STUDY ON THE ASSESSMENT OF ROMANIAN WASTE MARKET May 2017
STUDYONTHEASSESSMENTOFROMANIAN
WASTEMARKET
May2017
Documentcontrolsheet
Client: InnovationNorway,Akersgt.13,0104Oslo,Norway
Project: -
ContractReference: No3/20.02.2017
Title: StudyontheassessmentofRomanianwastemarket
Preparedby Reviewedby
CONTROLAND
REVISION
OanaMușuroaea
MunicipalwasteexpertAlinaOberdörfer
PackagingwasteexpertVasileMușuroaea
CDWandindustrialwasteexpert
OanaMușuroaea
Municipalwasteexpert
DRAFTVERSION 17.03.2017 21.03.2017
FINALVERSION 27.04.2017 02.05.2017
ABBREVIATIONSLIST
AEF AdministrationoftheEnvironmentalFund
ANRSC TheNationalAuthorityRegulatingPublicCommunityServices
ATUs AdministrativeTerritorialUnits
BAT Bestavailabletechniques
BAT-AEL BAT-associatedemissionlevels
CDW Constructionanddemolitionwaste
EG EnvironmentalGuard
ELV EmissionLimitValue
EPR ExtendedProducerResponsibilityforpackaging
EU28 MemberStatesoftheEuropeanUnion
IED IndustrialEmissionsDirective
IWMS IntegratedWasteManagementSystem
LEPAs LocalEnvironmentalProtectionAgencies
LPAs LocalPublicAuthorities
LIOP LargeInfrastructureOperationalProgramme
MoE MinistryofEnvironment
MBT Mechanicalbiologicaltreatment
NEPA NationalEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
NWMP NationalWasteManagementPlan
PAC PublicAmenityCenters
PAYT ‘Pay-as-you-throw’systems
PRO ProducerResponsibilityOrganisation
UCO UsedCookedOil
WEEE WasteElectricalandElectronicalEquipment
WWTP WasteWaterTreatmentPlant
TABLEOFCONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................2
2. ANALYSISOFTHEWASTEMARKETINROMANIA......................................................................2
2.1 MUNICIPALWASTE...................................................................................................................3
2.2 USEDCOOKEDOIL...................................................................................................................12
2.3 PACKAGINGWASTE.................................................................................................................14
2.4 CONSTRUCTIONANDDEMOLITIONWASTE............................................................................20
2.5 INDUSTRIALWASTE.................................................................................................................26
2.6 HAZARDOUSWASTE................................................................................................................32
2.7 SPECIALSTREAMSOFINDUSTRIALWASTE.............................................................................36
3. NECESSARYRESOURCESFORWASTEMANAGEMENTMARKETDEVELOPING..........................41
4. SPECIALENVIRONMENTALISSUESTHATNEEDTOBESOLVEDINTHENEXT5YEARS..............43
4.1 REHABILITATIONOFCONTAMINATEDSITES...........................................................................43
4.2 WATERQUALITYANDWASTEWATERTREATMENT...............................................................45
5. INSTEADOFACONCLUSION...................................................................................................48
ANNEXES
ANNEX1 Class1licensedmunicipalwastecollectionoperators
ANNEX2 Recyclingoperators
ANNEX3 DataregardingUCOcollectioninRomania
ANNEX4 Hazardouswasteincineratorsandlandfills
ANNEX5 Pictures
LISTOFTABLES
Table1:AmountsofmunicipalwastegeneratedinthelargestcitiesinRomania,2015.......................4Table2:MainobjectivesregardingmunicipalwastemanagementinRomania.....................................5Table3:Municipalwasteoperators/installations...................................................................................6Table4:Municipalwastebusinessopportunities.................................................................................11Table5:Usecookedoilwastebusinessopportunities.........................................................................13Table6:Amountofpackagingputonthemarketandtheamountofmanagedpackagingwaste,Romania,2014......................................................................................................................................14Table7:PROsauthorizedtotakeovertheresponsibilityforthemanagementofpackagingwasteon08.03.2017............................................................................................................................................16Table8:Businessopportunitiesforpackagingwaste...........................................................................19Table9:AmountsofCDW,thousandtonnes........................................................................................21Table10:CDWbusinessopportunities.................................................................................................25Table11:Amountsofnon-hazardousindustrialwastegeneratedinRomania,2014..........................26Table12:Businessopportunitiesforindustrialwaste(non-hazardous)..............................................30Table13:Businessopportunitiesforhazardouswaste.........................................................................35Table14:Necessaryresources..............................................................................................................41
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1. INTRODUCTION
The objectives of the present study are theassessment of the Romanianwastemarket formost
important waste streams and of the resources that are necessary (in terms of human resources,
equipment, know-how/methods and services) and the identification of the most pressing
environmentalissuesinRomanianthatneedtobesolvedinthenext5years.
The study will be carried out with the aim to outline any specific gaps in the market that could
representbusinessopportunitiesinthefieldofwaste.
Theinformationusedintheelaborationofthestudyhasbeenmainlypublicinformationfromofficial
reports,EUROSTATdata,andplanningdocuments(seethebibliography).Astheauthoritythatowns
and manages waste management data in Romania (National Environmental Protection Agency -
NEPA) did not provide the requested information, representative quantitative data could not be
providedforsomesituations.
AllthenumbersusedindocumentareinEuropeanformat.
2. ANALYSISOFTHEWASTEMARKETINROMANIA
Thischapterpresentsthefollowingaspectsregardingeachwasteflow:
- The amounts of waste generated and managed at the national level - the latest data
available on theNEPAwebsite (for 2014) and the latest data available on EUROSTATweb
page(for2015)1;
- Themainstakeholders involvedandtheirresponsibilitiesregardingthemanagementofthe
specificwasteflow;
- Themostimportantoperatorsonthemarket(collection,treatment,recycling,recoveryand
disposalactivities);
- Europeanandnationalobjectiveswithregardtowastemanagement;
- Identifying gaps (at the legislative level, as well as regarding the implementation and the
resources);
Basedonthese,businessopportunitieshavebeenidentifiedandassessedattheendofeachsection
1TransmissionofnationaldatatoEurostatisdonewithin18monthsoftheendofthereferenceyear,Manualonwastestatistic,EUROSTAT2010
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2.1 MUNICIPALWASTE
2.1.1 Amountsofgeneratedandmanagedmunicipalwaste
According to theEUROSTATdata [EUROSTAT2015], 4.895million tonnesofmunicipalwastewere
generatedatnationallevelin2015.Thegenerationindicatoris247kg/inhabitant/year,ascompared
totheEU28indicatorof476kg/inhabitant/year.Atnationallevel,sanitationserviceswereprovided
forabout82%ofthepopulation[NWMReport2016].
With regard to the composition of waste, more than half of household waste and similar is bio-
waste,followedbypaper/cardboardandplastic.
Figure1:Compositionofhouseholdwasteandsimilarwaste,2014
Source:Theconsultant’sprocessingofdatabasedon[ARSERomania2017]
Figure2:WastemanagementinRomania,2014
Of the entire amount of generated
municipal waste, around 87% was
treated2-72%waslandfilled(D1),2%
co-incinerated (R1), 6 % materially
recycled (R2, R4-R11), and 7 %
composted (R3, including home-
composted)[EUROSTAT2015].
Source:Consultantprocessingbasedon[EUROSTAT2015]
2Theremaining13%quantityisinstocksorsufferedrecoveryordisposaloperationthatmustnotbereportedtoEUROSTAT(ingeneral,operationsthatpreparethewasteforthedisposal/recoveryoperationorstorageofwastespendinganyofthedisposal/recoveryoperations).
11,3 2,5 12,3 4,9 2,0 56,3 10,7
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0%
Paperandcardboard Metals Plastic Glass Wood Bio-waste Others
72%
2% 6%
7%
13% Landfilled
Co-incinerated
Materiallyrecycled
Composted
Instocks/otheroperations
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Table 1 presents the amounts ofmunicipalwaste generated in the largest cities in Romania. This
estimate draws on the average generation indicator of municipal waste and on number of
inhabitantsineachmunicipality[NISPOP2015].
