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study of a Sucti on Gas Producer
Baltliasar Hoffman
907
621.43
H67ARMOUR
INSr.OFTECH.LIB,CHICAGO.
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AT 7 7Hoffman , BalthasarA study of a suction gasproducer
- 1- -^ 4
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A STUDY OF A SUCTION GAS PRODUCER.
A THESIS
Presented By
BALTHASAR HOPF!iAN
To The
PRESIDENT AND FACULTY
For the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE I^^ CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
Having Completed the Prescribed Cnurse of Study In
CHEMICAL ENGI2TEERING.
JLLINOISINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY ^ . 't^l^:-^^--^^^-^-^PAUL V.GALVIN LIBRARY /^ /P_^ .^ /V ^ ^^^35 WEST 3.3RD STREET
^2-^-^ (^-V / ^-
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INDEX
Introduction 1
Effect of Scrubber 6
" " Tending Furnace 8
"" No Load \'fith. Blast On 10
" " Temperature on Ingoing Air 12
" " Accumulation of Clinker 14
Amount of Carbon Left in Ash 17
Study of rraft Equalizer 19
Effect of Increased Load 21
Summary ^^
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A STUDY OF A SUCTION GAS PRODUCER .
In making this study it was deeired to determine under
what conditions of operation the gas made in a suction gas producer
varies in power producing constituents, and in what manner the
percentage of these constituents varies. It was not expected
that the conditions could be investigated fully, but it was
desired that at least, most of these conditions would be deter-
mined, BO that they could be fully studied at a future time.
The plant studied is owned and operated by the Cole
Manufacturing Company, at 32d Street and Western Avenue, Chicago,
and was installed by the Otto Gas Engine Works of Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
This study was made possible by the courtesy extended
by the Cole Manufacturing Company in permitting the work to be
carried on in their plant. To the superintendent, Mr. South,
and to the engineer, Mr. Coleman, this work is indebted for
their assistance in every way poc^sible. To the Otto Gas
Engine Works, credit is due for the use of a four inch gate
valve.
A diagrammatic view of the plant is shown in blueprint form. It consists of the generator, the vaporizer,
scrubber, a small storage tank, and the engine. The gas
producer is rated at ninety horse power, while the engine is
rated at sixty horse power.
The generator is a plate iron vessel, four feet six
inches at its greatest diameter, and seven feet high with a
nine inch fire brick lining. The magazine and charging
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zeosjfio'xq sB'g r^.oiir>up. b 't^ ebai^ ojsg arft "fo.?-t."?Terro ^o 3rToid"lbnoo d'jarlw
LT^Jo'tjqxo ion 3.aw j-" .ae'tav Bineutl "-Hnf o e^erf^t "io ay^aia&oi'iq
Tnvr >Ji turf , . It/t bcisiTiiiaernt scf bl.aoo anolcJ-Ii^Too erfJ j-Lrfi
eloC- '=)rf}- V'T =r-+e^9qo bni: be.rrwo at beitbf&r irtslq ^rTl"
. 3f"oiffO ,9i;n9vA m:tB9W trie tft^TcJ-a b9^. &a ^jnaqmoO gax'tu^oB^xjaBM
^J3lrfil9bBllrR lo =:.^oW anl-^aa eBf) cd^J-O erit vrf fisIlBctsnJt aBw ^ri/.
Gtxo Y3e^t^I^o' ^rfi ^tf olcria^oq ei)Bfr 3bw y&'^^s BiffT
^)d oi 3?-ow arid- gnld?'-'imq r/i ^nGqiFcn 5|^^^|Jd0B^..t;^BM 'IcO er^l z;-^
,fft.c/c^ .iM , tnebnaJ'il'tsq.i-j-a arid- oT ,:^n&lq -cierii n; no bettiso
lo'l boiff'thrii n.i ^low elifd ^aBrreloD ,T[5i .-^a^-'-^ne srid oJ- or:.;;-
as-D odiO eiW oT .^I'fla'-oq ^w/ -rtevp nJ: oo.-^^B.tRlaaB tl^d:'
3j-6g rfo'ii it;cl "tc 93i., ?rid Tot afjo al ji-P)e-3'> ^aTfioW enij^aa
etrfc^ -vf rrror^f? ar .trrj^lq arid "io w.^iv o^Ja'--' Xit-^alb A
,10?! .^ncqav erit .lo'B-te.-io?! orfd- lo adRj^^rno )! .tttoI fnti:^
SB3 oriT .enl^n: erft b^is ^irBi oije;;; t=i IJtBrra b ,tocf rxrioa
* t --- -rfj- :,.tfr[\7 ^'fy^ijoq ear Off v:JQrfJ:n ^b r-'PtBi -il "caou''o-:'"
.towoq 9BT0rf '^dx.ta dB bedij'i
x:.Ja de r itrol ,I'=?'i'33v rrni stBlq s h.!: lodaiene^ oriT
J3 rid f-w .rfiJtri do9l neroa ftnB ,iod'^ta/b d-aadBnT^ Rt^: dB aerf-^a*^
.'qn t:!t\':flr
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- 2 -
door are shown on the top of the generator In the blue print.
A grate is provided near the bottom, beneath which is the ash
pit, A door is provided at either side on a level with the
grate, and another just below the grate. This permits clean-
ing the grate from above and below. In cleaning the grate while
in operation, it was customary to clean it from the bottom, but
in the morning and evening it was cleaned at the top.
The vaporizer consists of an iron shell through which
the hot gases must pass. A baffle plate in the middle makes
the gas go first to the bottom of the vaporizer and then out at
the top on the other side. On top of this shell is mounted an
iron vessel, to which are attached iron tubes which extend down
into the shell just described. These tubes are full of water.
The vessel Itself, contains about two inches of water. This
vessel also has a pipe marlred "Air Supply", which opens to the
air and another, connecting it with the ash pit of the generator.
The scrubber consists merely of an iron shell filled
with coke from the perforated plate near the bottom to the dotted
line near the top. A pipe marked "Water Supply", is connected
to the city mains and supplies the scrubbing water. The
cylindrical vessel betvroen the scrubber and the engine i? a
small storage and equalizing tank. It was at the elbow leading
into this tank that a four inch pipe was connected in making the
study of a draft equalizer.
The engine has a fourteen by sixteen inch cylinder,
and is of the hit and miss type. It makes 210 revolutions per
minute. It is started by means of compressed air.
The apparatus used for gas analysis, consisted of a
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and the necessary chemicals; a transfer pump; acid bottles fitted
with rubber stoppers, glass tubing, and rubber tubing so that a
sample of the gas could be pumped into the bottles and stored
there for sometime if necessary; a thermoTneter, and three
manometers.
The plan at the outset was to study the manner of
operation and determine the probable causes of variation of the
gas, and finally determine whether the gas actually does vary
as a result of these apparent causes
Whenever an event occurred which was to be studied, a
sample of the gas was taken and its composition compared with
that taken when conditions were normal.
Referring to the diagrammatic view, when the plant is
in operation, the only inlet for air is through the "Air Supply"
pipe, and the only outlet is through the engine. The entire
draft is created by the suction of the engine and is perio(3ic.
TiVhen the engine takes gas a suction is created and air enters
through the supply pipe. In the vaporizer it becomes somewhat
preheated and picks up some water vapor. It then passes into
the ash pit and up through the grate into the fiael bed. Here
it unites with the hot coal causing combustion and producing
carbondioxide gas (CO2), at the same time generating heat.
