Name: _______________________________ ________________ Date: ___________ Pe riod # ______Study Guide: Light, Forces, Scientific Method Reflection s Refraction o Light reflects, or bounces, off of smooth and shiny objects o Light ref lects off of mirrors or other smooth and shiny surfaces o Everything that we see reflects some light o The l in reflection is to remind you of a pogo stick that !ounces up and down. o Light refracts, or bends, when it goes though most transparent or translucent objects o The rin refraction can remind you of !endbecause you have to !endyour finger in order to make an r. o Light ref r acts , or bends, whe n it goes thro ugh waterIt makes objects in WTE! appear to be in a one place when they are really in another. "E#$ fish in water% pencil appears bent, or broken, in water because the light is being refracted. o Light ref r acts , or bends, whe n it goes thro ugh lenses &" lens !ends' E#$ cameras, glasses, telescopes, microscopes, prisms larity o $rans%arent$ Light goes through clearly o E#$ (iploc bag, window, clear glass, lenses o $ranslucent$ Light goes partially through it. o E#$ clouds, plastic grocery bags, o &%a'ue$ light cannot go though it at all. o E#$ door, wood, metal, floor, ceiling, ball, Forces and Motion Forces • forceis a %ushor a %ullthat causes and object to move, stop, or change directions. • Magnetismis a %ulling forceof a magnet to iron, nickel and cobalt. • Gra(ity is a %ulling forcetowards the object that has the greatest mass. o E#. The earth)s gravity pulls us to the ground. • Friction is a force caused from ru!!ingobjects together. o E#$ There is friction between the wheels of a tire and the ground *The greater the mass of an object, the more gravity it will have. • E#$ The sun has more gravity than the earth because it has more mass *The greater the mass of an object, the more force re+uired to move it. • It will take more force to move something that is --g than to move something that is -g. *The more friction an object has the less distance it will go/ The less friction an object has, the farther it will go. • E#$smooth surface has less friction, so an object will go fartherScientific Method • Pro!lem)*uestion: What you are trying to find out by doing an e#periment. • +y%othesis: n educated guess based on previous observations and 0or research • aria!le: The one thing in the e#periment that you change. It is that is being tested. o 1or e#ample, if you are trying to test which surface will cause the most friction, then the variable will be the type of surfaces. • ontrol: Everything in an e#periment that stays the same. o 1or e#ample, if you are trying to test which surface will cause the most friction, then the controls will be the height of the ramp, the object going down the ramp, the procedure for measuring the distance rolled, etc. • Data: Informationthat is collected during an e#periment. • onclusion: What you learn based on your results Light that is absorbed Light that is transmitted
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o E#$ (iploc bag, window, clear glass, lenseso $ranslucent$ Light goes partially through it.
o E#$ clouds, plastic grocery bags,
o &%a'ue$ light cannot go though it at all.
o E#$ door, wood, metal, floor, ceiling, ball,
Forces and Motion
Forces
• force is a %ush or a %ull that causes and object to move, stop, or change directions.
• Magnetism is a %ulling force of a magnet to iron, nickel and cobalt.
• Gra(ity is a %ulling force towards the object that has the greatest mass.
o E#. The earth)s gravity pulls us to the ground.
•
Friction is a force caused from ru!!ing objects together.o E#$ There is friction between the wheels of a tire and the ground
*The greater the mass of an object, the more gravity it will have.
• E#$ The sun has more gravity than the earth because it has more mass
*The greater the mass of an object, the more force re+uired to move it.
• It will take more force to move something that is --g than to move something that is -g.
*The more friction an object has the less distance it will go/ The less friction an object has, the farther it will go.
• E#$ smooth surface has less friction, so an object will go farther
Scientific Method
• Pro!lem)*uestion: What you are trying to find out by doing an e#periment.• +y%othesis: n educated guess based on previous observations and 0or research
• aria!le: The one thing in the e#periment that you change. It is that is being tested.
o 1or e#ample, if you are trying to test which surface will cause the most friction, then the variable will be the type of
surfaces.
• ontrol: Everything in an e#periment that stays the same.
o 1or e#ample, if you are trying to test which surface will cause the most friction, then the controls will be the height
of the ramp, the object going down the ramp, the procedure for measuring the distance rolled, etc.