Table1:AmountsofmunicipalwastegeneratedinthelargestcitiesinRomania,2015
Development
region
Municipality No.ofinhabitants Wastequantity
(t/year)
1 Iasi 359,843 88,881
2 Constanta 318,340 78,630
3 Ploiesti 234,248 57,859
4 Craiova 306,257 75,645
5 Timisoara 333,352 82,338
6 ClujNapoca 321,374 79,379
7 Brasov 290,935 71,861
8 Bucharest 2,108,056 520,690Source:Theconsultant’sestimatebasedon[EUROSTAT2015]and[NISPOP2015]data.
2.1.2 Responsibilitiesregardingmunicipalwastemanagement
Themainstakeholdersinvolvedinmunicipalwastemanagementare:
- Local public authorities (ATUs)3, according to the law, the only responsible for municipal
wastemanagement.Theymaydelegatetheoperationofsanitationservicesonlytocertified
sanitationoperators,ormayoperatethisserviceontheirown;
- Sanitationoperators–providecollectionandtransportactivitiesaswellastheoperationof
municipalwastetreatmentinstallations;
- Otherauthorisedcollectors–collectingmunicipalpackagingwaste;
- TheNationalAuthority Regulating Public Community Services (ANRSC) – authorisation and
controlofsanitationoperators;
- The National and Local Environmental Protection Agencies (NEPA and LEPAs) – authorize
sanitation operators and other collectors, and centralize the waste management data
providedbytheoperators;
- TheEnvironmentalGuard–controlstheactivityoftheoperators;
- TheAdministrationof theEnvironmentalFund (AEF)–collectsenvironmental taxes (in this
case,thetaxforfailuretocomplywiththenationalobjectivetoreducetheamountoflandfill
wastebymeansofrecoveryandrecycling(100LEI/tonne);ATUsareresponsibleformeeting
thisobjective).
3inthecountieswhereintegratedwastemanagementsystemswereorarebeingimplemented(34of42),allATUsusuallybelongtotheIntercommunityDevelopmentAssociation(IDA),whichrepresentstheminrelationwithsanitationoperators.
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2.1.3 Objectivesregardingmunicipalwastemanagement
Inmostcases,theobjectivesregardingmunicipalwastemanagementweresetatthenationallevel
inordertotransposetheCommunityacquis.
Table2:MainobjectivesregardingmunicipalwastemanagementinRomania
No. Objective Currentstatusof
implementation/
achievementof
targets/objectives
Responsible Normativeact
1
Reducingthequantityoflandfilled
biodegradablemunicipalwaste(by65%
until2020)
Thelastavailabledataare
for2010–thequantityof
landfilledBMWwas
reducedby25%
[ARSERomania2011]
Romania
[GD349
2005],
transposes
Directive
1999/31/CE
2
Preparingwastematerialsforre-useand
therecycling(atleastpaper,metal,
plastic,andglassfromhouseholdsand
possiblyfromotheroriginsasfaras
thesewastestreamsaresimilartowaste
fromhouseholds)willbeincreasedtoa
minimumofoverall50%(by2020)
6%in2015
[EUROSTAT2015]ATUs
[L2112011],
transposes
Directive
2008/98/EC
3Increasingthedegreeofenergetic
recovery(atleast15%until2025)
2%in2015
[EUROSTAT2015]Romania [NWMS2014]
4Landfillofonlywastethathasbeen
previouslytreated
5%
[Consultante]Romania [GD3492005]
5Reducingthequantityoflandfill
municipalwasteby15%a(annually)
1%in2015comparing
with2014
[EUROSTAT2015]
Administrative
territorial
units
[GEO196
2005]
The Circular Economy Package, published by EC in December 2015, also includes the proposal to
amendtheframeworkDirective.Thenewlyproposedobjectivesarethefollowing:
- therecyclingofmunicipalwasteshallbeincreasedtoaminimumof55%(byweight)by2025
andtoaminimumof60%(byweight)by2030;
- therecyclingofbio-wasteshallbeincreasedtoaminimumof50%(byweight)by2025and
toaminimumof65%(byweight)by2030.
Romania may obtain five additional years for the attainment of the targets below4. As one can
notice,theintentionistoincreasetheglobalrecyclingratetoaveryhighlevel,andanewtargetis
introducedforrecyclingmunicipalbio-waste,targetwhichisalsoveryhigh.
4 AMemberStatewhichprepared for re-useandrecycling less than20%or landfilledmore than60%of theirmunicipal
wastein2013mayobtainedfiveadditionalyearsfortheattainmentofthetargets.
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2.1.4 Currentsituationofseparatecollectionandmunicipalwastetreatmentplants
Inallthe34countieswhereintegratedwastemanagementprojectshavebeenimplementedorare
beingimplementedrightnow,theinfrastructurefortheseparatecollectionofthefollowingtypesof
recyclable waste was built: paper/cardboard, plastic, metal and glass. Thus, separate collection is
carried out in 3 fractions in 24 counties (paper/cardboard, plastic/metal and glass) in collection
points that aremost commonly equippedwith 1.1m³ containers. In 5 counties (Arad, Sibiu, Dolj,
Covasna,andBraila),recyclablewasteiscollectedbothincollectionpointsaswellasdoor-to-door.
As an exception, in 3 counties (Timiș,Neamț, andArgeș) recyclablewaste is collected together in
certainareas(thesocalleddryfraction)[NWMReport2016].
With regard to the separate collection of household bio-waste, this has been implemented or is
being implemented in11counties inurbanareas (Bihor,Arad,Mures,Sibiu,Valcea,Dolj,Harghita,
Arges,Neamt,Bacau,andVrancea)[NWMReport2016].Householdbio-wasteiscollectedseparately
inordertobecomposted.
Furthermore, waste management installations per each activity and the largest players on the
marketwillbepresented.
Table3:Municipalwasteoperators/installations
No.
Waste
management
activity
No.ofoperators/installationsandtotal
capacityComments
1Collection
andtransfer
- 345wastecollectors,ofwhich35haveaclass1license5(presentedinAnnex
1)
- 129transferstations
- Outofthe129transferstations,51arecurrentlyoperating,and78areindifferent
construction/awardingtheoperation
contractstages.
2 Sorting
- 94sortingstationsarecurrentlyoperating,withatotalcapacityof
about2.4milliont/year
- 43sortingstations,whosetotalcapacityisabout0.84milliont/year,
areindifferentconstruction
/awardingtheoperationcontract
stages.
- 9%ofthetotalsortingcapacityinoperationconsistsinsortinginstallations
forseparatelycollectedrecyclablewaste,
whiletheotherssortmixedwaste.
- the43sortingstationsthataren’toperatingyethavebeendesignedonlyfor
sortingseparatelycollectedrecyclable
waste.
3 Composting
- 26compostingstationsandplatforms
inoperation,whosetotalcapacityis
about0.19milliont/year;
- 18compostingstations,whosetotal
capacityisabout0.2milliont/year,
areindifferentconstruction
/awardingtheoperationcontract
stages;
Thetotalcurrentcompostingcapacityatthe
nationallevelisabout10%ofthequantityof
biodegradablewastethatisestimatedto
havebeengeneratedin2014.
4Mechanical
biological
- 2MBTinstallationsareoperating,
whosetotalcapacityisabout0.12
ThetotalcurrentMBTcapacityatthe
nationallevelisabout30%ofthequantityof
5Class1licenseisobtainedforsanitationoperatorsservingover300,000inhabitants.
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No.
Waste
management
activity
No.ofoperators/installationsandtotal
capacityComments
treatment milliont/year;
- 16MBTinstallations,whosetotal
capacityisabout1.4milliont/year,
areindifferentconstruction
/awardingtheoperationcontract
stages.
municipalwastegeneratedin2014.
5 Landfilling
- 35landfillsinoperation,whoseavailablecapacityattheendof2014
wasabout13millionm³;
- 18landfillsareindifferentconstruction/awardingtheoperation
contractstages.
Source:TheConsultant,basedonthe[NWMReport2016]and[ANRSC2016]data.
Therearenoanaerobicdigestioninstallations6formunicipalbio-waste.
With regard to recycling and recovery ofmunicipalwaste, according to the data in [NWMReport
2016],thereareabout800municipalwasterecycling/recoveryauthorisedcompaniesatthenational
level (including preparation for recycling/recovery) in addition to the operators of the previously
mentionedinstallations.
Thecurrentrecyclingcapacitiesatthenationallevelare[NWMReport2016]:
- paperandcardboard–about665,000t/year(ECOPAPERS.A.Zărnești,AMBROS.A.Suceava,
VrancartS.A.Adjud,COMCEHS.A.Călărași,PETROCARTS.A.PiatraNeamț);
- plastic–about284,000t/yearofwhich134,000t/yearforPETwaste,and150,000t/yearfor
otherplasticwaste(someofthemostimportantrecyclingcompaniesarepresentedinAnnex
2);
- metal – about 2,700,000 t/year, of which about 2,500,000 t/year for ferrous waste, and
about 200,000 t/year for non-ferrous waste (some of the most important recycling
companiesarepresentedinAnnex2);
- glass–about122,000 t/year (treatment inviewof recycling - SCGreenGlassRecyclingSRL
PopestiLeordeni,SCTCROMGLASSSRLBucharest),andabout35,000t/year(finalrecycling-
SCSTIROMSABucharest)-therecyclingcapacityisalsousedfortherecyclingofglasswaste
resultedfromtheownproductionprocess).