This burning takes place in the fuel bed, extending from six
to ten Inches above the grate, and is known as the "zone of
combustion". The heat here generated heats the bed for some
distance above to redness. Thip part of the fuel bed is knownas the "zone of reduction". In passing throiigh this red hot
bed of coal most of th carbondioxide i reduced to carbon
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The hot gas from the generator passes on to the vapor-
izer. In passing through the vaporizer it gives up most of its
heat to the water in the pipes, thus causing the water to vapor-
ize and also to preheat the air going into the generator. Fromhere, the gas passes into the "bottom of the scrubber. In passing
upward through the scrubber it is met by a spray of water from
the''water supply", which cools the gas eind washes out particles
of ash and tar. This water is drained off at the bottom
through a water seal. The gas then passes on to the engine.
There is also some water in the ash pit which forms
a water seal. This water is heated by ash falling from the
grate, and by the grate itself. The air which has picked
up some moisture in the vaporizer, if? here further preheated,
and supplied with more moisture. The steam thus carried into
the fuel bed is decomposed, forming hydrogen and carbondioxide,
thus enri'chingthe gaa. This reaction takes place in the zone
of combustion so that the carbondioxide is again reduced in
the upper zone. The decomposition of steam absorbs heat
and hence this reaction tends to reduce the temperature of the
generator. For this reason there is a limit to the steam to
be used, Tco much hydrogen is bad for the engine, on account
of preignition and too rapid explosion. If not enough steam
is used, the fire becomes too hot and clinkers are fonaed.
Addition of steam softens these clinkers and makes them brittle.
The steam then cools the grate, cools the fire, thus preventing,
or at least moderating clinkers, furnishes hydrocren, and
furnishes oxygen for more carbon monoxide, but its use is
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'-zcqav erii ci no aeen^q TOjflTa :o- orl:f rrroil Bag :^ori erfl"
\aq ^I .lOffcrinoe ertt "^o TioJiodr eri+ o.'tai soe^aq JJi-ig erf^ ,a'i-:irf
ay.CoiJ-'^jaa fuo \?ffaBw fene afi^ ori* ?rooo rloiriw ^''\;;Iqqija *i9vt6w'''^rf
^c:f:Jocr arii i& "^Jc benlBiib aJt to+sw alrfT .tsJ- urrB xfr.J3 "io
,e- .e ?ffi at fro aea^sq noifi set ^riT .Ijb^
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effect of too much hydrogen on the engine.
The action of stearr on hot carbon also causes formation
of marsh gas. At least a dozen tests were made for thisgap, but
never more than a trace could be foundso that the record is not
given at all. Some illvuninants are present to the extentof a
trace only, and were similarly omitted.
Fuel was fed into the feeder at regular intervale.
Through a hole in the cover on the feeder the coal and ashand
clinker were poked down from the top. The grate was also
cleaned at regular intervals. These each seemed to havean
effect on the gas.
The following studies finally resulted:
Effect of scrubber.Effect of tending furnace.Effect of no load with blast on.Effect of temperature of ingoing air.
Effect of accumulation of clinker.Amoun+ of carbon left in ash.Study of draft equalizer.Effect of increased load.
Referring to the "General Data", this is a tabulation
of the data in the order it was taken, and explainsitself
generally. Under the col\jmn "Sample Taken B.S." and"A.S."
refer to "Before Scrubber", and "After Scrubber", respectively.
In calculating the heat units per cubic foot, 340 B.t.u.per
cubic foot were used for both hydrogen and carbonmonoxide.
Two values are given at 62 F. and 32 F. The first isthe
temperature at which gas is usually taken into the engine,and
is practical, while the second is the one usually givenas the
standard. The difference is one due to density.
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.Jiil^.cie eiii no ^ooift-
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- 6 -
EFFECT OF SCRUBBER.
bject; - All gases are soluble in water to a greater or less
egree.
OOo, one cubic foot in one cubic foot of water. ( From02, ^.03 " " ti ntn ( Newth's
CO, 0.03 " i M n It It ( InorganicHp, 0,019 " " ti It It n It ( Ohemistrv.Ng, 0.015 ' ititn(
A study was made of the change in the composition of
e gas in passing through the scrubber, and whether or not it
ould be advlseable to use more water.ethod;- A sample of the gas was taken Just before it entered
e scrubber, and as soon as it had passed through the dcrubber
other sample of it was taken. The analysis of the two were
mpared for any difference that might exist.
ata; - See Table I
ecussion ; - From the above table it would appear as thoiigh it
ould be possible to dissolve out all the carbondioxide by the
e of enough water, since this constituent is much more soluble
an the others. Time, however, is also an element here. The
me required for the gas to pass through the scrubber is very
ort and hence solution is small, the rate of solution of CO
ing the lowest. According to the laws of gas pressure, each
nstituent present in a mixture of gases is present at its own
spective pressure, i.e., in the case of analysis #1, COg forms
2 percent of the total volume of the gas and therefore is present
8,2 percent of atmospheric pressure, and hence one cubic foot
water would dissolve only .082 x 1 cubic foot of COg at atmos-
eric pressure. Nitrogen is present to the extent of 57 percent,
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:-.noI ic 'i'^ts'^in b oi ned-jsw .nif ^Ldula sta aesBv ^ ''A - ;J-o jf.cTO
"TOT''' ^ ."Tf'J-jsw T:o .+ oc^'^ ofcfjjo sno ^-i J'oo'3: oicTuo eno ,r008' " " " " ' " " " F,0,n ,20
-lJ-3i:.;L:nL: )H n H ^ ., GlO.O ,35
). tt f. M M tt gIO.O ,o7.
"io noitisocrraoo arft rri e^rusrio srft Ic s&sm sjsir x^i;J-a A
if. +orf TO iarf;:rf7r ni ^ledrfino' oriJ rftiijotilj ^nla^^^q' t1 sbs arid-
.TBj^jBw sfoffi gay ci '^Icf^e'^.tv.bjs scf ''Ii/o
baTetrra di eio'tod' ^sjj-f rce^'ai "ibvj^ e; erfi Ito ^larse A -loorfj:
'I^lfdvi^Cfe ofC* ri;5j.rr 'iff j- i9S5Bq bfirf Jl aB nooa s^j oris ^lerTcTinOB exiJ
.talxe J-ff^in J-sri^t eone-reli^fb ^n.y to^ beiaqmco
.1 oldBl o^a - :.Qjjsa
tl rf'fi/ori.' aB rce,''!'.e ulifow + < elcfB" qvocJb ^ffc^ moY"*! - ;,io l B sjjOsiCr
erit \:rf 9blxolb^r.H^G^ ^rf+ xr^ ^;,r evIcBSJ^b, o* elffi^aoq ad filircw
elcfjir.Cca otom rfoi/m 3^ tnetrtlienoo alri* 3Drf>3 ^letsw rft^jjone lo 02jj
3rn' .oierf .tf-^enel^ rte ohIs : i ,-T9VGworf ,^miT .aiarito srfi riBrfJ
'H"'""-*' tO'M'n^.?. srf.t rfguoirfJ- ga-sq oi bbj 9ffo i. '5 jSoTlfrpo-i emiJ-
lo oJ-BT eiCd- , riBma el not&vloa eoner "^^hb i-iorie
rioae ^j-xu-aFjaiq ei;^ lo awBj; erl,:t ot :^I!!)'ioooA .ieewr * i
nwo T+x c'^; tnenetq g^ saaBg "to '=iT:jrixi:tr b ^rx d^en^^q &r.esjtt:'
'"^ ,f* eJ:.-YX.f3:-rfj "^j 9sbo -rf. rr ,.3..jt ,e^JJa:l-f^:q o-riJ-o .raoT
si .rir'^oT^rfi fcnfl 3Bg eitt ^o ecrirlcr iBj'oi erfi to ' 'ooiaq 9.8
^ oJdi;:^ .->-o oineri brxs ^e-rxfa-^oTq o.^^9^fqBomdB "ic . '' Jb
-nomJ'B Jb :> o'i ntds.'o r v qno, xXrsc ovlosBtb biij .i -toifi^N tc
-q V^. t. t.-oJ:e otii oi f- ^ctir.l .f^-rx/n^-arq o.!:-:reriq
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- 7 -
ubic feet or 0.0086 cubic foot of nitrogen. From the above,
will be seen that there ought to be a loes in the percentage of
COg present.
