AIP Conference Proceedings 1971, 030016 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041135 1971, 030016 © 2018 Author(s). Study on the energy efficiency classification method of highway passenger stations based on climatic divisions Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 1971, 030016 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041135 Published Online: 07 June 2018 Tianjun Yang ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN The trend of carbon emission in Henan Province under the background of renewable energy development AIP Conference Proceedings 1971, 030003 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041122 Research on the identification of inefficient and invalid circulation in ultra-high water cut stage AIP Conference Proceedings 1971, 030018 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041137
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Study on the energy efficiency classification method of highway passenger stations based on climatic divisions© 2018 Author(s).
Study on the energy efficiency classification method of highway passenger stations based on climatic divisions Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 1971, 030016 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041135 Published Online: 07 June 2018
Tianjun Yang
ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN
The trend of carbon emission in Henan Province under the background of renewable energy development AIP Conference Proceedings 1971, 030003 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041122
Research on the identification of inefficient and invalid circulation in ultra-high water cut stage AIP Conference Proceedings 1971, 030018 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041137
Tianjun Yang a)
China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Room 813-1, Office building, Yard No.10, He Pingli East street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
a)Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract. Highway passenger stations are fundamental transportation infrastructure, contributing significant amount of energy consumption in the transportation sector. Based on the climatic divisions in China, investigation on energy consumption of highway passenger stations were conducted and the calculation method for energy consumption indicators was defined. According to the data collected from different climatic divisions, the threshold of unit energy consumption indicator was specified. The factors influencing the energy consumption were analyzed to select the indicators, so as to determine the method for evaluating the energy efficiency standard. A case study was conducted on the severe cold divisions, to examine the feasibility of the method. The result could be used to support the formation of energy conservation and facilitate the sustainable development for highway passenger stations.
INTRODUCTION
Along with the global industrialization development, available fuel resources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gases are gradually being exhausted. In order to realize the sustainable development of domestic energy and control the excessive consumption, governments and energy consumption industries in different countries has been, step by step, issued laws, regulations, policies and standards regarding energy conservation and emission reduction.
China is now experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization, energy and environment issues have become the most essential factors compromising the economic development and social stabilization. The importance of transportation sector has evidently been improved. Passenger and freight transportation contribute a lot to national economic development. Road transport plays a predominant role because of its flexibility and accessibility. A large amount of resources and energy are occupied and consumed. As essential nodes in transportation network, highway stations are significant to connect all modes of transport efficiently, plus they are part of important public infrastructure as well.
The purpose of this research is to establish an energy efficiency classification indicators system based on different climatic divisions, according to the investigation on consumption of the highway passenger stations. The indicator system and evaluation method was founded based on site selection, building techniques, layout, facilities, operations, etc., to support the reformation of stations.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Standard and law of energy efficiency design for buildings
United States: Since 1973, United States government has been implementing Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). This program was used to manage energy and water conservation, promote the application of renewable resources, carry out financing of energy projects, facilitate technical guidance, and supervise project audit, etc. The U.S. first published the standard for American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning
Materials Science, Energy Technology and Power Engineering II (MEP2018) AIP Conf. Proc. 1971, 030016-1–030016-10; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041135
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1678-9/$30.00
030016-1
Engineer (ASHRAE) in 1975, and successively issued International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), International Residential Code (IRC), Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA90.1), Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE90.2) and several other laws and regulations to promote energy conservation. National Energy Administration (NAE), National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and other organizations have been constantly proposing new elements on energy efficiency design.
France: France is the first country in Europe enacted energy efficiency standard for buildings, which became the model of other countries in Europe. France published its first energy efficient design code for new residential buildings in 1974, then thermal energy code for non-residential buildings, which was revised in 1977 and applied for civil, industrial or agricultural buildings (except sports buildings). In 1982, France published the second energy efficient design code for residential buildings, proposing indicators saving 25% more energy taking 1974 as benchmark. Seven years later in 1989, the new thermal energy code proposed an objective to reach 25% more conservation. This code continued to be in use until now, the cumulative energy conservation percentage has increased 61% compared to 1974.
Japan: Energy Conservation Code enacted by Japan in 1979 put forward clear requirements and standards for new buildings, and proposed specific regulations for construction parties. It has been revised twice, successively in 1992 and 1999. In order to promote the implementation of the code, Japanese government issued varies initiatives and enforcement. In addition, it proposed long-term energy conservation objectives to be reached in 2010, requiring the civil sector to save 31% than the previous record. And the energy consumed by buildings should reduce 1/3, representing 11% in the sector.