Thereisenoughrecyclingcapacityforpaperandcardboardwasteascomparedtothequantitythat
should be collected separately in order to reach the 50% preparation for recovery and recycling
target for municipal waste in 2020. However, for plastic and glass waste, the current recycling
capacityistheoreticallynotenoughascomparedtothequantitythatshouldbecollectedseparately
6 Anaerobicdigestionprocessesseparatecollectedmunicipalbio-waste,intogastobeusedforheatingandpower.Theresulteddigestate,isrichinnutrientsandcanbeusedasafertilizer.
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in order to reach the 50% target.Nevertheless, recycling capacities have developed in correlation
with the quantities of separately collected recyclable waste and the quantity of recycled waste,
whichisverylowatpresent.Thus,thecurrentrecyclingcapacityismuchlargerthanthequantitiesof
separatelycollectedrecyclablemunicipalwaste.
Withregardtotheenergeticrecoveryofwaste,accordingtothe[NWMReport2016]data,thereare
7 cement factories at thenational level that are authorized for co-incinerationofwaste, including
municipalwaste.ThesebelongtoCRHRomania,HeidelbergCementRomania,andHolcimRomania.
Thetotalcurrentprocessingcapacityatthelevelof2016isabout1.1milliontonnes.Themaintypes
ofwastethatcanbeco-incineratedaresortedmunicipalwaste,RDF,usedtyres,oilsandoilywaste,
aswellashazardousandnon-hazardousindustrialwaste.
2.1.5 Financialaspects
Themunicipal waste management tariffs are established andmodified by means of order of the
presidentofANRSC7.Thus,basedonasubstantiationnote, (which includesall thecosts related to
theservice),theoperatorproposesatariff(usuallybasedonacompetitiveprocedure).Thistariffcan
bechangedoradjustedonlyinaccordancewiththetermssetforwardbythenormativeact.
ThePolluterPaysPrincipleappliestousersofsanitationservices,domesticandnon-domesticusers,
paying for the service rendered.ATUspay for street cleaning services and for themaintenanceof
parks/gardensandgreenareasonthepublicdomain.
Theusersoftheservice(domesticandnon-domestic)paytheequivalentamountofmoneyforthe
servicetothecollectionandtransportoperator(iffinancedfromthetariff),ortheypaytoATUs(if
financed from the tax). The tariff/tax covers all the operations from collection and transport to
treatmentanddisposal. Inthecurrentpractice, inmostcases,therevenuesresultingfromsalesof
recyclable waste are not included in the tariff calculation, and they remain as profit for the
operators.
Differenttariffsareusedfordomesticandnon-domesticusers.Thus, tariffsperpersonandmonth
are used for domestic users,while for other non-domestic users, the tariff ismostly set per cubic
metre.
Operationsactivitiesintransferstations,sortingstations,compostingstations,mechanicalbiological
treatment stations, aswell as the landfill operationareusually invoicedby thoseoperators to the
collectionandtransportoperator.
The tariffs that are currently used in Romania by collection and transport operators for domestic
users (the population) vary between 1.5 lei – 13 lei/person/month. Tariffs for non-domestic users
varybetween22–383lei/m³(withoutVAT).Tariffsfortheoperationoftransferstationsare80-90
lei/tonne on average. Tariffs for sorting stations vary between 44 - 95 lei/tonne. Tariffs for
compostingstationsvarybetween53-115lei/tonne,andthoseforMBTinstallationsare68lei/tonne
7OrderoftheANRSC109/2007approvingthemethodologicalnormsofestablishment,adjustmentorchangeoftariffsforspecificactivitiesofthesanitationoflocalities
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onaverage.Tariffsforlandfilladministrationarebetween45-95lei/tonne.(Theamountsaregiven
withoutVAT.)[NWMReport2016]
2.1.6 Gapsidentifiedinmunicipalwastemanagement
At the national level, there are a series of legislative and institutional gaps, leading to inefficient
municipalwastemanagement.Themaingapsarethefollowing:
- thelackofperformanceindicatorsregardingtheactivitiesincludedinthesanitationservice
in most of the ongoing contracts - e.g. quantity of separately collected recyclable waste
(paper and cardboard, plastic, metals, glass, biowaste) in ratio with the total quantity of
collectedmunicipalwaste,thetotalquantityofwastesentforrecoveryinratiowiththetotal
quantity of waste reaching the treatment plant (sorting, composting,MBT etc.), the total
quantityof recyclablewastesent for recycling in ratiowith the totalquantityof recyclable
wastereceivedatthesortingplantetc.;
- thelackofmethodologiestoassesstheperformanceofwastetreatmentinstallations;
- ambiguity regarding the responsibility formunicipal packagingwastemanagement (please
seethepackagingwastesection);
- thelackofqualitystandardsforcompostinRomania;
- thelackofguidelinesregardingtheimplementationofthelegislation;
- reduced technical and institutional capacity of ATUs to monitor the current sanitation
contracts, the lowdesireofATUs toapplypenalties towastegenerators (especially to the
population) in case of failure to comply with the requirements imposed in the sanitation
regulationsregardingtheseparatecollectionofwaste;
- deficiencies regarding the definition and implementation of the current economic
instruments (landfill tax, PAYT, penalties paid by ATUs and packaging manufacturers for
failuretomeettheobjectives),whichleadstoalowefficiencyintheirimplementation.
All this, togetherwiththe lackof infrastructure insomecases (seebelow),has ledtotheseparate
collectionandrecyclingofaverylowpercentage(about5%)ofthetotalquantityofmunicipalwaste.
Within the scope of this report, we shall further detail only investment gaps regardingmunicipal
wastemanagement.
- In7counties(SatuMare,Gorj,Ialomita,Bucuresti,Ilfov,Buzau,Galati,andBrasov)aswellas
in Bucharest Municipality, no integrated waste management systems have been
implemented,therearenoextendedandefficientseparatecollectionsystems,andincertain
cases, not even municipal waste treatment installations. Galati, Buzau counties and
BucharestMunicipalityarepreparingprojectstobefinancedundertheLargeInfrastructure
Operational Programme (LIOP) 2014 – 2020. At present, due to failure to complywith EC
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termsandconditions,PriorityAxis3–Developmentoftheenvironmentalinfrastructurewithanefficientmanagementofresourcesisblocked.
- In the 34 counties where IWMS projects have been implemented, the types ofmunicipal
wasteprovidedwithseparatecollectionequipmentarepaper/cardboard,plastic/metal,and
glass,aswellasbio-wasteinfewcases.Thereareothertypesofmunicipalwastethathave
not benefited from investments in view of their separate collection: textile waste, green
waste(resultingfromgardens,parksandgreenareas),WEEE,hazardouswastethatispartof
household waste (such as expired medicines), bio-waste resulting from restaurants,
canteens,andfoodstores,aswellasbulkywaste.
- The lack of anaerobic digestion installations for separately collected municipal bio-waste.
Takingintoconsiderationthe56%ofbio-wasteinhouseholdandsimilarwaste,theobjective
regarding the preparation for reuse and recycling of 50% (2020) will not bemet without
recycling an important quantity of bio-waste. The treatment of separately collected food
waste from the population in composting stations is not recommended from a technical
pointofviewsincecompostingstationsaremostlyusedforgreenwastetreatment.
- The lack of landfill gas recovery systems. Although almost all the compliant landfills in
operation have installed collection systems for the landfill gas, only few of them (most of
themprivate investments)have installedrecoverysystemsforthe landfillgas (thermaland
electricpower).
- Thepublicawarenessprogrammescarriedoutwithin IWMSprojectsandby the sanitation
operators (if there are such obligations set out in the contract) have failed to reach their
target. Evenwhen there is available infrastructure,usersof sanitation services (mainly the
population)collectseparatelylowquantitiesofwastewithahighlevelofimpurities.
Regardingthelargeinvestmentsplannedforthemainpublic,theNationalWasteManagementPlan
for 2014 – 2025 is currently being elaborated. For municipal waste, it stipulates the types, the
number,andthecapacityofnecessarytreatmentinstallationsinordertoreachthetargetsassumed
byRomania.ThefirstdraftofthedocumentisestimatedtobeopenforpublicconsultationinApril-
May 2017. The types of installations proposed for municipal waste treatment are the following:
sorting stations, composting stations for green waste, bio-dry mechanical biological treatment,
anaerobedigestioninstallationsforseparatelycollectedmunicipalbio-waste,andincinerationplants
withenergyrecovery.