Referring to Table I, analysis #1 and =^2 of gas taken
t 10:15 and 10:20 A.M. reppectively, there is a difference of
8 percent OOg in the gas, and this is a decrease in passing
hrough the scrubber. Oxygen also decreased. CO increased.
here is a decrease of 5 percent in hydrogen. This is abnormal
or hydrogen and cannot be accounted for by absorption. Sample
2 stood in a bottle under pressure having rubber tube connections.
ydrogen will pass through rubber, so that this may account for
ome of the loss. It will be noticed also by referring to the
eneral data, that the percentage of hydrogen varies more than the
ercentage of the other constituents present. These two facts
ll at least faiirly well accoiant for the loss in hydrogen.nalysis #19 and #20 show a similar condition, COg and hydrogen
creasing and the balance increasing. The heat values in both
ses decrease. This is due to the loss in hydrogen and should
t be charged against the scrubber, but to the length of time
e sample stood before analysis.
Much difficulty was experienced in taking the sample
fore scrubber, on account of the ash in the gas which clogged
e valves of the pump so that this work had to be abandoned
r others which could be carried out more satisfactorily.
onclusions; - The data taken is not extensive. It does
pear as though the gas is actually improved in heat giving
nstituents and as though the quantity of water in the scrubber
ld
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- V -
: eri* moT5 ,rtB-\cn&tn to d-ool olrfjuo 0800.0 -ic J-o-T: nicTxjo
^o ef>_-5ei3t'iin ^ gJt i5T!?riJ- ^vl r'-Joerr-i-^ . . ^.,1:01 baa dl-.'-^L .la
'--:3q nJ: 9aB9^oe) ij s : .^irfcT bn^ .sis^ arid" ni -.00 ineoteq -j.'~
i:nl CO .bog.sf^T^ ' !" "'^?,y'cO .larfd'm-' f^.r^+ rfT^n-^rfj
.gto^^o..^^^o^ grftrt -leffrfm ??rrvrf -3-mn,^e^q lefinu el.+.Jocf b nl boote 2^,
9ri* oi s.-T^i-xelo- Yrf 03l reoltorr 9rf Il.h7 :M .bsoI erf* "io o.roa
^rfi narft s-rom sai-xsv rre^^oiBY'^ **c esjscfneo-ieq erfi ^Brfj ^^iBS XB^e^93
.::-T,c'iTYrfnl asc.r arfl ro^ Jax/ciOB Ifow vli.U-^ .taaal cfB III-
n9TSOif5Tjrf bns gOO ,nol*15rioo ^J3I^^Ila b woria 0?* 5riB pH^ alaijIaaAriio^i ni aeulBv :fB9,-f erfl .inlsBsioni gonjel^-f offt bne :?-fBBei03&
. taxIeriA a-folscT 'xo-cfa - " -..rTt
bender. rir^My, .^^ ^rf. ,.^ K... erf^ -^c ^n coo nc .-eddsno^
..Tsrfij erf cl bBrf -now ^Mf i^r
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- 8 -
investigation ip made, it iP suggested that a siphon be used
stead of a pianp to take out the gas and also that it be analyzed
speedily as popsible.
EFFECT OF TENDING FURNACE.
bleot j- Prof. MacFarland suggested a study of the effect on the
mposition of the gas of cleanlnn: the grate, poking the fire from
e top of the furnace, and of filling the feeder. It appearedthat
e gas was weakened by each of these events and this study was to
termine, if possible, what the effect is.
ethod; - The time of either event was noted, and as soon thereafter
it was believed that the effect would be perceptible at the
gine, the sample of gas was taken. These analysis were compared
th the analysis for the day, and results noted.
ata; - Table II.
scussion; - Referring to the diagrammatic view of the plant.
will be seen that in order to fill the feeder it is recessary
open the top of the magazine. This means that air can enter
e top of the generator and that the amount of air adjnitted will
inversely proportional to the resistance offered by the coal
the magazine. If the gases in the top of the producer are
t enough to ignite, this means an increase in COg, a decrease
CO, and a decrease in hydrogen. If the gases are not hot
nough to ignite, then there should be an increase in oxygen and
trogen.
Poking should cause an increase in COg because the
p of the fuel column becomes cooled, due to the settling of the
al and thus fails to so reduce the COg to CO as it should.
fter sometime when the settled coal has had time to become
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ybx/jtB BJtrf:f 5rrJ3 3.ta9V9 -^aeriJ- "^o rio^''- vcf f5H"^^fsr' n^y? sag er*
^ e?;f5rfT .nairosj saw a&ri lo -'^Iqrcjsa 3x1,^ ,
,-iB33eo3 it J' erf+ 1111 o;t i;:)b'' H"j- no^a ecf Tliw tj
r3-fn9 aso i^:': : :^." nneer eirfT .srtiTJcsgjBnr 3rft lo q^i orfj neqo i
/onjs erfj- J-JBrfj- ftrijs TOtBionejai irf' 1o qocf erlJ-
r^llo eOiUo rit oi lncl+ToqoTq iIa'^^9V: .: -
"^ ^ri+ 1o qoo arid- al aes^Ti, 9ri+ IT .-^^isajej^r ^rit nl
"on ei T98J33 3ffd 11 ,neT>,'-i'ib-\^r? nl eafl9^09?) ^v-:^ ,C0 ni
".c-ioionx nr, ^i-f nit/orl-: 9i9.rfJ- rfsrf^ ,1; '^i oi /f^U' no
rlln
-iuh ,b9lnoo aenioosff rirjjloo lejj^ 9rti lo
.bli/ortr; tl qfi CO oi -^00 erfJ -^njjbei oa c' -'.lU.!. ^;uri:^ bnJB Ijsco
^" '^ serf l.^Q,r) beXd-^as ^r(.:^ rtrfw ^rri:f90TO3 leil/
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Trarooos no brtp Jrief^e-tq
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- 10 -
at once when the grate door was closed.
On August 17th sample #14 was taken as norma}. Sample
#15 was taken four minutes after the second event. Here expect-
ations were borne out except hydrogen, which increased probably
on accormt of the accumulation of steam in the vaporizer. In
sample #16, taken four minutes after the second event, expect-
ations were all fulfilled.
The predictions then in general are borne out, namely,
that cleaning the grate, filling the feeder, and poking from
the top effect the gas for a short period of time, and that
that effect is a decided weakening of the gas,
EFFECT OF NO LOAD WITH BLAST ON.
Object; - It was necessary in this plant to throw off the load
for a short period of time, about fifteen minutes during the
noon hour so that certain bearings on the line shaft could be
oiled. It was found that when the engine ran "light", the
gas beca-ne so weak that the engine would not run on it even
with no load. For that reason the fan was started, the air
from the vaporizer shut off and the blast from the fan admitted
to the generator. The object was to determine the effect of
this blast on the gas.