China: The Ministry of Construction of China enacted the first energy efficiency standard for buildings in 1986, named Energy Efficiency Design Standard for Civil Buildings (JGJ26-86). Then in 2002, the Ministry of Construction approved to establish the Energy Efficiency Design Standard for Public Buildings (GB50189), which covers energy efficiency design parameters for public buildings in all climatic divisions in China. The key elements include energy efficiency design parameters for indoor environment, building and thermal design, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and illumination design, etc. It is applied to energy efficiency design for newly built, rebuilding and extension public buildings. The GB50189-2005 standard requires the annual energy consumption of heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and illumination should reduce by 50% than without taking any measures under identical situation.
Energy efficiency study
In 1992, United States Environment and Protection Association (EPA) proposed the “Energy Star” certification program, used to certify and promote the energy efficiency products, reducing GHG emission. Afterwards, EPA extent the certification to buildings. There is an online evaluation system, namely the Energy Star-Portfolio Manager, to evaluate the energy efficiency and further improve the efficiency and reduce emission. The evaluation method uses energy efficiency ratio as indicators to establish the data distribution. Then the distribution percentile will be transferred to a centesimal number. As a result, 50 degree represents the average. And 75 degree indicates the building surpasses 75% of all other buildings in the U.S.
Alan Mei (1996) in the University of California proposed an efficiency-demand service curve model. The service curve is ascending, meaning when people need more service from the building, the related amount of energy consumption would be higher. If someone needs to maintain the energy consumption while not lowering the service standard, namely requiring the service curve to be mild, the only way is to improve the energy efficiency. And the most efficient and easiest way is improving the management. T. Ramesha et al. (2010) analyzed 73 different cases in 13 countries and studied the energy consumption of buildings in a complete life cycle. Most divisions studied in the paper were in developed countries and cold regions. The result shows the energy consumed in operating cycle account for the highest percentage reaching 80%-90%, while the constructing cycle accounts for the lowest. Although passive and active building techniques raises the energy consumption in constructing cycle, the energy consumption in operating cycle could be reduced to a greater extent. Herzog’s (1997) research indicates that optimizing energy management system by lower cost to improve the energy efficiency could save almost 30% of total consumption. S.D. Pohekar and M. Ramachandran (2004) reviewed the papers using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) to conduct sustainable energy efficiency management and evaluation. Regularly used methods include weighted average, priority assignment, fuzzy theory and other combined methods. The result shows Analytic
030016-2
Hierarchy Process (AHP) was the most popular one. In addition, the paper suggest that the uncertainty in the examination of evaluation result could be solved by applying interactive decision support system and fuzzy method.
Jingwei Wen (2009) considered the evaluation on energy efficiency for buildings is the premise of defining energy efficiency standard. She proposed two energy efficiency benchmarking. One is “construction benchmarking”, the other one is “operation benchmarking”. The previous one could be used to evaluate the newly constructing buildings, and the latter one could be used to evaluate the existing buildings. Combinations of both would solve the self-evaluation and operation evaluation problems. Yulan Yang (2009) further studied the energy efficiency evaluation and labels. According to the questionnaires for energy efficiency specialists and applying the group analytic hierarchy weighting model, an energy efficiency evaluation and labeling model is established and applied to evaluate the residential buildings in hot-summer and cold-winter zone. Tsinghua University and other institutions developed the evaluation system for green Olympic buildings. It could be used to control, evaluate and manage the whole process in building construction, including planning, project design, detail design, construction, acceptance inspection, adjusting and operation. Rui Guo (2016) used similar way to establish an evaluation system for the whole building, including building envelope, ventilation, air-conditioning and operation. Peihong Zhang et al. (2005) also conducted comprehensive evaluation for facility management according to AHP models.
In conclusion, a large amount of researchers have analyzed the energy efficiency for buildings, including energy efficiency classification for public buildings. As large-scale public buildings, highway passenger stations have specific characteristics. Research on their energy efficiency classification and evaluation is insufficient. The state-of- art of energy consumption was investigated and analyzed in this paper and the energy efficiency classification and evaluation method is proposed.