Thelandfilltaxhastakeneffectasof2017.Thus,foreachtonneofwastedisposedinalandfill,atax
of80leiispaidtoEFA,andthiswillincreaseto120leiasof2018.Formunicipalwaste,theresultwill
notprobablybetheonethatisexpected–adecreaseintheamountofwastedisposedinlandfills.
Alongthewastemanagementchain,thecostforthistaxwillbasicallybebornebytheuser,andthe
userhasnoinstrumenttocontroltheamountontheinvoicetobepaid(e.g.PAYT).
2.1.7 Municipalwastebusinessopportunities
Municipal waste business opportunities were identified having in view the objectives regarding
municipalwastemanagementandthegapsidentifiedinthesystem.
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Table4:Municipalwastebusinessopportunities
No. Businessopportunity Description Necessaryresources Scoring
1
Designand
implementationof
IWMSprojectsinSatu
Mare,Gorj,Ialomita,
Ilfov,andBrasov
counties
Accordingtotheprovisionsofthe
NationalWasteManagementPlan,
whichisbeingelaborated
Consultancyservicesfor
thedocuments
necessaryforLIOP
funding(MasterPlan,
FeasibilityStudy,the
FinancingApplication)
###
2
Settinguppublic
amenitiescentres(PAC)
forcollectinghousehold
waste
Especiallyforthetypesofwastethat
havenotbeenincludedintheobject
ofIWMSprojects–e.g.textilewaste,
greenwaste,bulkywaste,hazardous
waste.
Consultancyservicesfor
designingPAC
Constructionservicesfor
PAC
###
3
Pilotproject–bio-waste
managementatthe
levelofamunicipality
Designingandbuildingadigesterfor
municipalwastetreatment
Theprojectalsoincludesthe
implementation/enhancementofthe
separatecollectionsystemof
municipalbio-waste
Theprojectentails
consultancyservices,
construction,and
providingequipment,
trainingthefuture
operator’sstaff
###
4
Pilotproject–collection
ofhazardouswasteat
thelevelofa
municipality
Designandimplementationofa
separatecollectionschemeforthe
hazardouswasteresultingfromthe
population
Theprojectinvolves
consultancyservices
(includingpublic
awarenesscampaigns)
andpurchaseof
equipment
###
5
Pilotproject–
implementationofthe
ZeroWasteconceptatthelevelofa
municipality
Formunicipalitiesthataremore
advancedregardingtheexistenceof
separatecollectionsystemsandwaste
treatmentinstallations(e.g.Sibiu,
Arad,RâmnicuVâlcea,PiatraNeamț,
Bacauetc.)
Identificationofgapsandassistance
intheimplementationofnew
measuresinordertoreducethe
amountofgeneratedmunicipalwaste
andincreasetheamountofrecycled
municipalwaste;
Theprojectinvolvesonly
consultancyservices###
6
Pilotproject–
implementationofa
managementscheme
forexpiredfoodinorder
toreducefoodwasting
Designandimplementation,together
withoneorseveralstorechains,ofa
schemetocollectandtreatexpired
foodproducts;
Theprojectentails
consultancyservices,
purchaseofequipment,
andtrainingthefuture
operator’sstaff
###
7
Pilotproject–
automaticsorting
station
Designandbuildingofanautomatic
sortingstationforseparatecollected
recyclablewaste
Theprojectentails
consultancyservices,
construction,and
providingequipment,
trainingthefuture
operator’sstaff
###
8 Landfillgasrecovery Designandbuildingoflandfillgas Theprojectentails ###
WasteStudy_Romania½ 12
No. Businessopportunity Description Necessaryresources Scoring
system recoverysystemsformunicipalwaste
landfills.
consultancyservices,
providingequipment,
trainingthefuture
operator’sstaff
9
Elaborationof
guidelinesand
methodologies
Elaboration,togetherwiththe
MinistryoftheEnvironment,of:a
methodologytoassessthe
performanceofMBTinstallations,
qualitystandardsregardingthe
compost,amethodologyforthe
implementationofPAYT
Theprojectinvolvesonly
consultancyservices###
Green### Promisingopportunitiestoworkwiththemarketexist
Yellow### Someopportunitiesforcooperationwiththemarketexist
Red### Lessoptimalmarketforcooperation
2.2 USEDCOOKEDOIL
Thecategoriesofusedcookedoil(UCO)thatcanbefoundamongmunicipalwastearecode200125
–edibleoilsandfats,andcode200126*-oilsandfatsotherthanthosespecifiedin200125.The
quantityofusedcookedoilcollected in2014was1,400tonnes,ofwhichabout1,300tonneshave
beenrecovered.[NWMReport2016]
There are no specific legislative requirements for this category of waste (the object of the
governmentaldecisionthatregulatesthemanagementofusedoilsismineralusedoils).Ifcompanies
inHORECAhavetocollectUCOseparatelyjustlikeanyothercategoryofgeneratedwaste(obligation
stipulated in the environmental permits), there is no normative act establishing this for the
population.
ThereisnocentraliseddataatthenationallevelregardingthequantityofgeneratedUCO.According
to [ECOFYS2013], intheEU-27, it is3.55milliontonnes,which isequivalentto8 litresofUCOper
capita8.IfweapplythisindicatortothepopulationofRomania,itresultsinatotalvolumeofabout
158,000m3.
There is no extended practice regarding UCO collection in Romania. There are a series of non-
governmental associations carrying out projects in which UCO is collected from the generator
(Bucharest,Timisoara,Constanta).Thepopulationcanalsotakeusedcookedoiltogasstations(only
one chain has provided recipientswhere people can bringUCO), or to the companies that collect
UCO from HORECA and from the industry. In Timisoara Municipality, the water supply company
8 ‘Thisestimate, includes thegastronomy sector, foodprocessorsandhouseholds, andwasbasedonanassessmentof
both collected and discarded UCO in ten EU Member States, which was then extrapolated to the whole EU. The
contribution of the domestic sector is 1.748 million tonnes per year, of which it is the Intelligent Energy for Europe
Programmein2009facilitatingtheuptakeofUCOtoproducebiodiesel’
WasteStudy_Romania½ 13
(AQUATIMSA)hasestablishedUCOcollectionpointsfromthepopulationintheirownpremises.The
collection degree ismuch higher in HORECA and the industry – there are several companies that
collectUCO.Theinterestishigheras,inmostcases,UCOgeneratorsreceiveacompensationforthe
amountofUCOdelivered– freshoilorevenmoney).Along thechain, thecollectedquantitiesare
senttobrokers,andcollectorsreceivebetween1and2lei/litreofUCO.Brokersensurethetransport
of the amounts received /collected mostly to countries in Western Europe (Austria, Germany,
Hungary),tobiodieselfactories(whichreceive600–700Euro/tonne).
Inordertobeabletocharacterisethecurrentsituationregardingthecollectionandmanagementof
usedcookedoil,wecontactedthecompaniesthatcollectUCOaswellastheNGOsthatcarriedout/
are carryingoutUCOcollection campaigns from thepopulation.Thedata is given inAnnex3. The
quantitiescollectedfromthepopulationarequitelow.ThepracticeofcollectingUCOfromHORECA
andfromthe industry ismorecommon.Themainwaytorecoverusedoil is inmanufacturingbio-
diesel,whilemostofthecollectedquantitiesareexported.
Inconclusion,themaingapsidentifiedarethefollowing:
- ThelackoflegislativeprovisionsontheseparatecollectionofUCOfromthepopulation;
- ThelackofUCOcollectionsystemsfromthepopulationextendedatthenationallevel;
- Very low awareness of the population regarding the impact of spilling UCO into sewage
systemsontheenvironment.UCObusinessopportunitieswereidentifiedhavinginviewthe
gapsidentifiedinthesystem.
Table5:Usecookedoilwastebusinessopportunities
No.Business
opportunityDescription
Necessary
resourcingScoring
1
Pilotproject–
designand
implementaUCO
collectionsystem
frompopulation
ItisnecessarytoidentifyaUCOcollectionsystemfrom
thepopulation that isable to support itselfevenafter
financing ends. At present, the players (mostly NGOs)
collectingUCOfromthepopulationcannotsupportthis
service on the long term, and companies that collect
UCO in HORECA are not interested in collecting also
fromthepopulationsincethequantitiesaretoosmall.