• Data: Information that is collected during an e#periment.
onstructi(e forces build up the land. "4eposition is a constructive force%
Destructi(e forces tear down the land. "Weathering is a destructive force%.
• -arth'ua4es can change the surface of the land suddenly. They are the violent shaking of the Earth)s
crust and occur as a result of the shifting of tectonic plates along a fault line. The EarthCs crust is like a
huge jigsaw pu77le with pieces of different shapes and si7es fitting into each other perfectly. These pieces
are called tectonic plates. The movement of the tectonic plates is of two main types ? con(ergent "towards
each other% and di(ergent "away from each other%. Earth+uakes can cause the following$
• Landslides are the collapse of part of a mountainside or cliff. • "(alanche is the downhill fall of sno/ from a mountainside.
• $sunamis are huge destructive ocean waves caused by underwater earth+uakes.
• :onvergent earth+uakes can raise the land and after a long time they can form mountains.
• olcanic eru%tions can also cause +uick changes to the earth)s surface. Dolcanoes are formed from an
opening in the earth)s crust that allows molten rock, magma, to come through. When the magma reaches
the earth)s surface is it called lava. Lava can be a constructive by hardening and forming new land, but itcan also be destructive because it destroys everything it its path.
Name: __________________________________________ Date: __________________ Period #: ________
Study Guide
Weather
• eather is the condition of the atmos%here outside at a %articular time.
• Weather may consist of high and low temperatures, amount of precipitation, wind speed and direction,
and sky conditions.
• +igh air %ressure is cooler, more dense, air. Bn a weather map, the + is blue to represent cooler air.
o reas with high air pressure will have a sunny sky because cooler areas have less evaporation
and, conse+uently, less condensation to form clouds.
• Lo/ air %ressure is warmer, less dense, air. Bn a weather map, the L is red to represent /arm air.
o reas with low pressure will be cloudy because the warmer temperature will cause more
evaporation and, conse+uently, more condensation to form clouds.
• ind, moving air, is created because air masses move from areas of warmer, high pressure to areas of
cooler, low pressure. ":aused by the uneven heating of the earth)s atmosphere%
• +umidity is the amount of /ater (a%or in the air.
o The water vapor enters the air by evaporation. Therefore, warmer areas that have water, such asthe coast, will be more humid than areas that are cooler or that do not have much water, such asthe desert.
This shows the weather because it specifies the
conditions of the atmosphere on particular days. • cold front is a warm?cold air boundary with the colder air
replacing the warmer.
• /arm front is the boundary between warm and cool "or cold%
air when the warm air is replacing the cold air.
• Each of the fronts point in the direction that they are going in.
Po%ulation: all the organisms that live in the same place at the same time.
ommunity: 5opulations that live in the same place at the same time
-cosystem: all the living and nonliving elements that interact with each other in an environment.
3iome$ a very large area with a certain kind of climate and certain kinds of organisms living there.
3ios%here$ the thin, life?bearing, outer layer of the Earth)s surface that contains all the biomes.-cology$ the study of how living and nonliving things interact.
-n(ironment: an organism)s surroundings.
+a!itat: the environment where an organism lives
&rganism$ Living things "plants, animals, bacteria, fungi%
Niche: n organism)s role or job "E#$ bee)s niche is to make honey or pollinate flowers%
Producer: an organism that makes its own food "plants%
onsumer$ organism that eats other things "animals%
Primary onsumer: an animal that eats producers. "E#$ herbivores%
Secondary onsumer$ animals that eat primary consumers "E#$ carnivores%
+er!i(ore$ nimals that eat only plants "E#$ rabbits, cows, horses, etc%
arni(ore$ nimals that eat only meat or other animals "E#$ sharks, lions, fo#es%
&mni(ore$ nimals that eat both plants and animals "E#$ humans and bears%
Gra<ers: animals that eat grass "E#$ cows, horses, 7ebras, etc%Prey $ animals that are being hunted "E#$ rabbits are prey to fo#es%
Predators$ animals that are hunting prey. "E#$ ;harks are predators of smaller fish%
Decom%oser: organism that breaks down dead plant or animal matter. "E#$ fungi, bacteria, mushrooms%
Sca(enger: animal that eats dead or decaying matter "E#$ vultures%
Perish: die or suffer complete destruction. "E#$ The rabbit population in the forest perished after the forest fire%
om%etition: two or more organisms competing "fighting% against each other "E#$ grass and trees compete for
sunlight/ cows and horses compete for grass%
System: a group of parts that work together to perform a common function
Relationshi%: a connection between two or more organisms and their involvement with one another.