DATA ANALYSIS FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF HIGHWAY PASSENGER STATIONS
China is a county with a vast territory and complicated terrain. Due to different latitude, topography and geographical condition in each division, the climate condition has great disparity. Indicated by local climate records, the difference of average temperature in the coldest month between Mohe and Sanya is up to 50 degree. The relative humidity gradually decreases from southeast to northwest. In January, the humidity in central Hainan Island is 87%, while in Lasa is only 29%. In July, the humidity in Shanghai is 83%, while in Turpan is only 31%. For annual precipitation, it decreases as a similar pattern. In Taiwan, it is as much as 3000mm, but in Tarim Basin it is only 19mm. In the north region, the maximum snow depth is up to 70cm, however, the south part of Nanling is a no snow zone.
Due to the huge climatic differences in each region, in order to design a scientific and reasonable system to analyze and evaluate the energy efficiency, our research group investigated highway passenger stations in different climatic divisions and analyzed collected energy consumption data.
Climatic divisions for Chinese buildings
Different climatic condition raises different claims for buildings. In order to satisfy the needs of ventilation, sunshade, heat insulation in hot divisions, and heating, preventing congealment, heat preservation in cold divisions, and to explicit the scientific connection between buildings and climate, Thermal Design Code for Civil Buildings (GB50176-93), from the perspective of thermal design, divided the whole territory into five divisions. The purpose is to make the thermal design of civil buildings (including residential building, school, hospital and hotel) adaptive with the local climate, and to ensure the basic thermal environment indoor conformed to national standard. The average temperature in the historical coldest month (January) and hottest month (July) were used as essential indicators, and the number of days in historical years with daily average temperature underneath 5 degree or above 25 degree as auxiliary indicators, to define the 5 divisions, which are severe cold, cold, hot-summer and cold-winter, hot-summer and hot winter, and mild, as shown in figure 1. These 5 divisions were used as reference to guide the selection and investigation in representative provinces and cities.
030016-3
Calculation method for energy consumption indicators
As transportation infrastructure, highway passenger stations are belonged to public buildings in civil buildings. The energy consumed by civil buildings can be categorized into 4 types: electric, fuel (coal, gas, oil, etc.), central heating (or cooling), and renewable resources directly used by buildings. In order to calculate, contrast, and analyze different energy mutually, all the energy should be standardized to one standard fuel. Actually, there are 2 standard fuel commonly used internationally. One is standard coal (coal equivalent), the other one is standard oil (oil equivalent). In this research, coal equivalent was used as the unit of measurement.
Comprehensive energy consumption is the total amount of all energy actually consumed in the statistical period by standard calculation method. For enterprises, comprehensive energy consumption indicates the total energy consumed by essential production system, auxiliary system and affiliated system. Thus, the formula to calculate the comprehensive energy consumption of highway passenger station annually is:
1
( ) n
E e p (1)
In which: E ——the comprehensive energy consumption of highway passenger station annually (kgce), n ——the number of varieties for energy consumed,
ie ——the amount of the ith energy consumed in production and service activities,
ip ——the equivalent coefficient of the ith energy.
This paper used total energy consumption and water consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations as core indicators. The implication and calculation of these two indicators are as follows.
1 B: Energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations
030016-4
In the Energy Performance Certification Standard for Buildings (JGJ/T 288-2012) enacted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development, the definition of energy performance measurement is: the activity of calculation, inspection, supervising and classification regarding the performance indicators reflecting energy consumption and energy efficiency of the building. The referring indicator in this paper is energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations. The formula is:
1 B: Energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations In the Energy Performance Certification Standard for Buildings (JGJ/T 288-2012) enacted by the Ministry of
Housing and Urban-rural Development, the definition of energy performance measurement is: the activity of calculation, inspection, supervising and classification regarding the performance indicators reflecting energy consumption and energy efficiency of the building. The referring indicator in this paper is energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations. The formula is:
100 365
EB P
(2)
In which: B——energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations (kgce/100per) P——Actual daily average passenger volume in passenger stations
2 W: Water consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations Passenger stations consume a large amount of water during the operation process. Thus the water consumption
need to be considered independently. The formula is:
100 365
W W
P (3)
In which: W——Water consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations (t/100per); Wtotal——Annual water consumption of passenger stations (t).