The identified collection system must also take into
accountlocalspecificity.
Consultancy
services,
equipment
acquisition
###
2
Carryingout
awareness
campaigns
regardingthe
impactofUCOon
theenvironment
Thecampaignscarriedoutatthelocalornationallevel
mustplaceanemphasisontheimpactofspillingUCO
insewagesystemsontheenvironment.
Consultancy
services###
Green### Promisingopportunitiestoworkwiththemarketexist
Yellow### Someopportunitiesforcooperationwiththemarketexist
Red### Lessoptimalmarketforcooperation
WasteStudy_Romania½ 14
2.3 PACKAGINGWASTE
2.3.1 Amountsofpackagingandpackagingwaste
According to the legalprovisions in force, theeconomicoperators releasingpackagingandpacked
products on the market, producer responsibility organisations (PROs), collecting, recycling, and
recoverycompanies,aswellaslocalpublicauthorities(LPAs)mustreportannually,byFebruary25th,
tolocalenvironmentalprotectionagencies(LEPAs),dependingoneachcase,thedataregardingthe
amountofpackagingputonthemarket,andtheamountofmanagedpackagingwastepertypeof
material.Everyyear,LEPAstransmitcentralizeddatatoNEPAbyMay1,atthelatest.Thereported
dataiskeptinanationaldatabaseorganizedatNEPA’slevel.
Althoughdataisreportedannuallyforthepreviousyear,thelatestdatapublishedbyNEPArefersto
2014 [ARSE Romania 2015]. It must be stated that the latest data published by EUROSTAT9 for
Romania is for 2012. Thus, before the data is sent and published by EUROSTAT, national data for
2014canstillbemodified.
The Commission Decision 2005/270/EC establishing the formats relating to the database system
pursuant to Directive 94/62/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on packaging and
packagingwastestates inart.2thatpackagingwastecanbeconsideredasequaltotheamountof
packagingputonthemarketforthesameyearinthatparticularmemberstate.Thisprovisionisalso
usedbyRomania.
Packagingwaste have two sources of generation:municipal packagingwaste (which canbe found
withinhouseholdwasteandsimilarwaste),andpackagingwastefromindustryandcommerce.The
national database on packaging and packaging waste doesn’t include data on the amounts of
packagingwastepergenerationsource.Basedonthedataregardingthestructureofhouseholdand
similarwaste,itisestimatedthatpackagingwastefromthepopulationandsimilarwasteareabout
60%ofallpackagingwaste,whilewasteresultingfromindustryandcommerceareabout40%[NWM
Report2016].
Table 6: Amount of packaging put on the market and the amount of managed packaging waste,
Romania,2014
Typeof
packaging
material
Amountofpackagingputonthe
market/Amountofpackaging
wastegenerated
(tonnes/year)
Recycledpackagingwaste Recoveryofpackaging
waste
Amount
(tonnes/year)
(%)
Amount
(tonnes/year)
(%)
Glass 164,521 89,103 54.2 89,103 56.0
Plastic 336,818 149,769 44.5 155,353 51.4
Paperand
cardboard 388,017 323,556 83.4 325,024 83.8
Metal 65,666 42,147 64.2 42,147 55.5
Wood 289,691 77,071 26.6 90,680 30.9
Other 24 0 0.0 0 0.0
Total 1,244,737 681,646 54.8 702,307 56.4
Source:[NWMReport2016]
9http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/waste/database,accessedonMarch2017
WasteStudy_Romania½ 15
The generation indicator of packaging waste in 2014 in Romania was 62 kg/inhabitant and year,
while in EU-28 it was about 163 kg/inhabitant and year10. The fact that the packaging waste
generation indicator is much lower in Romania as compared to the European average can be
explainedbythelargenumberofpopulationinruralareas,withalowconsumptionrate.Inaddition,
anotherexplanationcouldbethatnotalltheeconomicoperatorsthatputpackagingonthemarket
havereportedthedataortheyhavereportedlowerquantities.
Withregardtorecycling/recoveryrates,RomaniawaswaybelowtheEuropeanaveragein2013(with
arecyclingrateof52.8%ascomparedtotheEU-28rateof65.3%,andarecoveryrateof54.5%as
comparedtotheEU-28rateof79.2%)11.
Currently, at the country level there are 710 authorised economic operators for collection of
packaging waste [NWM Report 2016]. The operators are both sanitation operators and other
operators specialised only for packaging waste collection. For the sorting of municipal packaging
wasteareusedthesortingplantsformunicipalwaste(Table3).Themostamountofthepackaging
wastefromcommerceandindustryistransporteddirectlytotherecyclingfacilities.
2.3.2 Responsibilitiesregardingpackagingwaste
In accordance with the provisions of the European legislation, but also according to national
legislation, the economic operators putting packaging and packed products on the market are
responsibleforthemanagementofsuchwaste.
Law no. 249/2015 on the management of packaging and packaging waste, further amended and
completed[L2492015]states thateconomicoperatorsputtingpackagingandpackedproductson
the market are responsible for ensuring the management of packaging waste on the national
territory.Theseresponsibilitiescanbecarriedout:
• individually;
• by means of transfer of responsibility, based on a contract, to another company that is
authorisedbythecentralpublicauthorityforenvironmentalprotection(ProducerResponsibility
Organisation–PRO).
Thus,even if this isnotanexplicit requirementofDirective94/62/EConpackagingandpackaging
waste, Romania, as the majority of EU member states, has opted for the Extended Producer
Responsibilityschemeinthemanagementofpackagingwaste(EPRscheme).
TheEPRschemehasbeeninplaceeversince2004,whenthefirstPROwassetupandauthorisedin
ordertotakeovertheresponsibilityforthemanagementofpackingwaste(ECO-ROMAMBALAJE).
10Generationindicatorshavebeencalculatedfortheresidentpopulation,EUROSTATdata(http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=demo_pjan&lang=enaccessedonMarch2017).ThequantityofpackaginggeneratedinEU-28isprovidedbyEUROSTAT(http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=env_waspac&lang=enaccessedonMarch2017)11Recycling/recoveryratesforRomaniaaretakenfrom[NWMReport2016],whileforEU-28,theseareprovidedbyEUROSTAT(http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Packaging_waste_statisticsaccessedonMarch2017)
WasteStudy_Romania½ 16
Table7:PROsauthorizedtotakeovertheresponsibilityforthemanagementofpackagingwasteon
08.03.2017 PRO’sname Operatinglicense
S.C.ECOLOGIC3RS.A. Operatinglicenseno.3of27.09.2013
S.C.SOTAGRUP21S.A. Operatinglicenseno.2of27.09.2013
S.C.ECO–XS.A. Operatinglicenseno.1of27.09.2013
S.C.ECOPIMRECYCLINGS.A. Operatinglicenseno.4of16.10.2013
S.C.ROMPACKMANAGEMENTS.A. Operatinglicenseno.5of19.03.2014
S.C.NEXTECORECYCLINGS.A. Operatinglicenseno.6of14.01.2015
S.C.FEPRAINTERNAȚIONALS.A.Operatinglicensebasedonthedecisionofthecourtmeeting
no.4016/13.12.2016
S.C.ECO-ROMAMBALAJES.A.Operatinglicensebasedonthedecisionofthecourtmeeting
no.75/17.01.2017
Source:TheMinistryofEnvironment(http://www.mmediu.ro/categorie/comisie-ambalaje/196,accessedonMarch2017)
Accordingto [JASPERS2016],10PROswereauthorised in2014,andS.C.ECO-ROMAMBALAJES.A.
was the largest one (52%market share). Also, [JASPERS 2016] states the fact that the number of
producerswho transferred responsibility to 6 PROs (the largest ones of the 10 that are currently
authorised) in 2014 was about 33% of the total number of producers who put packaging on the
market.
PROs are authorized by the Commission for authorizing companies in order to take over theresponsibilityforthemanagementofpackagingwaste,setupwithintheMinistryofEnvironment.
According to the provisions of the current legislation, within the operation system of the EPR
scheme,PROscollaboratewith:
- companiesthatareauthorisedtocollectandrecycle/recovermunicipalpackagingwasteand
packagingwasteresultingfromindustryandcommerce(contracts–openmarket);
- sanitationoperatorswhoareresponsibleforcollectingandrecycling/recoveryofmunicipal
packagingwaste(contracts–openmarket);
- Administrative Territorial Units (ATUs) – entering into partnerships in order to provide
equipment for the separate collection of municipal packaging waste and carrying out
awarenesscampaigns.
