Study Guide Canadian Geography 1202-2

2013 Final Exam Study Guide Canadian Geography 1202

OVERVIEW OF COURSE:https://www.k12pl.nl.ca/curriculum/10-12/social-studies/can-geog-1202/program-overview.htmlUNIT 1 Natural and Human SystemsUNIT 2 Human Population Issues in Canadian GeographyUNIT 3 Economic Issues in Canadian GeographyUNIT 4 Global Issues in Canadian GeographyREVIEW OF SYSTEMS THINKING

WHAT LACK OF SYSTEMS THINKING IS?

It is not infrequent when you will find people giving more importance and attention to the 'parts' that they alone are concerned with, while not realizing that their 'part' is indeed a part of a larger system. See cartoon below. The perils of failing to adopt a 'systems view' in this case are obvious. The boat will sink, inevitably.

What is Systems Thinking? (Read text page 69)Systems Thinking is the belief that the different parts that make up a system can best be understood by looking at them in relation to each other and to other systems, rather than in isolation. SYSTEMS THINKING HELPS US UNDERSTAND HOW NATURAL AND HUMAN SYSTEMS INTERRELATE AND INFLUENCE EACH OTHERUNIT 1 NATURAL AND HUMAN SYSTEMS

TERMSFOCUS YOUR STUDIES ON YOUR TEXT ENCOUNTER CANADA QUESTIONS/UNDERSTANDING

Natural Systems

BLAH

Biosphere

Lithosphere

Atmosphere

HydrosphereTEXT PAGES 46-57Identify and describe each natural system?Using a specific example, explain how natural systems interact with one another?Given a natural event, describe its impact onall natural systems?

For example how has Hurricane Sandy (2012) impacted natural systems? NATURAL SYSTEMS INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER AND ARE INTERDEPENDENT.

Human Systems

CITEECommunication

Infrastructure

Transportation

Energy

EconomicTEXT PAGES 58-63

TEXT PAGES 370-381Identify and describe each human system?

HUMANS HAVE DEVELOPED SYSTEMS TO MEET OUR NEEDS AND WANTS.

Explain how systems thinking may be used to understand interactions between natural systems and human systems?

System Thinking

Sustainable

ClimateVegetation

Water

Soil

Ecological Foot PrintTEXT PAGES 64-75

TEXT PAGES 76-99

SYSTEMS THINKING HELPS US UNDERSTAND HOW NATURAL AND HUMAN SYSTEMS INTERRELATE AND INFLUENCE EACH OTHER.How does human activity influence natural systems?

How can humans meet their needs and wants in a sustainable way?

Identify and describe the interactions between human and natural systems?

Identify and describe the causes and consequences of interactions between human and natural systems?

What influence would a particular action have on natural systems?

What influence would the same action have on humans systems?

PART ONE UNIT 2 HUMAN POPULATION ISSSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY TERMSTEXT ENCOUNTER CANADAUNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Ecozones

Natural Features (land forms, water forms, climate, soil, vegetation, wildlife)

Human Features (infrastructure)

EcosystemsTransition ZoneTEXT PAGES 100-109

CANADA CONTAINS MANY DIVERSE ECOZONES.Ecozones are multi-factor regions and can be described in terms of natural features and sometimes include human features.

Ecozones are a function of varied interactions among factors such as climate, soil, vegetation and water

Ecozones vary in terms of biodiversity; and contain a variety of ecosystems and have boundaries and transitional areas.

Terrestrial

Marine

Montane Cordillera

Prairie

Boreal Shield

Mixedwood Plains

Southern Arctic

AtlanticTEXT PAGES 110-153

Canada contains 20 ecozones:(15 terrestrial and 5 marine)What are the main features of each ecozone?

How is each ecozone similar to and different from each other?

Why might all ecozones be equally important?

Which ecozone do you live?

What are the benefits and challenges of living in each ecozone?

Needs

Wants

Human activity includes resource use, settlement, communication, transportation and recreation.

StakeholdersSustainabilityTEXT PAGES 110-153

NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES SOMETIMES RESULT FROM HUMAN-ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION. THEREFORE, INDIVIDUUALS MUST ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY AND WORK TO MINIMIZE ADVERS EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT.

How do humans use resources to meet their needs and wants?How do ecozones influence human activity?

How does human activity affect ecozones?