Method; - On August 13th, a sample was taken while the air
pressure was being applied, so that thi
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, 3BoIo r>.Bw icci-) 6 ij-ig orii nerfr '' ta
VldJBcfo'iq beejBsiof rlolriv; ,rro3(oi&xrf J''^90s;e ^vo smotf e'z^\" ^nctifi
'fl .^esi-Toqav erfi ni nsei.'? "io no .^+i: I umjjoojs erit Ito tnf/oooe f-
.vl.prr.;: .''.' emod 6^B fs'ieno^ ni nsrfJ- s^'cj;ctoif)e^q srT!'-
..:rfi bntj .fnti Ito ^o.^'req J-ro^a to^ -:: erij ^oofVo ^o.t erfcf
,-..e;- '^rf:^ ^c jjnlnejTjBew boCi.^'^eb .3 ei: J-oetle tjsrf.t
.? QAOJ OF -^O 'T'O'-W. ^
;>,soI erit '*"!'-. vfo'T.fl* -+ ^rrnlq eirfj- ni Y^-saaeoorr btt j-I - ;Joef.
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- 11 -
Data; Table III,
Dlspu3Bion; - When the load la removed from the engine, the
number of explosions decreases and hence the number of intakes
of gas also decreases, so that the aaoTxnt of air dravm through
he generator decreases in proportion to the decrease in load.
The amount of heat generated in the zone of combustion of the
generator decreases while the radiating surface of the generator
and vaporizer remain constant. The result is a cooling of the
eduction zone of the generator, and a coolina: of the vaporizer.
The first condition causes less reduction of COg to CO, while
he second causes less steam and hence less hydrogen.
By closing off the steam supply from the vaporizer and
hen turning on the blast after opening the escape pipe at the
ngine, the combustion in the generator was increased. This
meant increased heat in the zone of reduction, and hence more
eduction of the CO2 to CO. Cutting off the vaporizer meant
nly the admission of the meager supply of steam generated in
he ash pit of the generator and hence little hydrogen.
Conclualons; -- Referring to Table III, imder date of August ISth,
he above predictions seemed to be realized. The increase in
CO more than offset the decrease in hydrogen, so that the heatvalue of the gas actually rose. On August 14th, the samples
were taken Just before auid just after the change respectively,
CO increased slightly, but hydrogen dropped iiore than one-half.
The reduction in heating value is very marked. On August 20th,
he results as to hydrogen were anticipated. At this time the
ccTAmulatlon of clinker had advanced to an agrivating state,
o that much of the COg probably never passed through a hot
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srii ,.?ni:grce :rfi nci*?: bQ^-cnrs'i si b.3oX sff^ nerfvv ^ :r,oxaejL;&8fCI
aeTCedrri 'tc tftcfcii/n erit ooasff bns asrfc^ nio':!?: \Iaqi'-p. miseie oricJ- tic ^nlsolo \5.
Qiit U: .X508S erfj :p,iiirieqc leJIfi teBlcf 6riJ' no ^nlartv) nedi
r-xifl .besi?9'sonx aaw toJnexiej, 3rf.+ ri rc>i;.t8jLfcffiion efti ,eni:snB
atoiff --J^nerf brr ^ncl.J-Gir.be'-.c to enos ^rii nx J^ssri beajse'xofil J-fLBS^-
JriB-: ie.':lT:cq.'3v 'irfJ Ito ^iiilcfd-jjO .00 oi cjOO erfj to noiJ'O.uibeT
r.x Boj-Btanss crasie to \Xqqxre logeem srfi to a.ot&n}.B-I)S erii ^i-f^'^
.1 ^ riSJitl soneri bna iciisnano^^ srfj- to ilq rfRc arfj
,!iJ-5I iaj/'irr/. * . :)+ ,111 eldBT oi nrif-nato.-* - ZGnoxfcjjIoxioO
x;x esi^o-ioni "jrfT .oosj;Iot. acf o.t Lomeea . ctjotbeiq svocfjc .rii
J- serf tHff.j- i&tii ?B r:o;r?;o'ib^ijri nx eaBSioeb eili Joatto iiBriJ eiom CO
^'^IqniBR orft .,rf^M d-ejjjiL'A nO .anoi ^IlexfJoa sbj y.",t (, ojjJbv
.Xlf"'Vl:fooqaeT; oj^riBrfo srfj- rceite J-:--.!;^ Lxm G-ioted d-KX.'f. ne.-ifij- eieTr
."'fBri-onc njirii n^tc" i '^qqonb nQ^oibisi issd ^^IJrf'TxIa besi^siony. 00
^+c: iexi^uA nO . 'TBr yxev -2 axriB" sxili-aerf ni nolioubei riT
v'riJ- sffx ; r:.rrfi d-A .lisiaqlo fJ-nj:: -^^xsw iiegcxbAirf od' an a^I^rsei erfi
,3ije.t3 g^xd-avf-t;^,; "js oi bfiOiUSVbB "bBri taTfnxIo to i-ridjaliLrfi'jjooB
.tori B rij^xft .'jq levQfT T^IcfBdoiq vCO erii to rfojxm ctfiriJ- oa
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- 12 -
caused a burning of the hot CO in the top of the generator.
There is no question about the reduction of hydrogen in this
oase. The amount of CO will increase unless a condition
similar to that on August 20th, sets in. The heat value of
the gas usually declines considerably. The gas remains rich
enough to keep the engine running.
EFFECT OF TE^IPERATURE OF INGOING AIR.
Ob.jectt - Referring to the early part of this study as shown
in the general data, it will be noticed that the percentage of
hydrogen fluctuated very "^uch. At that tiire the temperature
of the air was c^^anging by jumps of ten to fifteen degrees
from day to day. In trying to account for these fluctuations
in the hydrogen values, it appeared that the temperature of the
ingoing air determined, at least partly, the percentage of hydrogen
present by its ability to carry moisture into the fuel bed.
It was desired to record the temperature of the air entering
the ash pit of the generator.
Method; - A hole was drilled through the movable plate shown
at "A", in the diagrammatic view of the plant, and a rubber
cork inserted, A thermometer was inserted through this cork
so that the bulb of the thermometer was situated near the center
of the pipe. From this thermometer the temperatures were
recorded as indicated in the data. The temperatures of the
outside air were not recorded, but these temperatures varied
about the same amount as those recorded. A curve was plotted
using temperature as abscissae and percentage of hydrogen as
ordinates.
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siA'j lugoifcTjif *3:o riciioub&r: eit-t +/;'--cfjB ncWseup en ei 9-f-?flT
ncrt.-'.aoo eficfnu e^sBe'inri.L I.Clw CO '^c :*rttroirrj3 f.rtT .eefio
^lo suIjbv o^iseri offT .nl sJ-Qf? ,rt:Jr . if;i;r>uA r fatii ct t&Isnle
^r; e:^jB;trf9o^-err pri+ J^ffct boo j .ton ^cf IlJtw ^1 .jstxi.b XB^6^0' 9xf+ r:.r
^it oi r:oi Jc f'lqmsl xrf ^ gjsw ttn erij- lo
:...
'^so'T'^'- -ff+ ,'^Id-Yfiq J-
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J-fraoTe^
.r9?.c^)y,H
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- 14 -
ia not great, but it does indicate that the higher temperatures
of the ingoing air will cause the generating of more hydrogen.
Subsequent commercial work of the writer in vhich the temperature
of ingoing air was noted, confirms the above conclusions,
EFFECT OF ACCUMULATION OF CLINKER,
Object; - In this plant the fire was raked out of the generator
at the end of every tv'o weeks. It was stated that the gas
became weak on acco-unt of the clinker which accumulated on the
walls of the generator. It was determined to analyze one or
moresamples of the gas each day, in order to determine just
what effect this clinker had on the gas from day to day, during
one of these two week periods.
Method; - One or more samples were taken each day at a timeone sa,nple
when conditions were normal. If more than^was taken on any
day for this purpose, then the mean value of those analysis
was taken as the sample for that day. These were tabulated.
Curves were plotted, using percentage of COg and CO as ordinates
and time as abscissae. During the following week a sample
was taken every second day and treated as before. This second
series was taken merely as a sort of check on the first series.
