goods/services

• 2. War- relocation of people who take their culture traits with them.

• 3. Trade- people send a pieces of their culture to other places which affect that culture.

• Acculturation- Individual or group adopts some traits to that of another culture (language, religion)

• Innovation- new ideas which are accepted by culture (baggy pants, Tattoos)

• Diffusion- ideas or innovations spread from one person to another and are adopted. (music, fashion)

• Globalization- the process in which connections around the world increase and cultures merge

• Traditionalism- cultures which follow longtime historical practices or ways of life and who sometimes oppose many modern innovations.

World Language and World Religion

• Dialect- regional variety of language

• Major vs. Minor Language- almost every country in the world has a major and a minor language.

Religion• Ethnic Religion- Focuses on one ethnic

group and generally spreads into culture

• Animist Religion- People who believe in the presence of the spirits and the forces of nature

• Polytheism- belief in many gods

• Monotheism- belief in one god• Henotheism- belief in one god without

denying the existence of other gods.

Examples of Religion• Ethnic Religion- Jews/Muslims

• Animists- Voodoo

• Polytheism- Hinduism

• Monotheism- Christianity

• Missionaries- people who help spread religion around the world.

Types of Government• Autocracy- government run by a

single person who has unlimited powers (North Korea)– Totalitarianism- Absolute power– Absolute Monarchy- King or queen with

absolute power

• Constitutional Monarchy- King or queen who rules along with elected officials and both must abide to a constitution (United Kingdom)

• Oligarchy- Government run by a few powerful people (South Africa)

• Communism- Economic and political system in which the government controls and owns all the means of production. (China)

• Socialism- Free enterprise system of economy in which the government owns and controls some of the means of production. (Canada)

• Democracy- Government run by the people, either directly or through elected officials or representatives. (USA)– Direct Democracy- citizens participated

directly in the decision making process– Representative Democracy- voters elect

officials to make decisions in their interest– Republic- Political order in which the power

lies with the citizens who vote representatives to be responsible for some of the decision making process (USA)

Types of Economies• Market Economy- Economy

which the people freely choose what to buy and sell–Free Enterprise- System which lets

competition among businesses determine the price of a product

–Capitalism- business, industry, and resources are privately owned

• Command Economy- The government decides what to produce, where to make it, and what price to sell it at

• Traditional or Subsistence Economy- People who make goods for themselves and sell whatever they have left over

4 Types of Economic Activities• 1. Primary- economic activity that uses

natural resources directly (farming, fishing, mining)

• 2. Secondary- Use of raw materials to produce or manufacture something new (wheat to flour, lumber to plywood)

• 3. Tertiary- Provides a service to people or businesses (teacher, dry cleaner, grocer)

• 4. Quaternary- requires workers to have a specialized skill or training (doctor, scientist, engineer)

How to measure the development of a country

Gross Domestic Product- GDP- Total value of goods and services which were built within a country per year.

Gross National Product- GNP- Total value of goods and services which a country produces either foreign or domestic per year.

• Industrialization- process by which manufacturing based on machine power becomes widespread in an area

• Literacy Rate- the percentage of people who can read and write in a country (over the age of 15)

• Standard of Living- per capita, education levels, food consumption, food production, population size, and population prediction.

More Developed

vs. Less Developed

• More Developed–richest countries in the world

–high levels of industrialization

–high standard of livings

–High GDP and GNP

–Less than 25% of the worlds populations live in these countries.

–They have a lot of infrastructure (all systems of transportation including roads, ports, highways...)

• Less Developed–World’s poorest countries

–Low standard of living

–Low literacy rates, GNP, GDP

–Majority of world populations lives here

–High government corruption, birth rates, death rates, and infant mortality rates.

• Mid Income Countries–Features of both developed and

developing countries.–Usually have modern cities or

urban areas but poor rural or country areas. • Mexico• Thailand• Brazil• Malaysia

3 Types of Boundaries• 1. Natural Boundary- follow a

feature of the landscape

• 2. Cultural Boundary- based on a cultural trait

• 3. Geometric Boundary- usually follow a straight line with regard to the environment

• Domestication- taming of animals• Urbanization- people moving from rural

areas to live in urban areas• Shifting Cultivation- farmers clear trees

for planting fields which are farmed for a few years until the soil is depleted of its nutrients and then it is abandoned.

• Subsistence Agriculture- growing enough for your needs

• World Cities- most important centers of economic power and wealth (NYC, Tokyo, London)

• Nationalism- Feelings of pride and loyalty for ones own country

• Terrorism- the use of fear and violence as a political force

• United Nations- representatives from almost every country discuss international issues (goal- prevent war)

• World Trade Organization- works to make trade between countries fair and organized.