How do we know the influence that human activity has on an ecozone?Are there examples of better of better ways for humans to continue to meet their needs and wants while having a smaller ecological footprint? Explain.

Why do some individuals make more environmentally conscientious decisions than others? What policies should governments enact to help create a more sustainable future? Should individuals be held accountable for making choices that have highly negative environmental consequences? Explain

PART TWO UNIT 2 HUMAN POPULATION ISSSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY TERMSTEXT ENCOUNTER CANADAUNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Demography

Natural Change

Natural Increase

Natural Decrease

Net Migration

Actual Change (AC)

Population Pyramids

TEXT PAGES 168-181

Demography is the numerical study of the characteristics, trends and issues of population.

Natural Change = Births - Deaths

Natural Increase = More Births than Deaths

Natural Decrease = More Deaths than Births

Net Migration = Immigration - Emigration

AC = (Births + Immigrants) (Deaths+ Emigrants)

Expanding Population Pyramids

Very High Birth Rate = broad baseVery High Death Rate = sharp taperShort Life Expectancy = narrow top

High Birth Rate = broad base

High Death Rate = thicker middle

Slightly longer Life Expectancy = widening top

Stationary Population Pyramid

Low Birth Rate = narrow baseLow Death Rate = broadening top

Longer Life Expectancy = wider top

Contracting Population Pyramid

Low Birth Rate = even narrower baseLow Death Rate = broad top

Longer Life Expectancy = wider top

Population

Population Density

Population Distribution

TEXT PAGES 156-167TEXT PAGES 182-195

Demographic information is important because it is used to identify trends and issues that will affect Canadians.Identify ways in which various human and natural systems, such as economic, infrastructure, transportation, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere might be affected by changes in population?

Migration

Immigration(In-migration)Emigration (Out-migration)

TEXT PAGES 182-195

Canadas population has increased and has become more diverse over time. This has had consequences for both natural and human systems.

Why do people migrate?

Know the tipping/turning points of how Canada was first populated and how that has changed over time. Start with indigenous peoples, trans Atlantic migration (1500-1900), and immigration since 1900. This knowledge needs to be brief and should briefly highlight when and who came, why they came and where they settled.Who lived in Canada at various points in its history? What are some of the push-pull factors related to the peopling of Canada? What were some of the common characteristics of each major settlement pattern?

What has been the effect of each successive wave of migration to Canada? How has settlement impacted Natural and Human systems such as infrastructure needs, economic needs, interactions with other groups, settlement patterns, and effects on lithosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere at various times? What impact does increased migration have on natural and human systems?

Canada has a complex population dynamic that will pose challenges and opportunities in the future.

Issues Analysis Model

RefugeesTEXT PAGES 34-37TEXT PAGE 69

Issues from this section of Unit 2 include:

Canadas graying population (aging population)

Canadas declining birth rate

Canada has a shortage of workers in particular sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary)

Arrival of refugees to Canada

Canadas population distribution

Consider the impact that these issues have on the Natural and Human systems of Canada and what this may mean for future generations.

An Issues Analysis Model examines an issue using the following criteria.

1.) Describe the issue, including who is affected, and how they are affected2.) Identify the factors causing the issue

3.) Identify the consequences

4.) Propose possible responses

5.) Establish criteria as a basis for assessing possible responses

6.) Evaluate possible responses in light of criteria established in step five above, identifying strengths and limitations

7.) Identify a preferred response based on criteria

Urban area

Rural areaCensus Metropolitan Area (CMAs)

Urbanization

UrbanizationResource-based Communities

TEXT PAGES 196-207

TEXT PAGES 348-369

TEXT PAGES 208-235

Most Canadians live in urban centers located mainly in Southern regions. This is largely due to climate, employment, resources and services.

What areas of Canada have the highest/lowest populations?What factors are most significant in determining where people decide to live?Is it better to live in a region with high or low population? Why?

What are some of the positive/negative effects of urbanization?

Urban life has both challenges and opportunities.Know some of the issues affecting urban areas: Service availability (infrastructure, communication and transportation linkages, human resources)

Population concerns (poverty, crowding and employment)

Environmental impact (pollution, loss of arable land)

Quality of life (green spaces, crime, standard of living)

If you were a city planner, how could the issues listed above be improved?