After the fire had been raked out on August 25th, the walls of
the generator were examined to ascertain approximately, (for the
walls were hot), the form and thickness of the clin'-^ter.
Data; Table V.
The thickness of the clinker at the thickest point
as shown in the diagrammatic view, was between four and five
inches and extended completely around the walls of the generator.
Its general vertical form along the walls of the generator is
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- .\r _
^? ^C KriTAJTJMTTOrA 'ilC njITH'S
afi-g toIq atew eevrxrO
briooee ^I'dT .eio'^'ecf bjs ^leteeni hroe vjsfe tnoftee vteTfj rreTTa^ bbtc
.^e.HB :Ja*T?T: eA^ fro 3(oerio to iios s sjs x^^"^"^^ :'e>:jb;f R7,- ---f: o
T:o eir.';.^!7 eriJ- ,rf,t?.3 ^strjirA no ^i;o bsjf*^ need b&r^' eTit erfi tettA
i^j tot) ,^l8tir!ir.r':^T(T5 nle&tQttam ci benturaxe Tew loctfitsfteg erit
.T-j ::.tlf> extJ to e^srt^elrfd- baa nriot orft ,(tori oiew p.ilsyv
:fnloq J-Resfoirfi orf.t ije lA^fnilo eifct lo sncnjf'^lf'fJ- eifT
-^vit fioB t;/ol neewd'e'f ?5j8W ,w tv o.tiJS^Tr"JS^[5B^f' srfj- nl .mroria bjs
rene-j eAt to -^ CIbw g/Ci bmsc^.a vioJ-elCTmoo befina+xe nrra esfforfl
ax T .JjEiono^ ari:^ to pTFjivr srfj rirrolB rrrrot Lcoxd-rev .Cutanea cil
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-15-
in the diagrammatic view. Nearly all of this clinker was very
hard. In some instances small portions of the fire brick
were broken off with pieces of clinker.
Discussion: - The accumulation of clinker in this form is
bad because it affects the heating value of the gas, and
because in knocking down this clinker portions of the fire
brick lining are also broken off. Of the constituents in
producer gas, carbon monoxide is the most valuable. VThen
air enters the bottom of the generator into the zone of
combustion carbondioxide is formed there. If this carbon
dioxide passes through a bed of hot carbon it will be
reduced to carbon monoxide according to the equation
COg -f C = 2 C
The extra carbon being furnished by the red hot coal in the
zone of reduction. If, though, some of this carbondioxide
does not pass through a bed of hot coal it will appear in
the resulting gas as carbondioxide.
Referring to the diagrammatic view, it will be
seen that there is a space extending a few inches above the
grate which is free from clinker. This is because the
engineer can easily reach all this space from the grate doors
with a hook poker. During operation, this space is fill'd
with bumin
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-T'^iv sBvr "re^'-fl'-i f^lrfJ- lo IIjb vI^eeTl .we.^v oijB^rra^sal() '^tii ni.
ai nriot slrfj fTJt te-^nlTo "^o nolf^lumjjoo.^ offl' - tfrolsajj-oalC
oti*^ '^/f:t to Br^of:^Toq tc^Tfnilo slffi- .'twoi:' -^niafooxnf nl sajL/Boc-ii'
noffiso ^trij- Itl .9t9ffi betmot Bt eb t"^ o lb no 6iao nol^fejLrcfmoo
^cf IXlw it nocTier *'>'^ ?!- ftorf b its^jjoirfJ- aseaeq efclxoxl)
rio^.tj:;pe eAi oS o*i sftixonow nocf-xao oi beosjbe'i
O S! + ^00
=rit ; leoa .tort 5i 9rf^ v
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- 16 -
in the zone of reduction which is confined to the i-i.ner part
of the generator. From this, it also follows, that if this
clinker ring increases in thickness then the percentage of COg
remaining unreduced will increase and correspondingly of course,
the percentage of carbon monoxide will decrease.
It does not appear as though the hydrogen could be
similarly affected. The steam is decomposed upon entering
the fuel bed at the bottom according to the equation
2 HgO 4 C = COg + ? Hg
Ifthe quantity of steam furnished remains constant, there
should not be any change from this source. The carbondioxide
thus formed is reduced or fails to be reduced in exactly the
same manner as the carbon dioxide formed by combustion.
Con clusions; - Referring to the curves for the effect of the
accumulation of clinker, rings indicate points on the curves
for the two week series of analysis, while the short lines
are points on the curves for the six day series.
The curves for carbondioxide shows a constant increase
with time. The decrease in carbonmonoxide is slightly less
the latter half of the period. The sum of the two increaRes
very slightly with the tl-'e. For the second series In ?rhich
there are only three points on each curve, the curves are
drawn from point to point instead of taking the mean value
as in the first series. They do, however, follow the same
general direction as the first set.
Referring to Table V, it will be seen that the hydrogen
remained fairly constant. l>Jiring the first few days the values
are lovr, but that could not have been due to the clinker, since
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c-.tff* ?.l t-,rfi ^evollol oeIb d-1 ^s,^rfd "^o-i'"^ . :+.e'^ro:?^ erid to
"-i'Tej/te noqu beaoqinooeb -t r-jao.+Q *^f1T .'Sod'oelitjB Y-fi*^^^"^'^
'o'J-jsi/pe eri+ r+ ^n.ffrrooojs r?oJ-*od" rf* *b beef lexit arii
qH '5 ."TWO 9rid^ fro 8t."ilccT ed-jBOtbnJt Bgrrh? ^'^^i^fr^.'-fo *So 'T'^f-'jsfunttraof!
'jniT itodB otii elf:rfw .'^.tay/anjB to se.^ios iJeew r)T,-t ert* net
.Bfllnee '^Bb xJe rfj- t:c'> Ber-rr/o eff:t rro sJ-ntoq eie
Qo^ci'ionl ^n^^anoo b awo/fe 9b2xoJtbnochc.'.o tc'*' aoviLO erfT
RctbI vrj-rft^iiB ax 9bl:xononod'njBO nl 83B
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- 17 -
The effect of acctunulatirip-, clinker is then to raise the
carbondioxlde constituent and lower the carbonmonoxlde value.
t does not effect the hydrogen.
In subsequent worl? of the writer in which similar
conditions prevailed, the results were identical with the above.
AMOUNT OF CARBON LEFT IN ASH.
Object ;- It was decided to determine the amount of fixed carbon
eft in the ash and its relation to the original amount of fixed
carbon in the coal used.
Method; - In cleaning the grate, while the producer was in
peration, the engineer raked the grate from underneath leaving
he ash fall into the water in the ash pit. This was cleaned
ut each morning and a sample taken. Every morning and evening
n cleaning the grate the ash and clinker were raked off the top
f the grate until clean hot coal appeared. This ash was
aked onto the cement floor, allowed to accumulate for several
ays, and then screened. The screenings were again used,
A sample of the ash thrown away was taken. A sample of the
linker taien from the producer on the last day was also analyzed.
To get the mean fixed carbon lBft,the riean of all t,h3 ^aapleswas made
was taken. An analysis of the coal^^and its calorific valueetermined.
The percent of the original fixed carbon left in the
sh was found as follows:
100 - 37.58 = 6 2.42 = percent of ash in ash.62,4!? 4" 8.9 = 7 = number of pounds of coal represented by
one pound of ash taken from producer,
7 X .8496 = 5.9472 = number of pounces of fixed carbon putinto producer for each poixnd of ash taken from producer.But each pound of ash taken from the producer contains.?758 pounds of fixed carbon.