The management of packaging waste as well as reaching the recycling /recovery targets for
packagingwastearecontrolledby:
- TheNationalEnvironmentGuard–acknowledgesinfringementsandimplementssanctionsin
case of failure to comply with the legal provisions on packaging and management of
packagingwaste;
- ATUs - acknowledge infringements and implements sanctions in casemunicipal packaging
wastegenerators fail tobringbackpackagingwaste resulting from theproductsbought in
WasteStudy_Romania½ 17
the special areas provided by the retailers, or they fail to hand them over to sanitation
operatorsortotheauthorisedcollectionoperators;
- TheAdministration for the Environmental Fund – assesseswhether the recycling/recovery
targets forpackagingwastehavebeenmetbytheeconomicoperators incharge, including
PROs, and implements a penalty of 2 Lei/kg for the difference between the amount of
packaging waste corresponding to the minimum recycling /recovery objectives and the
amountsofpackagingwastethatwereactuallyrecycled/recovered[GEO1962005].
2.3.3 Objectivesandtargetsregardingpackagingwaste
The objectives regarding the recycling/recovery of packaging waste assumed by Romania in the
EuropeanUnionAccessionTreatyare:
- recycling60%of theweight forpaper and cardboard, and recycling50%of theweight for
metalby31December2008–notransitionperiodwasrequested;
- recycling15%of theweight forwoodby31December2011– the transitionperiodwas3
years;�
- the global recycling objective of 55%, global recovery objective of 60%, the recycling
objectives of 22.5% of the weight for plastic, and the recycling objectives of 60% of the
weightforglassby31December2013–atransitionperiodof5years.
According to [NWMReport 2016] and Table 6, it can be noticed that neither the global recycling
targetnortheglobalrecoverytargetwerereachedin2013andin2014.Also,therecyclingtargetfor
glasswastewasnotmetin2013andin2014.
ThePackageofCircularEconomy,publishedbyECinDecember2015,alsoincludestheproposalto
amend the Directive on packaging and packaging waste. The newly proposed objectives are the
following:
- aminimumobjectivepreparedforreuseandrecycledof65%for2025,and75%for2030;
- a minimum objective for preparing for reuse and recycling for the specific materials
containedinpackagingwaste:
o plastic-55%in2025;
o wood-60%in2025,and75%in2030;
o ferrousmetal-75%in2025,and85%in2030;
o aluminium-75%in2025,and85%in2030;
o glass-75%in2025,and85%in2030;
o paperandcardboard-75%in2025,and85%in2030.
Onemaynoticethattheintentionistorisetoaveryhighlevelbothfortheglobalrecyclingrate,and
for recycling rates per type of material. We must also take notice of the large increase in the
recyclingratesforwoodandplastic(forwood,from15%atpresentto60%in2025,and75%in2030,
andforplastic,from22.5%atpresentto50%asof2025).
WasteStudy_Romania½ 18
2.3.4 Currentsituationofcollectionandrecycling/recoveryofpackagingwaste
Theseparatecollectionofhouseholdandsimilarwastehasnotbeenextendedatthenationallevel
yet.This fact isconfirmedbythe low levelof recyclingofmunicipalwaste, that is6% in2015 (see
Table2).Therefore,theseparatecollectionofmunicipalpackagingwaste,whichismostlycarriedout
bysanitationoperatorstogetherwithmunicipalwaste,isalsoverylowatpresent.
The largedegreeof recycling ismainlydue to theseparatecollectionofpackagingwaste resulting
from industry and commerce, as well as to the collection ofmunicipal packaging waste by other
authorised operators than the sanitation operators, and to informal collection (mainly extracting
recyclablewastefromlandfills).
Thecurrentrecyclingcapacitiesforpaperandcardboard,plastic,metal,andglass,aswellastheco-
incinerationcapacitiesarepresented in section2.1.4.With regard to recyclingofwoodpackaging,
there are about 20 recycling companies in Romania at present.Most of them ensure repairing of
woodpallets.ThemaincompaniesthatproviderecyclingofwoodpackagingareshowninAnnex2.
Asitisstatedinsection2.1.4,thereisenoughrecyclingcapacityforpaperandcardboard,aswellas
formetalatpresent.Thecurrentrecyclingcapacitiesforwood,glassandpossiblyplasticpackaging
arenotenoughifrecyclingtargetsareincreasedascomparedtothecurrentlegislationinforce.
2.3.5 Financialaspects
According to [JASPERS 2016], the average fees charged from PROs to producers per tonne of
packagingrangefrom€8.85to€16.96/t.
According to [EC BIO 2014], in the EU, the fees charged to producers per tonne of household
packagingwastevaryfromlessthan€20to€200.
Thus,theaveragefeespaidbyRomania’sproducerstoPROsarebelowthelowestEUvalue,whichis
duetothefactthatPROsdonotpaythenetcostsofmanagingpackagingwaste,butonlybonusesto
wastemanagementoperators.
2.3.6 Gapsidentifiedinpackagingwastemanagement
Themaingapsofthecurrentpackagingwastemanagementsystemarethefollowing:
- Technicalissuesregardingpackagingwastemanagement:
o Theseparatecollectionsystemofmunicipalpackagingwasteispoorlydevelopedat
thenationallevel;
o The current recycling capacities forwood, glass andpossiblyplasticpackaging are
not enough if recycling targets rise as compared to the provisions of the current
legislation;
- Legislativeissues:
o The current definition in the legislation for individual responsibility infringes the
principleappliedinEPRschemesattheEuropeanlevel;thisprinciplestipulatesthat
WasteStudy_Romania½ 19
individual responsibility refers to theirownproducts thatproducers releaseon the
nationalmarket;
o ThecurrentlegislationdoesnotincludeanyclearprovisionsonPROsorganizational
andfinancialresponsibility;
- Institutional/organizationalissues:
o The current legislation does not stipulate any operating rules for a competitive
systemwithseveralPROs;
o There are issues regarding the correlation of the provisions of the sanitation
legislation and the legislation on packaging and packaging waste. Packaging
legislationstatesthatpackagingwastecanbecollectedfromthepopulationbothby
sanitation operators and by other authorised collectors; however, according to
sanitation legislation (Law 101/2006), the local public authority is the only one
responsibleformunicipalwastemanagementthroughsanitationoperators;
- Financialandinvestmentissues:
o The current legislation does not include clear provisions on the financial
responsibilityofPROs.Thus,atpresent,formunicipalpackagingwaste,responsibility
transferorganizationspaybonuses tosanitationoperatorsand recyclers insteadof
thecostofpackagingwastemanagement,thatisreflectedinthewastemanagement
tariff.
2.3.7 Businessopportunitiesforpackagingwaste
The business opportunities in the field of packaging waste management, identified based on the
requirementsofthecurrentsystem,arepresentedinthetablebelow.
Table8:Businessopportunitiesforpackagingwaste
No. Businessopportunity Description Necessaryresources Scoring
1
SettingupanewPRO,
possiblyevenasingle
PROatthenational
level
ConsideringthefactthatPROshave
currentlytakenoverresponsibilityfor
lessthan50%oftheproducersthat
releasepackagingandpackedproducts
onthemarket,thereisstillroomand
potentialforsettingupanewPRO.This
isalsosupportedbythefactthatmost
PROsarefacingcredibilityissuesdueto
thefactthatthecontrolscarriedoutby
theAdministrationforthe
EnvironmentalFundin2015identified
amountsofpackagingwastedeclaredas
recycledthathavenotactuallybeen
recycled.
Inaddition,consideringthefactthatthe
currentEPRschemeisexperiencing
problemsinitsoperation,settingupa
singlePROatthenationallevelislikely
(thisisalsoarecommendationof
[JASPERS2016])
Themarketanalysis
regardingthe
producersthatare
likelytojoinanew
PRO.Settingupand
operatingthePROin
accordancewiththe
Europeanandthe
nationallegislation.
###
WasteStudy_Romania½ 20
No. Businessopportunity Description Necessaryresources Scoring
2
Settingupa
“clearinghouse”12
systemifthe
competitivesystem
withseveralPROsstays
inplace
Ifthecompetitivesystembasedon
severalPROsremainsinplace,
coordinationfromacentralorganization
isrequired;thisorganizationcanbe
publicorprivate,anditwillestablish
rulesandresponsibilities,andwill
ensuretheimplementationofreal
competitivepracticesinordertoavoid
marketdistortionsanddysfunctional
behaviours.Settingupthecentral
“clearinghouse”organizationwillbea
measureincludedintheNationalWaste
ManagementPlan.