Life in rural areas has a variety of challenges and opportunities.Know some of the issues affecting rural areas:

Service availability (maintaining infrastructure, and providing medical services)

Population concerns (declining Tax base)

Environmental impact (impact of resource activities)

Quality of life (pace of life)

Is it better to live in an urban center or a rural center? Why?

PART ONE UNIT 3 ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHY

TERMSTEXT ENCOUNTER CANADAUNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

EconomicsScarcity

Opportunity Cost

Supply Demand

Price

Trade

Imports

Exports

Balance of Trade (Imports Exports)Specialization

Economic Diversification

Primary Sector

Secondary Sector

Tertiary Sector

Quaternary Sector

Quinary SectorTEXT PAGES 351-363

TEXT PAGES 236-249

Economic geography is important because it helps make better decisions around the production, distribution, and consumption of goods, and services that fulfill peoples needs and wants.

Economics is the study of how individuals and societies use their limited resources to meet their unlimited needs and wants. We have unlimited wants and scarce resources. Four Categories of Scarce resources: Land (Raw Materials, Natural Resources, Air, Water), Labor -Human Capital (Human Knowledge, Skills, Workers Willing and Able to Perform a Job), Physical Capital, (Machines, Factories, Equipment) and Entrepreneurship (Someone willing to take a risk and start a business).Our unlimited wants out weigh the resources available which make all levels of society make decisions.

When decisions are made there is always a cost involved. This is often referred to as an Opportunity Cost. Opportunity Cost is the value of what you must give up when you make a particular choice. How societies make decisions from limited resources to meet their societal goals and answer the 3 key economic questions: What to produce? How to produce it? Who is going to consume the good/How is it allocated? Societal Goals- Efficiency, Growth, Security, Equality, Freedom.DEMAND IS THE CONSUMERS WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY TO BUY.

SUPPLY IS THE PRODUCERS WILLINGNESS AND ABILITY TO SELL.

WHAT CAUSES THE CONSUMERS DEMAND FOR A GOOD OR SERVICE TO CHANGE? ACRONYM (TRIPE): Tastes (Preferences), Related Goods (Substitutes), Income of Consumers, Population, Expectations.WHAT CAUSES A CHANGE IN THE PRODUCERS ABILITY TO SUPPLY AN ITEM? ACRONYM (NICEPP): Natural/ Manmade Phenomenon, Input Cost, Competition, Expectations, Profitability of alternative goods in supply, Profitability of goods in joint-supply.Law of Demand states that as the price rises, the quantity demanded falls (decreases) and as price falls, the quantity demanded rises (increases).

Law of Supply states that as the price rises, the quantity supplied rises (increases), and as price falls, the quantity supplied falls (decreases).

What are examples of economic activities in your community?Why has demand for some products increased, while demand for others has decreased?

How does increased supply affect price?

How does a change in economic activity impact a community?

Which economic sector is most important for NL?

Should Canada import fewer products and increase local/national production?

PART TWO - UNIT 3 ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHYTHE USE OF ENERGY RESOURCES

TERMSTEXT ENCOUNTER CANADAUNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Energy Resources

Renewable Resource

Nonrenewable Resource

Flow Resource

GDP

Stakeholders

SustainableTEXT PAGES 250-311

TEXT PAGES 312-327

Because of our dependence on natural resources it is important that we use these resources in a way that meets our current needs without jeopardizing the future.

Which resources (agriculture, fishery, forestry, mining and water) are most important for each territory and province? Why?

How would Canadian society be different if we no longer had either/or agriculture, fishery, forestry, mining and water?

What impact would the loss of oil and gas have on the economy of Alberta?

Should the wealth generated by a resource in one region be shared with other regions?

What values should be used to guide the development/use of resources?

HUMAN SYSTEMS DEPEND ON THE EXPLOITATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES.

Energy resources can be defined as a power source that people can use to do work in order to meet their needs and wants. Energy resources fall into two main categories: renewable and non-renewable.

What are the strengths and limitations of each energy resource (coal, natural gas, hydroelectric, nuclear, solar, tidal and wind power, and geothermal)?What impact does each energy resource have on natural and human systems?

Why is it important to invest in the development of renewable energy resources?

Should humans use energy resources that degrade natural systems?

How can systems thinking be used to understand and improve our way of living on planet Earth?

