Study Source A in the Sources Booklet. Source A is ... · I know that at the time Churchill was angry with Chamberlain because appeasement had failed and it contributed to WW2. B

History Paper 1B Option B

Study Source A in the Sources Booklet.

Source A is critical of the Versailles Treaty. How do you know?

Explain your answer using Source A and your contextual knowledge. [3/4 marks]

Clearly, Source A is critical of the Treaty of Versailles because it displays a child

weeping which represents the future, which implies that from the harsh terms of the

treaty the future will be negatively affected. At the time, lots of people recognised

that the harsh punishment of Germany would have negative effects in the future.

Also, Clemenceau is depicted to be oblivious of his actions and doesn’t appear to be

concerned about the weeping child, implying that he doesn’t care about the

consequences of the treaty. At the time, Clemenceau just wanted to cripple Germany

and didn’t care about the consequences that might have on future generations.

History Paper 1B Option B

Study Sources B and C in the Sources Booklet.

How useful are Sources B and C to an historian studying the causes of the Second

World War?

Explain your answer using Sources B and C and your contextual knowledge.

[10/12 marks]

Sources B and C are useful to a historian studying causes of WW2 because they

highlight how the British felt after Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia and his pact

with Stalin. Source B indicates that after the Munich agreement, many felt that the

policy of appeasement was ‘totally defeated’, suggesting that some no longer agreed

with this policy of negotiation and shows how Britain was aware of the approach of

war. Source C ridicules Hitler and Stalin, displaying them after their pact not to

invade on another and how they intend to share Poland after Hitler invades. It shows

British opinion of how unfair Poland was being treated by these powerful countries.

Also, they are useful because B is from October 1938, after the Munich Agreement.

It shows Churchill’s awareness that Hitler could not be trusted not to take the rest of

Czechoslovakia and how he felt it was unfair not to include Czechoslovakia in the

Munich Agreement. It is before Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia, which took

place March 1939, so it shows that some like Churchill had accurate awareness that

Hitler wasn’t to be trusted. Source C was produced in September 1939 which was

the month that Hitler invaded Poland and Britain and France declared war on

Germany. This is useful because it shows British public opinion of anger towards

Hitler as WW2 began.

Overall, Sources B and C are useful for studying causes of WW2 because they

clearly show how Britain felt about Hitler’s actions, such as the Sudetenland crisis,

the invasion of Czechoslovakia, the Nazi-Soviet Pact and Hitler’s invasion of Poland.

History Paper 1B Option B

Write an account of how the remilitarisation of the Rhineland increased international

tension. [8/8 marks]

Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936 increased international tension

because it was the first huge turning point in Hitler taking a bold action. As it was

during the time of the Abyssinian Crisis, Britain and France were otherwise occupied,

and also France was in the middle of an election which made the act easier for

Hitler, but it was still unclear whether he would be stopped. This caused tension as

this blatant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles was a huge step and increased

Hitler’s confidence as it was successful.

Furthermore, it caused international tension because the lack of prevention from the

League of Nations indicated to Hitler that he would be able to take over other

countries and expand German territory without being stopped, which hugely raised

his confidence and paved the way for events like the Anschluss of 1938 and the full

invasion of Czechoslovakia of 1939. For all countries this increased tension as it was

unclear what Hitler would do next.

History Paper 1B Option B

‘The main reason why the League of Nations could not stop aggression in the 1930s

was because the USA was not a member.’

How far do you agree with this statement? [14/16 marks]

Explain your answer. [SPaG 3/4 marks]

I agree with this statement to an extent because the USA not being a member of the

league meant that Britain and France, who were still recovering from the war,

couldn’t use the power influence and resources of the USA. Also, it meant trade

sanctions were an ineffective punishment from the league as many countries traded

with the USA so this had no effect. However, I don’t think it is the most important

reason because there are other highly important factors as well.

Another factor is the conflicting opinion and self interest of the countries in the

league. Britain and France, the main countries in the league, often had clashing

opinions about how to maintain peace. Britain had mostly self serving ideas; after the

Stresa Pact had been made to condemn Germany’s remilitarisation, Britain made the

Anglo-German Naval Agreement with Germany to allow Hitler to expand his navy.

This undermined the stresa pact and suggested the league was ineffective. Many

countries involved in the league didn’t believe in it, which made it ineffective at

stopping aggression. Therefore, I believe it is the most important reason rather than

the USA not being a member.

Another reason which doesn’t hold as much significance was the punishment of

moral condemnation. The lack of genuine threat meant other countries didn’t worry

about the league to them so events such as the Manchuria Crisis of 1931 and the

Abyssinian Crisis 1935 occurred, which the league could not stop. I do not believe it

is the most important because there were other punishments such as trade

sanctions and economic sanctions that could be imposed.

In conclusion, overall, I believe that the conflicting opinions and self-interest of the

countries in the league was the main reason why the league couldn’t stop the

aggression throughout the 1930s, because it caused tension in the countries of the

league and meant that the league was seen as corrupt so couldn’t solve disputes in

other countries. However, the fact that the USA was not a member and the

punishment of moral condemnation were also important reasons as they contributed

to the lack of power and authority the league possessed.

History Paper 1B Option B

Example sources:

The British magazine Punch satirized Wilson's grand dreams of world peace through

the League of Nations. Punch March 26, 1919.