Controlling value of unit energy consumption indicators
The research group collected data from nearly a thousand stations in 11 Chinese provinces, including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan. 357 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Based on the selection method in the Standard for Green Port Grade
Evaluation (JTS/T105-4-2013), sB is designated as standard indicators, while 1
sB is designated as excellent
indicator by lowering 20%, and 2 sB is designated as general indicators by rising 20%. The final controlling values
are listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Controlling value of unit energy consumption indicators in energy efficiency evaluation system
Climatic division Energy consumption per 100 persons
dispatched by passenger stations Water consumption per 100 persons
dispatched by passenger stations B1 B2 W1 W2
Severe cold division 16.74 25.11 0.31 0.46 Cold division 5.6 8.40 0.58 0.86
Hot-summer and warm- winter division 2.33 3.49 1.60 2.41
Hot-summer and cold- winter division 2.34 3.50 0.92 1.38
Mild division 0.88 1.32 0.74 1.12
030016-5
Factors influencing energy efficiency of highway passenger stations
Based on the concept of building energy efficiency, combined with functional attribute of highway passenger stations, we defined the energy efficiency of highway passenger stations as: the energy efficiency and conservation performance of highway passenger stations during service. Measuring of the performance should be considered from two perspective as service output and energy consumption.
Factors influencing the service output: as the service output of highway passenger stations, passenger volume mainly influenced by local economic and the state-of-art of transportation development. The trend and characteristics of social economic and transportation development should be analyzed, including geographical location, tourism development, marketing needs and transportation status, which would all have effects on passenger volume.
Factors influencing the energy consumption: based on the functional requirement for highway passenger stations, combined with the literature review and data analysis, the factors mainly include site selection, building infrastructure, layout, dedicated facility, operation and management.
Taking building infrastructure as an example factor, its essential elements are listed in Table 2, including building envelope, ventilation pattern, building partition, air condition, thermal comfort, etc. Among those factors, building envelope, ventilation pattern and building partition have primary effects on energy consumption. Air condition and thermal comfort are more related to personal health, and affect the energy consumption indirectly.
TABLE 2. Building infrastructure factors affecting energy efficiency
Building Infrastructure
Building envelope
Wall construction Roof construction
Overhead or carry floor with bottom contacting with outdoor air Ground structure
Ventilation pattern
Air change rate
Heating system partition Water supply and drainage partition
Air condition PM2.5 VOC Thermal comfort PMV PPD
Energy efficiency indicator system of highway passenger stations
By analyzing the factors and constrains of energy efficiency of highway passenger stations, an evaluation indicator system, as shown in Table 3, is established from seven prospective, including unit energy consumption, site selection, main building, layout, energy consumption system, operation and management, and encouraging indicators. The indicator system could be used to reflect the status and characteristics of energy conservation and emission reduction and applied to evaluate the energy performance scientifically for administrative department, providing scientific evidence for exploiting the potential of energy efficiency.
030016-6
TABLE 3. Energy efficiency evaluation indicator system of highway passenger stations Indicator type Indicator name
Unit energy consumption Energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations Water consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations
Site selection Site selection
Layout General layout
Water supply and drainage Information system
Operation and management
Energy efficiency evaluation and classification of highway passenger stations
After establishing the indicator system, according to questionnaire investigation, group analytic hierarchy process was applied to determine the weight of each indicators. Based on each specified indictors and related effects, combined with actual condition in highway passenger stations, we developed the detailed grading rules conformed to a quantitative method and principle.
The full credit of the evaluation system is 100, which is calculated by the seven sub items described previously. The formula to calculate the credit of energy efficiency (N) is as follows:
7
i N N (4)
In which: N——the total credit of energy efficiency of highway passenger stations Ni——the credit of each indicator of highway passenger stations This paper referred to the consultative draft of the General Principles of the Classification and Evaluation
Method of Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emission Intensity in the Transportation Sector, and comprehensively considered the state-of-art and the trend of future development of Chinese highway passenger stations. It classified the energy efficiency into three classes. The first class indicates the best and the third class indicates the worst. Detailed classification of energy efficiency of highway passenger stations are shown as below.