5 72
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^J^:. '"xirle r^^-Jtrfv.' ril ^--^ i My} edi J.o r'LrpeBdi.fe iil
:O'-:'tB0 oexll Ic introme rlt enljrre^^eb oc: fio^ioef) bjsw j-I ; j-o;: ^dr
boxlt "^n tnjLFomB iBnlgi'tc erfr ot rroi.ttJ"eT 8:t.t fcxis ffni? sjttt nl .tlel
.b? MU Ijboo '^ff* rrl xioc^jbo
-^BW teoirfcc- . -'i >;-:j^ner-. ' _ - loorttsM
qo.t orii ^"^o 'i-s^^r a^cew le^TnlTo bns .f^eB ajlt e+a': .-.LriBefo nl
"-jaw rfaB ^ txT* .netBgqn-je Isoo torf .nselo XI'+aiL.- oJ'fi'TiD, rfj- ^c
..'av?' tc*?. 8 5 'j ,f i;mireo cd' bswolifi ^tooI'^ J-n9m -,:: bncTot g.ew ffsjB
.:!."^^ .~fi .rf3B "to cJ-.-.-eOTieq "JI^.T?* r^.v?^ - 001
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Date
August 13th
14th
15th
16 th
17 th
18 th))
19 th)
20 th
21st
22d
23d
24th
- 18 -
DATA.
TOiere Taken
Ash Pit
IT
A\agust 13th to l7th incl. Grate,
20th to 24th " "
Clinker from sides of producer at end of run
Mean value
Percent Carbon
37.92
44.00
40.20
No Sample.
38.20
22.44
45.36
36.72
42.40
39.08
39.24
48.76
38.01
39 . 24
37.58
C A L ._
Mcisttire --------- 1.03Volatile Matter ^.01
Fixed Carbon - - - 84.96
Ash --- 8.90Calorific Value ----- 12,970 B.t.u. per poujnd.
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I -
0'". ; " rfj ":i
"!. '^'^: -^X to b\-'-- j: .-.orrnc-a 1:o aoblR noil leTTnllO
J A,
30.^ --------- ^^rfjsloM
6G.^3 ------ - xtodtoO fjaxi'^I
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- 19 -
Percent of original Fixed Carbon Left in Coal - 6.^5
B.t.u. left In Ash (Calculated) Sl6
Percent of Original Heat Energ-y Left In Ash - - 7.06
The amount of fixed carbon in the coal at first seems
excesBive, but when calculated in terns of +he original coal, it
is not excessive.
The engineer stated that the average amovmt of coal
used was 2600 pounds per week including stand-by losses.
The plant delivers a-pproximately, 25 horse power for six
days of ten hours each week. This rould be equivalent to
1.73 poiuids of coal per horse power per hour. With coal
at $4,00 per ton this would be equivalent to .346 cents per
horse power per hour,
STUDY OF A DRAFT EQUALIZER.
Object; - Reference to the general table will show that the
greatest manometer reading is 6 inches, and was at C, while
that at B was 5 inches, and that at A was 2 inches. These
were maxiimiin readings and were only instantsmeous. The draft
varied from zero to a maximum suid back to zero again in each
case.
The engine made 210 revolutions per minute and therefore
used less than, one^-ueventh of a second in taking a charge of gas.
If the engine were carrying full load it would make 105 explosions
per minute so that the draft would exist one-fourth of the time
in the producer and that it would come in 105 installments of
one-aeventh of a second each. Prof, MacFarland suggested a
method by which this draft might be equalized so as to get
a more nearly continuous draft. This study was not intended
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-. _ _ _ (?)9iBlyof0) rir:A nl i^ol ,;r. + .a
?'0.V - - ffaA n"^ .tl^J jatonS icoH I^-'^.fn.HO to j-neo'^^'7
^rn^3B3 .taTn: ts I.fjoo 9rf* .^1 ^cdTso 59x1*5: to tni/oraB orfT
t^ ,Iaoo Ifirrfglir 9ri+ to 3rTTT^+ f; '^^ 'frjolj^o rxerfw j-utf ,o-/ ^B?u;crx^
.9Vjtap'ooX;.' "ton ei
.etorf T:eq Iboj to a'^rujoq ^V.r
loq gj-noo os'?. oi f '13 Ir>v I/jpe ad" '^Ix-n ^lAi noJ leq 00, ^^ jj3
.fl'^^IJALVZI l"5Afla A "50 Y3UTS
^rf-t Jjurfj- wciiB rixw sX'Tjsj' Jjienan ^^rf*^ oi errre-i'^t^H ~;iOBf^JO
oaoriT .i:arioajf :? bjbw A Jn j-firiJ Lrts ,aeffonl 3 8i5w 9 Ji3 J-firiJ
rfoiio nl aJt^gjB o-ies Ovt Sto^cf brie munr^xjarri s oi oi8^ ncrtt bolTCBv
loleior^J LxiB e+rnlr- -^gq crtoxiuXovai 012 ebflrr enJtj^ne ariT
.asg to og-XBrfr) jB ^_-it:.fBJ- rrl bnooeR b to rf* 'evoa-*9no aJSjif+ Qaal leajj
o.^'=)oIqxo -101 e^ffim FjIko"".' " t 5jbo.C ffrt rrf^-^^3>- ^iifjy/ on^mns rfi tl
arr^ri Qrid to rf-t-ttrrt-erro talro bfj/ow Ji^^ arfj txicf.t oa o + inter -^aq
to 5tnQffl.riBinni 301 nl siioo Pjfirow -H Jarfj fcue -loow&otq er(.J ni
i r'eta^^jjire bneJia'^ijoM .'^o'-jc'I .rfdxjo &z-ooea is to rfctnavga-sno
95 oJ- SB oa bBs.fI.;^irpfl -^cf trf-nlm cfta-rr; Tirf* iol-f.v i\ Lnr^.ts-
'>9f->,-:6.tnl ton a.3W \hiiip. RjtffT j-tiJt b nt;oJJ^^j^o'^ vltsen ptoc: jb
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- 20 -
whether or not the Idea wae a good one, and if bo, ?long what
ines to continue trials.
Description: - Referring: to the diagrammatic view of the plant,
a connection was made at the elbow of the pipe leading into the
small storage tank between the scrubber and the engine. A
our inch pipe was used and was led into theequalizer as
shown in the equalizer diagram. The valve hcwn was a gate
valve. The equalizer consisted of a vrooden tank about ten
nches deep and made by puttying up a shipping box. Then
about 'seven inches of water were put into the tank. The four
nch pipe extended about six inches above the surface of the
water and opened upward. Over this was placed the top of a
sterilizer, eleven inches in diameter, es ohorrr. in the diagram..
The bottom of this cover rested on four bricks, thus leaving
he entire bottom open.
Method;- The gate valve was opened and the effect on the
manometers observed. Several trials were mad using different
depths of water. No record was made of the manometer readings,
ut it was observed that the manometer at B varied up to four
nches only, instead of five, v/hile the variation at A was
one-half inch less than before. It was also observed that the
ction was less violent with the equalizer than without it,
nd that the draft lasted a longer period of time when the
qualizer was used.
Discussion;- Most producers do not use equalizers. Manufacturers
who install them claim that a continuous or nearly continuous
draft is preferable to a periodic one, and that the gas is
etter. Leaks ought to be less frequent since the draft is not
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!^ ^on 10 -loriierivT
, tnjalq ?)f{+" - ; ;-io.L
"[JTJr^eJ
A ..'rfxi-^na erf.* 5:i.6 isffcfinoa -^rii rfoe7/.t^cf :^nj3,t CIbe'?)