Published in the Daily Herald Newspaper, 13th May 1919. Peace and Future Cannon

Fodder The Tiger: "Curious! I seem to hear a child weeping!"

History Paper 1B Option B

Published in ‘The Star’ Newspaper, 25th August 1920. "Want a nice long lasting

peace do you? Just turn your back for a moment."

Published in the ‘Evening Standard’, 31st October 1939. "Come on in - it's fine!"

History Paper 1B Option B

Published in Punch Magazine, 17th April 1935. CARDS ON THE TABLE. Herr Hitler.

"Let them play their 'Tri-Lateral Contract' if they want to; I'm going to make THIS

come out."

History Paper 1B Option B

Published in the ‘Evening Standard’, 25th October 1935. "I don't believe it!"

Published in ‘The Star’ Newspaper, 26th March 1925. "Pleasse, Miss, I haf learnt der

lesson. May I get down?"

History Paper 1B Option B

President Wilson is seen pouring the “sweet oil of brotherhood into a pot labelled

“Peace Soup”. The great powers are pouring in “national sentiment”. An Australian

cartoon.

History Paper 1B Option B

A German newspaper cartoon published in July 1919, entitled ‘Clemenceau the

Vampire’. The figure on the bed represents Germany.

A cartoon published in Britain in February 1919 entitled ‘Giving Him Rope’

History Paper 1B Option B

Conflict and Tension – Question 3

Write an account of how the remilitarisation of the Rhineland increased international

tension. [* /8 marks]

Clearly Sources B and C are useful when studying the causes of the Second World War. This is because B states that the Munich Agreement has abandoned Czechoslovakia which implies that Britain and France has just left Czechoslovakia on their own. I know that at the time the Munich Agreement (1938) was signed by Germany, Britain, Italy and France and allowed Hitler to take all of the Sudentenland. Therefore, B is useful. It also states that ‘ danger stills exists’ and I know that at the time Hitler broke his promise and invaded the whole of Czechoslovakia in 1939 which made war seem likely. Also, C is useful because it shows Poland crying on the floor and Hitler and Stalin stood beside the figure which suggests that they have damaged Poland. I know that at the time Hitler and Stalin secretly agreed that they would both split parts of Poland for each other, this made War seem likely because I also know at the time Britain and France agreed to protect Poland if they were to be invaded, thus C is useful. They are also useful because B was a speech by Winston Churchill and I know that at the time Churchill was angry with Chamberlain because appeasement had failed and it contributed to WW2. B is a cartoon published by Britain and their purpose would have been to show the British public how evil Germany Russia was. I know that at the time Hitler invaded Poland in September. I also know at the time Britain declared war on Germany when he invaded Poland. It was published in September 1939 after the Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed which was on 29th August 1939. The purpose of B would have been to warn the British people that war was coming. Overall, on balance, Sources B and C are useful to a historian studying the causes of WW2. This is because it shows that Winston Churchill was aware that appeasement hadn’t worked and that war was coming. Also, C is useful because it shows that Poland has been defeated by Hitler and Stalin.

Read and identify (highlight/annotate) the key aspect of the answer. o Can you identify where a point is

made, directly answering the question?

o A holistic approach - Is the whole

source message (inference) considered?

o Where is contextual knowledge used o Is there specific detail (dates, names,

figures) o Supporting evidence from source –

quotes or paraphrasing o Is focus made on the question on

several point (linking back or directly answering Q)

o Provenance is used o Author and Purpose with contextual

support

o A clear judgment is made and sustained towards the end

What mark would you give this answer (Mark scheme on the reverse)? /8 Level 1 – 2 – 3 –

4

Explain why would you give it this mark?

How could this answer be even better? What would you have mentioned or added?

History Paper 1B Option B

History Paper 1B Option B

Conflict and Tension – Question 3

Write an account of how the remilitarisation of the Rhineland increased international

tension. [* /8 marks]

Hitler’s remilitarisation of the Rhineland in 1936 increased international tension because it was the first huge turning point in Hitler taking a bold action. As it was during the time of the Abyssinian Crisis, Britain and France were otherwise occupied, and also France was in the middle of an election which made the act easier for Hitler, but it was still unclear whether he would be stopped. This caused tension as this blatant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles was a huge step and increased Hitler’s confidence as it was successful. Furthermore, it caused international tension because the lack of prevention from the League of Nations indicated to Hitler that he would be able to take over other countries and expand German territory without being stopped, which hugely raised his confidence and paved the way for events like the Anschluss of 1938 and the full invasion of Czechoslovakia of 1939. For all countries this increased tension as it was unclear what Hitler would do next.

Read and identify (highlight/annotate) the key aspect of the answer.

o Can you identify where a point is made, directly answering the question?

o Is specific evidence (supporting facts) used .e.g. dates and names?

Contextual Knowledge o Is there a cause given – a

reasons/background? o Is there detailed explanation of

how cause led to consequences e.g. ”This meant… “ or “This caused…”

o Is there Two or More reasons given?

What mark would you give this answer (Mark scheme on the reverse)? /8 Level 1 – 2 – 3 –

4

Explain why would you give it this mark?

History Paper 1B Option B

How could this answer be even better? What would you have mentioned or added?

History Paper 1B Option B