TABLE 4. Classification of energy efficiency of highway passenger stations Energy efficiency rate Comprehensive credit
First class 80N Second class 70 80N Third class 60 70N
CASE STUDY IN THE SEVERE COLD DIVISION
State-of-art of the energy consumption in the severe cold division
The severe cold division mainly concentrated in the west, northwest and northwest part of China, including Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet. These divisions…
Study on the energy efficiency classification method of highway passenger stations based on climatic divisions Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 1971, 030016 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041135 Published Online: 07 June 2018
Tianjun Yang
ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN
The trend of carbon emission in Henan Province under the background of renewable energy development AIP Conference Proceedings 1971, 030003 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041122
Research on the identification of inefficient and invalid circulation in ultra-high water cut stage AIP Conference Proceedings 1971, 030018 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041137
Tianjun Yang a)
China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Room 813-1, Office building, Yard No.10, He Pingli East street, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
a)Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract. Highway passenger stations are fundamental transportation infrastructure, contributing significant amount of energy consumption in the transportation sector. Based on the climatic divisions in China, investigation on energy consumption of highway passenger stations were conducted and the calculation method for energy consumption indicators was defined. According to the data collected from different climatic divisions, the threshold of unit energy consumption indicator was specified. The factors influencing the energy consumption were analyzed to select the indicators, so as to determine the method for evaluating the energy efficiency standard. A case study was conducted on the severe cold divisions, to examine the feasibility of the method. The result could be used to support the formation of energy conservation and facilitate the sustainable development for highway passenger stations.
INTRODUCTION
Along with the global industrialization development, available fuel resources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gases are gradually being exhausted. In order to realize the sustainable development of domestic energy and control the excessive consumption, governments and energy consumption industries in different countries has been, step by step, issued laws, regulations, policies and standards regarding energy conservation and emission reduction.
China is now experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization, energy and environment issues have become the most essential factors compromising the economic development and social stabilization. The importance of transportation sector has evidently been improved. Passenger and freight transportation contribute a lot to national economic development. Road transport plays a predominant role because of its flexibility and accessibility. A large amount of resources and energy are occupied and consumed. As essential nodes in transportation network, highway stations are significant to connect all modes of transport efficiently, plus they are part of important public infrastructure as well.
The purpose of this research is to establish an energy efficiency classification indicators system based on different climatic divisions, according to the investigation on consumption of the highway passenger stations. The indicator system and evaluation method was founded based on site selection, building techniques, layout, facilities, operations, etc., to support the reformation of stations.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Standard and law of energy efficiency design for buildings
United States: Since 1973, United States government has been implementing Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). This program was used to manage energy and water conservation, promote the application of renewable resources, carry out financing of energy projects, facilitate technical guidance, and supervise project audit, etc. The U.S. first published the standard for American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air-conditioning
Materials Science, Energy Technology and Power Engineering II (MEP2018) AIP Conf. Proc. 1971, 030016-1–030016-10; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5041135
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1678-9/$30.00
030016-1
Engineer (ASHRAE) in 1975, and successively issued International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), International Residential Code (IRC), Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings except Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA90.1), Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings (ASHRAE90.2) and several other laws and regulations to promote energy conservation. National Energy Administration (NAE), National Bureau of Standards (NBS) and other organizations have been constantly proposing new elements on energy efficiency design.
France: France is the first country in Europe enacted energy efficiency standard for buildings, which became the model of other countries in Europe. France published its first energy efficient design code for new residential buildings in 1974, then thermal energy code for non-residential buildings, which was revised in 1977 and applied for civil, industrial or agricultural buildings (except sports buildings). In 1982, France published the second energy efficient design code for residential buildings, proposing indicators saving 25% more energy taking 1974 as benchmark. Seven years later in 1989, the new thermal energy code proposed an objective to reach 25% more conservation. This code continued to be in use until now, the cumulative energy conservation percentage has increased 61% compared to 1974.
Japan: Energy Conservation Code enacted by Japan in 1979 put forward clear requirements and standards for new buildings, and proposed specific regulations for construction parties. It has been revised twice, successively in 1992 and 1999. In order to promote the implementation of the code, Japanese government issued varies initiatives and enforcement. In addition, it proposed long-term energy conservation objectives to be reached in 2010, requiring the civil sector to save 31% than the previous record. And the energy consumed by buildings should reduce 1/3, representing 11% in the sector.