PART TWO - UNIT 3 ECONOMIC ISSUES IN CANADIAN GEOGRAPHYTHE USE OF ENERGY RESOURCES - CONTINUED

TERMSTEXT ENCOUNTER CANADAUNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

RoyaltyInvestment

Interest

Ecological FootprintTEXT PAGES 312-327

TEXT PAGES 328-347

Energy resources are a significant part of the Canadian Economy.

What is the economic value of the different energy resources within Canada?

From an economic perspective, which energy resources are most valued in the short term and the long term? Why?

100% of royalties from non-renewable energy resources should be invested. Governments should only use the interest from the investment. Take a position for or against this proposition, supporting it with evidence.

Demands for energy resources affect Natural and Human systems.

The increased need for energy over time will impact the following: climate change (global warming), pollution, energy waste and conservation, loss of habitat and resource exhaustion.

Is it better to develop renewable energy resources as opposed to continued use of conventional non-renewable energy resources? Why?

Will Canadas role as an energy producer increase or decrease over the coming decades? Why? How will this influence the lives of Canadians?

What changes can you make in your lifestyle to reduce the size of your footprint? Why is this important?

UNIT 4 GLOBAL ISSUES IN CANADIAN TERMSTEXT ENCOUNTER CANADAUNDERSTANDINGS/NOTES/QUESTIONS

Globalization

Global VillageHuman Development Index (HDI) - life expectancy (longevity), literacy rates (knowledge), Standard of Living (GDP).

Developed World

Developing World

Newly Industrialized Countries

TEXT PAGES 382-395

What are the causes of globalization? (Cheap transportation and communication costs).

How does globalization affect Canada?

There are both positive and negative consequences to globalization.

One benefit is that Canadian consumers enjoy lower priced goods and Canadian businesses are able to increase profits.

One negative consequence is Canadian jobs have been lost as manufacturers have moved operations to countries with lower labour costs.

Do the benefits of globalization outweigh the negative consequences? Why?How does quality of life in Canada compare to other countries?

How do Canadas labour costs differ globally?

How has globalization affected people living in developing/ developed countries?

How significant is Canadas contribution to the global village?

Is globalization exploiting less developed countries?

Is Canada making a meaningful contribution to the global village? How?

Tourism

Trading PartnersImports

Exports

Peace KeepingHumanitarian Relief

TEXT PAGES 396-417Canada makes significant contributions to the global village.

Why has tourism become such an important aspect of the Canadian economy?Where do Canadas imports come from and where do our exports go?

Do developed countries, such as Canada, have an obligation to assist developing countries?What is Canadas future in the global village?

What does Canada need to do today in order to ensure it has a sustainable future economically, environmentally, and socially?Should Canada focus its efforts more on meeting needs related to short-term crisis or in creating sustainable solutions to complex issues? Why?

Format of Common Assessment Jan 2014Section A:

Human Population Issues in Canadian Geography

30 marks Population (Part 2 of Unit 2) Rural and Urban issues (Part 2 of Unit 2)

Students will read information and answer questions in the space

provided. Students will analyze events, ideas, issues, patterns and trends.

Format:

15 selected response items - 1% each

1 constructed response item - parts (a) 4%, (b) 5%, (c) 6%)

Section B:

Natural and Human Systems

27 marks Natural Systems (Unit 1) Ecozones (Part 1 of Unit 2)

Students will respond personally to an image (from a selection) by

answering accompanying questions in the space provided.

Format:

15 selected response items - 1% each

2 constructed response items parts (a) 6%, (b) 6%

On your final exam you may be given an image that may ask you to identify an issue in an ecozone(s), and describe the perspectives of stakeholders, identify possible responses and advocate a preferred response based on a defined value. Explain how the response will affect the natural and human systems within the ecozone(s). Be able to comment on the limitations or other possible problems created by the response. An issue may include a change in human population, a change in the ecosystem, a change in climate, environmental degradation or exploitation of natural resources.Section C:

Economic Issues in Canadian Geography

43 marks Natural Resources (Unit 3) Energy Resources (Unit 3)Global Issues in Canadian Geography

Globalization (Unit 4)

Students will read an article and three primary sources to answer

questions in the space provided. Students will explore and resolve

significant questions.

Format:

20 selected response items 1% each 12 from Natural/Energy

Resources, 8 from Globalization 3 constructed responses

Natural/Energy Resources 14% - parts (a) 4%, (b) 4%, (c) 6% and

Globalization 9% or two questions at 6% and 3%