Consultancyservices
toproducersandto
theMinistryof
Environmentinorder
tosetupthe
“clearinghouse”
organization
###
3
Providingretailerswith
reversevending
machinesforglass
packagingforbeer,
soda,andmineral
water
Followingthelatestlegislativechanges
andtheimplementationoftheNational
ProgrammeforthePreventionofWaste
Generationinthenearfuture,the
voluntarydeposit-refundsystemfor
glasspackagingwillexpand.
Providingreverse
vendingmachines###
4
Buildingnewrecycling
capacitiesforwoodand
glasspackagingwaste
Ifthenewobjectivesproposedinthe
CircularEconomyPackageareapproved,
newrecyclingcapacitiesaregoingtobe
necessaryasof2025,especiallyfor
woodandglasspackagingwaste.
Themarketanalysison
therequirementsfor
recyclingcapacities
Consultancyservices
fordesigningthe
recyclingfacility
Constructionworksfor
therecyclingfacility
###
Green### Therearepromisingopportunitiestoworkwiththemarket
Yellow### Therearesomeopportunitiesforcooperationwiththemarket
Red### Lessoptimalmarketforcooperation
2.4 CONSTRUCTIONANDDEMOLITIONWASTE
Construction and demolition waste (CDW) is the waste resulting from construction, refurbishing,
rehabilitation, repairing, and consolidation works, as well as from the demolition of civil and
industrialbuildings,urbanstructuresandinfrastructure,andfromdredgingandunsilting.
Thegeneratorsofconstructionanddemolitionwasteare:
- Thepopulationcarryingoutconstruction/rehabilitation/maintenanceworks;
12isapublic/privateorganisationwhichsetouttherulesandresponsibilitiesandensurethatrealcompetitivepracticesprevailtoavoidmarketdistortionsanddysfunctionalbehavior
WasteStudy_Romania½ 21
- Public institutions and companies carrying out construction, refurbishing, and
decommissioningworks.
2.4.1 Amountsofconstructionanddemolitionwaste
According to thecurrent legislationandpractice,all the stakeholders involved in themanagement
system of construction and demolition waste report annually to Local Environmental Protection
Agencies (LEPAs) that collect, validate, and process the data. LEPAs send the data to theNational
Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA), where the data are centralised. The reported data are
storedinthenationaldatabasesforconstructionanddemolitionwaste.
TheamountsreportedbyLEPA/NEPAarebasedonstatisticalestimatesandonthedatareportedby
thesanitationoperatorsandbytheoperatorsofCDWtreatmentfacilities.Wemuststateherethat,
duetothefactthattheconstructionactivitiesdonotneedenvironmentalpermit,theconstruction
companiesdonothavetoreporttheCDWgenerated.
Thereportingofamountsofconstructionanddemolitionwasteisasfollowing:
- Thepopulationcarryingoutinteriorrefurbishingandrehabilitationworksoftheirindividually
owned houses /apartments must exclusively request to the sanitation operator to collect
constructionanddemolitionwaste-thedataonCDWfromthepopulationarereportedby
thesanitationoperator;
- Publicinstitutionscarryingoutconstructionanddemolitionworksmustsignacontractwith
anauthorisedoperators-thedatacollectedonCDWfrompublicinstitutionsarereportedby
theauthorisedoperator);
- Constructioncompaniesmustkeeprecordsofthetypesandamountsofwastegeneratedin
accordancewith the provisions of GD no. 856/2002 on recordingwastemanagement and
approvingthelistofwaste,includinghazardouswaste.Constructioncompaniesmustreport
theserecordstoLEPAupontheirrequest.
Thetablebelowshowsthedatareportedbysanitationoperatorsbetween2010-2014aswellasthe
amountsreportedbycompanies:
Table9:AmountsofCDW,thousandtonnes
Category
CDWthousandtonnes/year
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
AmountofCDWfromthepopulationand
companies–reportedbysanitationoperators
498 532 481 375 422
AmountofCDWreportedbycompanies 1,529 1,804 1,581 1,820 1,814
Total 2,027 2,336 2,062 2,195 2,236
Source:[NWMReport2016]
The data above clearly show that the generation indicator for Romania is much lower than the
European average. Considering the current situation in the sector of construction and demolition
wasteandtheresultsofrecentstudies,itcanbeassessedthattheamountsofCDWgeneratedatthe
nationallevelhavebeenunderestimated.Thiscanbeexplainedbasedonthefollowingcauses:
WasteStudy_Romania½ 22
- Part of the CDW generated by the population is mixed with household waste, and it is
collected in containers provided for households waste (without any request for special
containersusedfortheseparatecollectionofCDW);
- SanitationoperatorscollectonlyapartofCDWasthecoveragedegreeofsanitationservices
wasabout81.59%in2014atanationallevel;
- The largenumberofcompaniesand thecurrent reportingmechanisms thatcannotensure
thecorrectrecordingofthiswasteflow;
- Problems regarding thedata collection system; there is still nocorrelatedmethodologyon
estimatingtheamountsofCDWresultedfromconstructionand/ordemolitionsites.
2.4.2 ResponsibilitiesforCDW
In Romania, generators are mainly responsible for waste management. They can manage the
generated waste either in their own facilities or by handing it over to companies authorized to
collect,recoverand/ordisposeofwaste.Thetransferofwaste(basedonacontractoranotherlegal
validdocument)toathirdpartydoesnotfullyexoneratethegeneratorfromitsresponsibility.
[L2112011]stipulatesinart.22thattheproducerofwasteor,accordingtothecase,theownerof
wasteshall carryout treatmentoperationsasstipulatedby legalprovisions,orshall transfer these
activities toacompany that isauthorised to treatwaste,or toapublicorprivatewastecollection
operator. The producer or owner that transfers waste in view of preliminary waste treatment
operationsbeforerecoveryordisposalremainsresponsiblefortherecoveryordisposaloperations,
art.23of[L2112011].
The National Environmental Guard is in charge of controlling waste management operations,
including C&D waste. Local Police is another institution with competences in environmental
protection.Thus,inthetermsofthisreport,localpolicechecksifthelegalprovisionsregardingthe
collection,transport,andlandfillofmunicipalandindustrialwastearemet.
2.4.3 ObjectivesandtargetsregardingCDW
The objectives regarding an increase in the degree of reusing and recycling construction and
demolitionwastehavebeenphasedoutuntil2020accordingtothe legislation (Law211/2011and
GEO68/2016),asfollows:
Annual obligations of companies that have received construction/demolition authorisations
regarding the level of preparation for re-use, recycling and other material recovery operations,
includingfillingandbackfillingoperationsusingwasteinordertoreplaceothermaterials13:
- minimum30%oftheamountofwasteresultingfromconstructionactivitiesin2017;
- minimum45%oftheamountofwasteresultingfromconstructionactivitiesin2018;
- minimum55%oftheamountofwasteresultingfromconstructionactivitiesin2019;
- minimum70%oftheamountofwasteresultingfromconstructionactivitiesin2020.
13article17(3)ofLaw211/2011regardingwastemanagement,asamended
WasteStudy_Romania½ 23
Itisimportanttostatethat,inapplyingandcalculatingtherelevantamountsaccordingtothetargets
above, onemust take into account the rules set out in the CommissionDecision of 18November
2011establishingthenormsandthemethodsofcalculationusedinordertocheckiftheobjectives
in article 11 paragraph (2) of Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and Council have
beenmet, aswell as the REGULATION (EC) No. 2150/2002OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND
COUNCILof25November2002onstatisticsregardingwastebasedonthedataprovided, including
theprovisionsofGEO68/2016stipulating,inthenewdefinitionofthesetypesofwasteinAnnex1
toLaw211/2011:
9.waste–anysubstanceorobjectthatisthrownawaybyitsownerorthatthelattermustorintendstothrowaway;
91. construction and demolition waste – waste that corresponds to the waste codes provided inchapter17oftheannextotheCommissionDecision2014/955/EU,exceptforhazardouswasteandnaturalgeologicalmaterials-Accordingtothedefinitionofcategory170504.
Itisnecessarytoreceiveclarificationsonthisredefinitionofthewasteclassfromtheauthority.
2.4.4 Currentsituationofcollectionandrecovery/disposalofCDW
RegardingthetreatmentandrecoveryofCDW,itcanbenoticedthattherelevantdataregardingthis
fieldaremissing.Thedataextractedfrom[NWMReport2016]showthattheauthorisedcompanies
that own treatment/recovery facilities for inert construction and demolition waste (crushing
facilities) are located in the following counties: Alba, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bucharest, Buzau, Cluj,
Covasna, Dâmboviţa, Galati, Ilfov, Mures, Neamţ, Olt, Prahova, Sibiu, Timis. In addition to these
private operators, somemunicipalities have developed their own services specialised in this field:
Mediaș,inSibiucounty;Dej,inClujcounty;Panciu,inVranceacounty.