China: The Ministry of Construction of China enacted the first energy efficiency standard for buildings in 1986, named Energy Efficiency Design Standard for Civil Buildings (JGJ26-86). Then in 2002, the Ministry of Construction approved to establish the Energy Efficiency Design Standard for Public Buildings (GB50189), which covers energy efficiency design parameters for public buildings in all climatic divisions in China. The key elements include energy efficiency design parameters for indoor environment, building and thermal design, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and illumination design, etc. It is applied to energy efficiency design for newly built, rebuilding and extension public buildings. The GB50189-2005 standard requires the annual energy consumption of heating, ventilation, air-conditioning and illumination should reduce by 50% than without taking any measures under identical situation.
Energy efficiency study
In 1992, United States Environment and Protection Association (EPA) proposed the “Energy Star” certification program, used to certify and promote the energy efficiency products, reducing GHG emission. Afterwards, EPA extent the certification to buildings. There is an online evaluation system, namely the Energy Star-Portfolio Manager, to evaluate the energy efficiency and further improve the efficiency and reduce emission. The evaluation method uses energy efficiency ratio as indicators to establish the data distribution. Then the distribution percentile will be transferred to a centesimal number. As a result, 50 degree represents the average. And 75 degree indicates the building surpasses 75% of all other buildings in the U.S.
Alan Mei (1996) in the University of California proposed an efficiency-demand service curve model. The service curve is ascending, meaning when people need more service from the building, the related amount of energy consumption would be higher. If someone needs to maintain the energy consumption while not lowering the service standard, namely requiring the service curve to be mild, the only way is to improve the energy efficiency. And the most efficient and easiest way is improving the management. T. Ramesha et al. (2010) analyzed 73 different cases in 13 countries and studied the energy consumption of buildings in a complete life cycle. Most divisions studied in the paper were in developed countries and cold regions. The result shows the energy consumed in operating cycle account for the highest percentage reaching 80%-90%, while the constructing cycle accounts for the lowest. Although passive and active building techniques raises the energy consumption in constructing cycle, the energy consumption in operating cycle could be reduced to a greater extent. Herzog’s (1997) research indicates that optimizing energy management system by lower cost to improve the energy efficiency could save almost 30% of total consumption. S.D. Pohekar and M. Ramachandran (2004) reviewed the papers using Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) to conduct sustainable energy efficiency management and evaluation. Regularly used methods include weighted average, priority assignment, fuzzy theory and other combined methods. The result shows Analytic
030016-2
Hierarchy Process (AHP) was the most popular one. In addition, the paper suggest that the uncertainty in the examination of evaluation result could be solved by applying interactive decision support system and fuzzy method.
Jingwei Wen (2009) considered the evaluation on energy efficiency for buildings is the premise of defining energy efficiency standard. She proposed two energy efficiency benchmarking. One is “construction benchmarking”, the other one is “operation benchmarking”. The previous one could be used to evaluate the newly constructing buildings, and the latter one could be used to evaluate the existing buildings. Combinations of both would solve the self-evaluation and operation evaluation problems. Yulan Yang (2009) further studied the energy efficiency evaluation and labels. According to the questionnaires for energy efficiency specialists and applying the group analytic hierarchy weighting model, an energy efficiency evaluation and labeling model is established and applied to evaluate the residential buildings in hot-summer and cold-winter zone. Tsinghua University and other institutions developed the evaluation system for green Olympic buildings. It could be used to control, evaluate and manage the whole process in building construction, including planning, project design, detail design, construction, acceptance inspection, adjusting and operation. Rui Guo (2016) used similar way to establish an evaluation system for the whole building, including building envelope, ventilation, air-conditioning and operation. Peihong Zhang et al. (2005) also conducted comprehensive evaluation for facility management according to AHP models.
In conclusion, a large amount of researchers have analyzed the energy efficiency for buildings, including energy efficiency classification for public buildings. As large-scale public buildings, highway passenger stations have specific characteristics. Research on their energy efficiency classification and evaluation is insufficient. The state-of- art of energy consumption was investigated and analyzed in this paper and the energy efficiency classification and evaluation method is proposed.