T9S.^Is.upo'^ff.+ ''If'.? bol 38." '^''x- h98i; S3"r 9qlg fforfJ- Tuot
^.-iJ:v.L--j* ^rTf' ^ "^ ':', f 100*!: no feeiasi i?voo elrf.j- "^o /rrooj-ocf er'T
, T:oJ"'^rtr'^r"r,r erfi 1:o bs."! ni,;;- b-^co" . ^ -^fUqeo
- : .'- 1.. ro.r.:tJT-xBV ^-dS oJMvv 9vt1 lo bJB0?'^:ni: ^ylnc "srior^l
r-^ev^ioacfo osJij 8J3.7 : .' "^f^rf- .'
odf '-J9'' -9q T^^rrol .;j
'-' - ' tnoo -^Iii^ p>rr tc "j:ro;rrtx,t-',cc ,. :v;flj rfifiio : ori:> I.^3:^oiij: offw
~ -^ '^ " 'Jrij- f^n-- ^
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- 21 -when
In this equalizer/^ the engine takes gas in its forwardpartial
stroke it creates a^vaouum, or rather a pressure less than that
of the atmosphere outside. This is co'imunicated to the entire
system and since the only opening to the outside air is through
the vaporizer the air must pass through the fuel bed of the
generator where it neets much resistance. The scrubber also
offers some resistance. Now, with the equsAi-rer connected,
this partial vacuum was communicated to the chamber between
the equalieer cover and the surface of the water. With the
pressure on the surface of the water on the inside lesF, than
that on the water on the outside, the water v;as forced into
the chamber \intil equilibrium was established. A part of the
draft was thus taken up by the equalizer. When the piston
reached the end of its stroke and no more partial vacuum was
being created, the water gradually passed out at the bottom
thus again creating that part of the draft it had absorbed.
The plan seemed to be a good one, but the water
rushed out of the equalizer too fast. Some scheme was needed
to make its action slower. A bottom having a number of openings
controlled by valves was suggested. Owing to the lack of time
and means it was necessary to discontinue the work. The
matter was subsequently taken up by Mr. Singer and Dunmore
of the Mechanical Department, and completed satisfactorily.
EFFECTS OF INCREASED LOAD.
Ob.ject; Reference to several trade catalogues and engineering
magazines brought out the fact that the average composition ofsuction producer gas is considerably higher in combustible
constituents than that which was being foiand here The actual
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- IS -
: -A." ^ ' rr^i' ot betBotnismrro nt ciriT .3f)l3.t)Lro e-' a tJ "io
rft "^-c b^d I^-^iLflt 9ff>t rr^wcTrfJ- osaq ^ewm lie 3ri.t i-aal^oqjav erii
oalB le-fd'frxoe grfP .eofBialaer li-MJtr ^.tef*^ i'.t -^'i^rfw 'i oitBtsneg
,i)eioonr-;oo T.^'^'il-ii/pe -orf. riLfw ,^oK .eonjetaisa-i swcs bio^?'
^>!+ 'iJl" .13:^J3'.7 9xft ^o 305'^ijj-a orfj- brLB leTco les.^Xja.r-po erii
r ; ff ^ 9i!)fanx 9jrf;t no letijw erfct T:o eOiS^fTiri t^di rto G'"x^'-;-':etq
erii T:o it.8q A .iberis ^I-fJa*3^ asw 3ii.r.tirf ^Iljjpa I.^tiu T'^cfmarfn arlt
erf;?- rre/fV .'^^ll.swpe orft y*^ qv ne^a:? gi/rf^ 3jbw JtjBib
ffofiv iB.^iiBq ^lom o.t 5ae 9?rciJ''3 aJ-1 ^c brts orI;f baifoji9i
laoJ-tod' erfd^ ta +iro b93sq xLJsi.f^Bf^, led-jsw 9i!cf ,?)'?^f3e^o ^nJtecf
'-;'r.sv/ 8rfj- j-o^?: eri.t *'-o fd'suotd aenljs^^^:-!
elcf.?. jaT.rrfmoo 'il xedrf.ri \Z6Bi3bi3noo ef =3j33 'xe^.'^^^o^q no-fJ-ojja
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- 22 -
which was nicely illustrated by the fact that the engine gave
an average of 41 explonione per minute instead of 105,as it
would at full load. Considerable dlecusslon was provoked
about the plant as to the advantages of an increased load.
It was finally decided to try the effect of a greater load for
a short period.
Method:- The method used for increasing the load was very
crude, but it was the best that we had at that tirae and place,
A piece of plained scantling about eight feet long was placed ijmder
one of the fly wheels of the engine. One end of this scantling
rested on the floor while the other end rested on a wooden wedge.
By driving +his wedge back or forth the friction on the wheel
could "he adjusted. The increase in load itself could
only be detennined by the num.ber of ex-nlosions in the engine
per minute. This was crude regulation at best, but nothing
better could be obtained. At 10:45 A.M. the engineer
poked the fire and cleaned the grate so that the furnace would be
in good order when all was in readiness for the test.
A sample of the gas was taken iust before the load
was increaped so that any change could be noted. The number
of explosions was counted at 10:57 A.M., and the loads then
increased lAntil at 11:10 the number of explosions was 64,
The load T'-as kept as nearly constant as was possible by the
means employed. The number and time of the explosions were
noted at irregular intervals. The run was continued until
11:!?P. Three samples of the ras were taken.
The actual load was deteri^lred by referring to a curve
developed as a resiilt of a test on this engine by Prof. MacFarland
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DATA. TABLEV.Horoe
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. V 3 J R , . }_ ^ A a
OS *;o OS:XrT '' ----.v ,:r4
OS P^:II
oi ^;^oi;fto^q s lo agJ^aefi erf* tl .fijsol lls/f Liadi aaaJt tol
srft 11- '^fifion QowbsT; c.t rijpjjona 93^J3f 5n .rt5i;o?-3 J-c/t scf Hi:??
'^s:^': v^3ri .tBriJ^ grjsl is tjn; - -irf^ tl ,gOO
r^ .!;.-.: nrl:?- Tro JTtt;oooJB no t^lZarr- ecT IlhT enos noi^oixfeeT -Bfft
CrxG l.t ivcT! .?^ofil'n/?? gaf-:tje ^b,ct orft c* b^:^i3^efIeg i'ssrf lo
=>;'? ' :J-ou';
' i ^IriJ- oirsl b^iitui si --^g oOD "io fmsoms ii.yj-i80
.'-" .ol'-rtr.- ^Af "^o 93d-neoT:eq rftdJ-ioo b ed" ^^^.- > ..Mor ' artcf
LlsM '';i .ifft ftaojj-fjo'iinl ai ^00 to omulov Ts+s^Tg iJ ^Iaef5bcre ^.f
/''ijxo J^.t -: t^f- .noJ^iotrft'^T Jo o^alpteoieq silt ni ggaoiosh a ^r.
: c^pwn. ifTr .i'^.*: elrrrrijBa bos oS-*^ 3lgi^ae u^awj-ad" bonaqqerf tjarfv.
'':"" ;9'viorf ^3 oi 3> DEio'i'i ^IlBnijBtg bstijifi'iors.t '^.'^.o^.i'irArxe 'i--'
f)BrI '^JB^ aiom bTlffJ--o-iO Ijs. ? rrT-: ,OT.:ll bns
erC ,.r :0I j..; ^^'>f/f)sI q.cw ?5^ 01:11 j-.^ ......^ ofijs-i arft nl beoirhQi
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- 24 -
percentage of CO.
In the vaporizer a similar condition exists. The rate
of passage of air carrj'^ir.g away eteam is suddenly increased
while the heat imparted to It "by the hot gases does not increase
in the same ratio, much of the heat of the hot gases "being
taken up in warming the upper zone of the generator. This
means a decrease In the supply of steam and hence less hydrogen.