H Trees lose their leaves in the fallH 4eer, raccoons, small birds
H 9any animals have small bodies so they
can move easily through the brush
H Frown soil
$ro%ical RainforestH eavy rainfall
H :limbing vines
H :olorful birds, monkeys, snakesH Tree frogs have long toes with sticky tips
to help them climb wet trees
H 2ear e+uator
H 1erns and palms
DesertH E#tremely dry
H ;parse grasses
H :actusH 5lants store water in thick leaves.
H !eptiles have tough, scaly skin that
prevents water loss.
H 5lants re+uire little water.
$aigaH :old winters/ short growing season
H Evergreen trees
H Fears, moose, ducks
H wa#y covering protects tree needlesfrom the cold and limits water loss.
H !ains in the summer
H cidic soil
$undraH E#tremely cold, dry
H rctic fo#es, polar bears, migratory birds
H Low shrubs, lichens, no trees rctic fo#es
and other animals grow thick white coatsto blend into the snowy landscape.
H 9eans &marshy'
GrasslandH Temperate climate
H <rasses, both annual and perennial
H ntelope, bison, elephants, prairie dogs
and jack rabbitsH !oots grow just below the surface of the
soil and spread out to take in as much rain
as possible.
hanges in -cosystems
There are many things that can cause changes in ecosystems. Bften these changes are caused by humans. ;uch changes may includethe building of highways, prevention of wild fires, pollution, and building of various manmade structures.
• ;f an animal0s %o%ulation decreases then the population of that animal)s predators will also decrease because they will not
have enough food. owever, the population of what that animal eats will increase because there will not be as many animals
eating it.
• ;f an animal0s %o%ulation increases then the population of the predators of that organism will also increase because they
will have more food to eat. owever, the population of the food that the animals consumes will decrease because there will
be more animals eating it.
• ;f the %o%ulation of a %roducer increases then the population the primary consumers that eat them will increase as well
because there will be plenty of food, and the population of secondary consumers that eat those primary consumers will also
increase because they will be more primary consumers for them to eat.
• ;f the %o%ulation of a %roducer decreases then the population of their consumers will also decrease because they will not
have enough food, and the secondary consumers that eat those primary consumers will also decrease.
• 5lants and animals depend on each other for survival.
Plants release o7ygen which animals need to survive,
and animals e7hale car!on dio7ide which plants need
during the process of photosynthesis to create their ownfood.
• The burning of fossil fuels and other wastes also e#pels
carbon dio#ide in the air. "E#$ factory pollution% 5lants use water, sunlight and carbon dio#ide
during photosynthesis to create their own food."They take in carbon dio#ide and release o#ygen.
• "ll food chains and food /e!s !egin /ith energy
from the sun. 5roducers use the sun)s energy in the
process of photosynthesis.
• The arro/s re%resent the direction of the flo/ of
energy. They always point to what is eating them.Fecause producers get their energy from the sun, thenthe arrow will point from the sun to the producer
because the energy is flowing from the sun to the
producer.• Bnce the primary consumer or herbivore eats the
producer, then the energy from the producer is thentransferred to the primary consumer. The arrow will
be pointed from the producer to the primary consumer.
• When the primary consumer eats the secondary
consumer, the energy from the secondary consumer isthen transferred to the primary consumer. Therefore,
the arrow will be pointing from the primary consumerto the secondary consumer because the energy flowsfrom the primary to the secondary consumer.
• 4ecomposers can break down the dead plants and
animals and can be found at any part of the food chainor food web.
In the food chain above you can see thatdecomposers break down the dead hawk causing the
soil to receive more nutrients which help producers
grow.
Fy looking at a food web, you can
determine which animals eat what and
1rom the food web above, you can determinemice, grasshoppers, and rabbits all compete