DATA ANALYSIS FOR ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF HIGHWAY PASSENGER STATIONS
China is a county with a vast territory and complicated terrain. Due to different latitude, topography and geographical condition in each division, the climate condition has great disparity. Indicated by local climate records, the difference of average temperature in the coldest month between Mohe and Sanya is up to 50 degree. The relative humidity gradually decreases from southeast to northwest. In January, the humidity in central Hainan Island is 87%, while in Lasa is only 29%. In July, the humidity in Shanghai is 83%, while in Turpan is only 31%. For annual precipitation, it decreases as a similar pattern. In Taiwan, it is as much as 3000mm, but in Tarim Basin it is only 19mm. In the north region, the maximum snow depth is up to 70cm, however, the south part of Nanling is a no snow zone.
Due to the huge climatic differences in each region, in order to design a scientific and reasonable system to analyze and evaluate the energy efficiency, our research group investigated highway passenger stations in different climatic divisions and analyzed collected energy consumption data.
Climatic divisions for Chinese buildings
Different climatic condition raises different claims for buildings. In order to satisfy the needs of ventilation, sunshade, heat insulation in hot divisions, and heating, preventing congealment, heat preservation in cold divisions, and to explicit the scientific connection between buildings and climate, Thermal Design Code for Civil Buildings (GB50176-93), from the perspective of thermal design, divided the whole territory into five divisions. The purpose is to make the thermal design of civil buildings (including residential building, school, hospital and hotel) adaptive with the local climate, and to ensure the basic thermal environment indoor conformed to national standard. The average temperature in the historical coldest month (January) and hottest month (July) were used as essential indicators, and the number of days in historical years with daily average temperature underneath 5 degree or above 25 degree as auxiliary indicators, to define the 5 divisions, which are severe cold, cold, hot-summer and cold-winter, hot-summer and hot winter, and mild, as shown in figure 1. These 5 divisions were used as reference to guide the selection and investigation in representative provinces and cities.
030016-3
Calculation method for energy consumption indicators
As transportation infrastructure, highway passenger stations are belonged to public buildings in civil buildings. The energy consumed by civil buildings can be categorized into 4 types: electric, fuel (coal, gas, oil, etc.), central heating (or cooling), and renewable resources directly used by buildings. In order to calculate, contrast, and analyze different energy mutually, all the energy should be standardized to one standard fuel. Actually, there are 2 standard fuel commonly used internationally. One is standard coal (coal equivalent), the other one is standard oil (oil equivalent). In this research, coal equivalent was used as the unit of measurement.
Comprehensive energy consumption is the total amount of all energy actually consumed in the statistical period by standard calculation method. For enterprises, comprehensive energy consumption indicates the total energy consumed by essential production system, auxiliary system and affiliated system. Thus, the formula to calculate the comprehensive energy consumption of highway passenger station annually is:
1
( ) n
E e p (1)
In which: E ——the comprehensive energy consumption of highway passenger station annually (kgce), n ——the number of varieties for energy consumed,
ie ——the amount of the ith energy consumed in production and service activities,
ip ——the equivalent coefficient of the ith energy.
This paper used total energy consumption and water consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations as core indicators. The implication and calculation of these two indicators are as follows.
1 B: Energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations
030016-4
In the Energy Performance Certification Standard for Buildings (JGJ/T 288-2012) enacted by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development, the definition of energy performance measurement is: the activity of calculation, inspection, supervising and classification regarding the performance indicators reflecting energy consumption and energy efficiency of the building. The referring indicator in this paper is energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations. The formula is:
1 B: Energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations In the Energy Performance Certification Standard for Buildings (JGJ/T 288-2012) enacted by the Ministry of
Housing and Urban-rural Development, the definition of energy performance measurement is: the activity of calculation, inspection, supervising and classification regarding the performance indicators reflecting energy consumption and energy efficiency of the building. The referring indicator in this paper is energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations. The formula is:
100 365
EB P
(2)
In which: B——energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations (kgce/100per) P——Actual daily average passenger volume in passenger stations
2 W: Water consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations Passenger stations consume a large amount of water during the operation process. Thus the water consumption
need to be considered independently. The formula is:
100 365
W W
P (3)
In which: W——Water consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations (t/100per); Wtotal——Annual water consumption of passenger stations (t).