After a short time, however, the generator became
heated to what might be termed the normal temperature for that
load and the reduction of COg increases as well as the pro-duction of hydrogen. In sample #36 there is a slip-ht increase
in OO2 and a corresponding decrease in CO. Hydrogen is higher.
The change is only two-tenths of one percent. It may be
due to the increased cooling effect of the increase in steam
to produce the increase in hydrogen shown. The heat values
increase.
The relation between changes of the gases is shown
in the form of curves in blue print. Time is shown as
abscissa and percent gas as ordinates. Acurve is shown
for heat values. The ordinates should be multiplied by ten to
get the respective B.t.u. per ctibic foot. Attention is called
to the decrease in the combustible constituents at first and
then to their gradual increase. The same can be said for
the heat curve while for the COg curve, the reverse is true.
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.00 *?:' '-'" ^ ^'eoieq
..c; : -ifTI' ... ; - ., ...?: tlhnoo "XiiliEiis a issx'rr.^'Gv --.rC:' ..i
j?uaiorri tea ac^ojb aesrg ^off eri:^ x*^ ti oJ bei-i.qrr.l i^ei* nifii gXxffw.-
-- forT ef)?i53 >torf erf* 1o +-.erf ^jtfJ- T:o riojr' ,.-i:tBT: em^.a 3ff+ rrl
:j;ffT .tGj^'i?';T3') :?rf;l- "^c irros "i3x.f-" r; ^.f eTorfJ- 35% arrrmaa nl .ne^cTbYrf ^o ^oiJou^
-: ^e fl ,.trfenT9q eno lo ariJ-no^-owi x^^-o si agnBffo erfT
"*
:'".l erf:* |'; *3^^e ^ntlooo ftof^^s'i-.'ii arti oi ojjb
.-"TrorfG :: 1 sesfig etfi ^o ae:^nfio rfd'^wtac' nold"B/eT orlT
a r.'wo.'^a Hi emlT , .+rri'Tq ul'^ rtJ: savtuo '^'o raT:c"t ^ffJ^ ni
...i- ;;-'^ -^J 'bellqftlutn odT '^lijoffa L^eJonlbTo srfT .r^Btrfsv i^sr^ci id's
bsll^o .'i.f: nclon9.'-JA .not olrSuso 'leq .jj-.:f,a -rlJ-e.n-B9T r.di^ ^eg
tol bt&e on oeo eiies eifT ,3a'=)ioni: IJ3lrbiB^3 ilsrf* oi nerf:f
.'.mJ- -^1 ^aieve-^ ?lft ,ovii;o 5OO .^iffj- ^q'^ oZtftrr ovxtr? Jaerf erid'
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Conclusions; - The first tendency of an increaped load,
especially a suddenly increased one, is to reduce the heating
constituents of the gas. The increased load will, in a few
minutes, increase the strength of the gas due to the additional
heat generated.
The duration and suddenness of load change of the
above test was not great. The writer has since had part
in a test (for which the data cannot "be given here) in v/hich
the increase was sudden from one third to full load. Several
ether teste were niade, not so great in suddenness. The
result in each instance was similar to that here obtained,
SUMMARY .
Effect of Scrubber. - The scrubber was found to absorb COg to
a greater extent than it did the other constituents. An
extended study of its effects i^ith varying quantities of water
on the composition of the gas and on the percent of ash and
dust left in the gas should be made.
Effect of Tending Furnace ;- The effect of tending the furnace
is injurious for a short time, but usually improves the gas after
a few minutes. No two manufacturers build their gas producers
alike, and no two engineers will tend the same producer exactly
alike, so that the field for investigation here is extensive.
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Study of Di- aft E q ualiz er; This study was intended rterely to
determine whether or not a certain idea was priecticable. It
was found to be practical and was subsequently completed
.
Some makers claim that a draft equalizer is not beneficial
to the gas. This could be determined by a series of tests
similar to those here made.
Effect of Incre ased Load ;- In this case the increase of load
was injurious for a few minutes, but finally increased the
value of the ras. This is true in general. In practice
the load on an engine is of ton suddenly increased from a light
load to full load. In such cases there is danger of stopping
the engine on account of temporarily weakening the gas. There
is an extensive field for investigation in this direction.
In conclusion, this work is indebted to
Helon Brooks MacFarle-nd, AsBociate Professor of Mechanics,
Armour Institute of Technology, for many suggestions and murh
valuable information. To Benjamin Ball Freud, Assistant
Professor of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Armour Institute
of Technology, this work is indebted as director.
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,eP>"^ '''lerf r^^offJ' ^ 'isI'
eiorlT .aag erfct ^nins'tfiieT ^ T Hj3ToqnTa.t ^o 'rrrroo^j no flnlsno erit
.'^otr^'^rfooM "to toa?a^o^T'T 9.+jBjrora3A. ^fe-r.-^J^^^OfiM "^t^ooiS jtoXeH
-^ ; :- V.;; 3'~iolo.s9?|?>.f.r.:5 ^rtBrt tot ^-^goIortjfo^T '^'o e^u^ltBrrl tijocttA
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DiAGRA/^ATIC VI^W OF PLANT STUDIED
SNhrEHSUPPLS
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ELEVATION OF DRAFT EaVALlZER
\/&AT VALVE
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TABLE I
c/1 ^ ^1^
3.TU.PBRPERCENT COMPOSITION cubic footSTANDARDPRESSURE.
\lO:i5\lo:z5\
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TABLE nEffect oj^ iencLcng /urvace
TIME OF
OhTE
B.T.U.PBR
PERCENT COMPOSITION cubic footSTANDARDPRESSURE(calculated)
mmamBSEBm^i
' l4\ll:0Z\
" IS' loi loi
9'31 10X0 HJ 7/ 1^ 11^ I3.S si9\/o4\//ommwa^a^i^Mmi^w\
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\ f:^ >o^ 5^ ^
C>^ 5^ ^ ->. Vri
^^ ^ V> v^ -> ^
o31dUIVS
VNiyysBldNVS
dOlMOHJVAIIMOd
y3a33JVNIllU
VNINVBIO
c^ S > W^ -^
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'iSStt''-' ,^'-^*3W,
> ^ ^ c^^ ^ ^ ^'
>^ ^ ^ >icv "^ ^^ ^;
>, N^ >^ >>'^
^ ^ ^
31dU/VS
do uoyjSNI^Od
b3031J
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HI
I J
I
11
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CUF{ VES FOR EFFEC TOFCUN KR
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Curves for increased load
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i
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1
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^ u, ^ 5ft y ., ft,, po-jp^^ij
GENERAL DKTfSBT.UPER EXPLOSIONS MANOMETER TEMPR
P:RCNTCOMPOSlT/Of( CUBICFOOT PERMINUTE READI/VCS c." A'.BA
I1
I I
STAVOARD rZI I I
\STAl?f\i
\QS\lz\l.a \lli\iSC \si.i \iio\
vcuBSCBSwSlmawlSB^BmllBL
lo fjp f3^ f4fp
'op noj j,oj\
TL\o.L\zo.L\
Li,\
i>m^1
0.0 3(^ LU IS So//i "is\ii'-'-\ \ir-'\ II 5s\
13 ' IL 1^' f^^ lO^AlO^A" '\/7.z\0.L\lff\,^.^/.nAln,l\tm\ I
/5-[ . / 7I
^^-^1 94;^ I I
9I
/o ^-|
"7. / I.? n. l \ ir, .1 s% '^ ,n^ im fsi\^
" If i.z\inAii.z loiJ 9z n\io'-\i-3n\ " ll\
I
I
\ll'^-\
n- i'Ji i.Ao.L ^nL\l^Ji\LiOn\inn\ir).ir\ " ll
I
z/^-^iz^^"
Zo "ZO 10^' ii'^- /^..AxqAoL XiUAii i\Li A
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