Controlling value of unit energy consumption indicators
The research group collected data from nearly a thousand stations in 11 Chinese provinces, including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Hebei, Shanxi, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Yunnan. 357 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Based on the selection method in the Standard for Green Port Grade
Evaluation (JTS/T105-4-2013), sB is designated as standard indicators, while 1
sB is designated as excellent
indicator by lowering 20%, and 2 sB is designated as general indicators by rising 20%. The final controlling values
are listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1. Controlling value of unit energy consumption indicators in energy efficiency evaluation system
Climatic division Energy consumption per 100 persons
dispatched by passenger stations Water consumption per 100 persons
dispatched by passenger stations B1 B2 W1 W2
Severe cold division 16.74 25.11 0.31 0.46 Cold division 5.6 8.40 0.58 0.86
Hot-summer and warm- winter division 2.33 3.49 1.60 2.41
Hot-summer and cold- winter division 2.34 3.50 0.92 1.38
Mild division 0.88 1.32 0.74 1.12
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Factors influencing energy efficiency of highway passenger stations
Based on the concept of building energy efficiency, combined with functional attribute of highway passenger stations, we defined the energy efficiency of highway passenger stations as: the energy efficiency and conservation performance of highway passenger stations during service. Measuring of the performance should be considered from two perspective as service output and energy consumption.
Factors influencing the service output: as the service output of highway passenger stations, passenger volume mainly influenced by local economic and the state-of-art of transportation development. The trend and characteristics of social economic and transportation development should be analyzed, including geographical location, tourism development, marketing needs and transportation status, which would all have effects on passenger volume.
Factors influencing the energy consumption: based on the functional requirement for highway passenger stations, combined with the literature review and data analysis, the factors mainly include site selection, building infrastructure, layout, dedicated facility, operation and management.
Taking building infrastructure as an example factor, its essential elements are listed in Table 2, including building envelope, ventilation pattern, building partition, air condition, thermal comfort, etc. Among those factors, building envelope, ventilation pattern and building partition have primary effects on energy consumption. Air condition and thermal comfort are more related to personal health, and affect the energy consumption indirectly.
TABLE 2. Building infrastructure factors affecting energy efficiency
Building Infrastructure
Building envelope
Wall construction Roof construction
Overhead or carry floor with bottom contacting with outdoor air Ground structure
Ventilation pattern
Air change rate
Heating system partition Water supply and drainage partition
Air condition PM2.5 VOC Thermal comfort PMV PPD
Energy efficiency indicator system of highway passenger stations
By analyzing the factors and constrains of energy efficiency of highway passenger stations, an evaluation indicator system, as shown in Table 3, is established from seven prospective, including unit energy consumption, site selection, main building, layout, energy consumption system, operation and management, and encouraging indicators. The indicator system could be used to reflect the status and characteristics of energy conservation and emission reduction and applied to evaluate the energy performance scientifically for administrative department, providing scientific evidence for exploiting the potential of energy efficiency.
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TABLE 3. Energy efficiency evaluation indicator system of highway passenger stations Indicator type Indicator name
Unit energy consumption Energy consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations Water consumption per 100 persons dispatched by passenger stations
Site selection Site selection
Layout General layout
Water supply and drainage Information system
Operation and management
Energy efficiency evaluation and classification of highway passenger stations
After establishing the indicator system, according to questionnaire investigation, group analytic hierarchy process was applied to determine the weight of each indicators. Based on each specified indictors and related effects, combined with actual condition in highway passenger stations, we developed the detailed grading rules conformed to a quantitative method and principle.
The full credit of the evaluation system is 100, which is calculated by the seven sub items described previously. The formula to calculate the credit of energy efficiency (N) is as follows:
7
i N N (4)
In which: N——the total credit of energy efficiency of highway passenger stations Ni——the credit of each indicator of highway passenger stations This paper referred to the consultative draft of the General Principles of the Classification and Evaluation
Method of Energy Efficiency and CO2 Emission Intensity in the Transportation Sector, and comprehensively considered the state-of-art and the trend of future development of Chinese highway passenger stations. It classified the energy efficiency into three classes. The first class indicates the best and the third class indicates the worst. Detailed classification of energy efficiency of highway passenger stations are shown as below.
TABLE 4. Classification of energy efficiency of highway passenger stations Energy efficiency rate Comprehensive credit
First class 80N Second class 70 80N Third class 60 70N
CASE STUDY IN THE SEVERE COLD DIVISION
State-of-art of the energy consumption in the severe cold division
The severe cold division mainly concentrated in the west, northwest and northwest part of China, including Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet. These divisions…
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