Accordingtothedataavailable[NWMReport2016],thereare34facilitiescrushingformineral/inert
CDW at the national level, whose total estimated capacity is about 3 million tons/year (no
informationontheircapacitywasreceivedfor7ofthe24facilities).
Withregardtorecovery,theamountofmateriallyrecoveredCDWisabout1,783,334tonnesofthe
generated amount of 1,813,584 tonnes (in 2014), that is 98%. However, this percentagemust be
carefullyconsideredasitcertainlydoesnotstandforthequantitiesofCDWrecoveredin2014.The
valuesreportedbyNEPAincludenotonlytheamountsgeneratedin2014,butalsothosegenerated
in the previous years, possibly those temporarily stored on site. As far as the current recovery
practiceisconcerned,theamountofbackfillingisthelargest.
Thesevaluesillustratetwocharacteristicsituations(factualstates):
- It is obvious that Romanian stakeholders involved in waste treatment operations for thiscategoryofwastehavetheactualcapacitytoproperlyhandlewaste;
- Ontheotherhand,therearestillmanyissuesregardingdatareportingandcontrol.
Landfilling of CDW remains the current practice for all those types of waste that have notimplemented a recovery procedure. All types of non-combustible waste are considered in here,including the new generation of waste (especially mineral thermal insulators, plasterboard,
WasteStudy_Romania½ 24
decorating ceramics). The amount of landfilled CDW is still insignificant in the general volume ofgeneratedwaste.2.4.5 Financialaspects
CDWmanagement,fromthepointofviewofcosts,isalwaysincludedinthebreakdownofexpenses
of the construction works. There are very few cases when the issue of goodwastemanagement
practice on site is taken into consideration during the decisional process in order to award an
enterprisecontract(publicorprivate).
Therefore, we practically cannot speak about an effective cost breakdown for this segment.
However, good practice has been implemented. On large sites, the constructor always treats the
mineral fraction of CDW mechanically (crushing and sorting, usually on site). As far as the
energetically recoverable fractions are concerned (co-incineration), the prices imposed by cement
factoriesandtheirdedicatedoperatorsareused.
Asfarasthewastequotaintendedfordisposalisconcerned,thelocaldisposalpricesareusedboth
fornon-hazardouswasteandforhazardouswaste.
The financial instrument of the landfill tax, which was actually implemented in 2017, has
considerableeffectsontheCDWDquotaintendedfordisposal.Thisisbecause,atleastforthesites
withongoingactivity,thesecostshavenotbeeninternalizedinthepreviouslysignedcontracts.
2.4.6 Gapsidentifiedinthemanagementofconstructionanddemolitionwaste
Themost importantdrawbacks fromthepointofviewof the impacton thesectorofwork, in the
goodmanagementofCDWare:
- Procurementofservices(privateandpublic)inthissectorbasedonthelowestpriceprinciple–
this has led in time to a decrease in the market and even to abandoning certain practices
compatiblewiththeconceptofsustainabledevelopmentandcirculareconomy.Therefore,many
timesandmostoftenonsmallsizesites,theproblemofwasteisnotapproachedcorrectly;
- The first notable consequence of the previous point was and still is the exaggerate use of
backfilling.Manytimes,thiswayofrecoveringinertwastemasksdisposalinlandfills.
- The data collection and reporting system starts from several “grey areas”, which are really
importantfortheflowof information.Howthecodesforrecoveryanddisposaloperationsare
used,aswell as themechanismsused for correcting redundant reporting (thedoubleor triple
reportingof the samequantityofwaste transferredbetweencompanies) shouldbe subject to
urgentimprovement.Thisaspectischaracteristictothewholeinformationmanagementsector
inthewastefield,butitpeaksintheCDWfield.
- ThelackofnormsregardingthequalityofthematerialresultedfromCDWtreatment(theendof
the waste status for the sector of recycled aggregates) makes the advanced recovery of the
usefulpotentialofthesematerialsdifficult.
- Theabsenceofviablesolutions(techniques,facilities,services)forcertaintypesofCDW,mostly
for the new generation of waste, combustible or not (polystyrene, mineral wool, insulating
panels,plasterboard,sanitaryceramics,etc.).
WasteStudy_Romania½ 25
- Thelackofanetworkofcentresforsorting/temporarystorage/preparationandlocaltreatment
spatially distributed so that the problem of transporting large volumes of waste over long
distancesisminimised.
2.4.7 BusinessopportunitiesforCDW
ThebusinessopportunitiesinthefieldofCDWmanagement,identifiedbasedontherequirementsof
thecurrentsystem,arepresentedinthetablebelow.
Table10:CDWbusinessopportunities
No.Business
opportunityDescription
Necessary
resourcingScoring
1
Elaborationand
publicationof
guidelinesand
instructionson
theactual
applicationof
legislativetexts
Atafirstglance,clearanddetailedpublicinformation
shouldbeprovidedon:
• Clarificationsontheassessmentmethod/certifying
howthetargetsassumedbyRomaniaaccordingto
Art.17(2pointb)ofLaw211/2011aremet,
includingtheclarificationofthenewdefinitionof
constructionanddemolitionwasteaccordingto
GEO68/2016(excludinghazardouswasteand
wasteexcavatedfromthesoilofClass17
correlatedwiththeintroductionofpreparationfor
recoveryobjectives)
• Clarificationsonthefilling/backfillingactivities
eligibleinviewoftheprovisionsArt.17(2pointb)
ofLaw211/2011
• Legislativeclarifications(MinisterialOrder)on
promotingthemethodologiesandthemechanism
forendingthestatusofwasteinRomania.
Consultancy
services###
2
Pilotprojects
dedicatedtothe
generalCDW
flows
Implementationofanetworkoflocalcentresfor
temporarystorage/sortingandpreparationfor
recoveryinordertooptimizethecostsofoperations
duetoareductionintheamountoftransportinOPEX
Consultancy
services,
design,
equipment/
technologies
###
3
Pilotprojects
dedicatedto
dedicatedCDW
flows
Itisnecessarytodefineagoodpracticeforcertain
typesofnewgenerationCDW(mineralinsulators,
polystyrene,sandwichpanels,etc.)
Consultancy
services,
design,
equipment/
technologies
###
4
Extendingthe
goodpracticeon
themanagement
ofwastethat
containsasbestos
Itisnecessarytoexpand(thenumberandtheregional
spreading)thecapacitiesforthedisposalofwastewith
asbestoscontent.Atthesametime,itisnecessaryto
definegoodpracticeandthesectorialpolicyregarding
decommissioningandcompliantdisposalofasbestos-
cementplatesthatarestillusedmassively(privately
andpublicly)
Consultancy
services,
design,
equipment/
technologies
###
Green### Therearepromisingopportunitiestoworkwiththemarket
Yellow### Therearesomeopportunitiesforcooperationwiththemarket
Red### Lessoptimalmarketforcooperation
WasteStudy_Romania½ 26
2.5 INDUSTRIALWASTE
2.5.1 Amountsofindustrialwaste
Industrialwaste stands forwaste resulting frommanufacturing processes. It can be classified into
threelargecategories:
- Waste resulting from mining industry (CAEN 05-09, chapter 01 of the European List of
Waste);
- Wasteresultingfromprocessingindustry(CAEN10-33,chapters02.02-02.07,03,04,06-09,
10.02-10.14,11,12oftheEuropeanListofWaste);
- Waste resulting from the production and supply of electric and thermal power, gas, hot
water,andairconditioning(CAEN35,chapters05,10.01oftheEuropeanListofWaste).
Industrialwastecanbe furtherclassified intohazardousandnon-hazardouswaste. Informationon
hazardouswasteisgiveninsection2.6.
Inaccordancewiththeprovisionsof[GD8562002],therearethefollowingreportingrequirements
regardingindustrialwastedata:
- Companiesthatgeneratewastemustkeeprecordsof theirownwaste,andsendtoLEPAs,
upontheirrequest,theannuallycentraliseddata;
- Companies that are authorised for collection, transport, temporary storage, recovery and
disposalmustkeeprecordsofwaste,andtheymustreport toLEPAsupontheir requestor
upon a request from other competent authorities of the local and central public
administration.
At the national level, in order to keep record of industrial waste management, NEPA and LEPAs
organise the annual statistical reporting. On the date of drawing up this report, the latest data
availableregardingindustrialwastemanagementarefor2014.
Table11:Amountsofnon-hazardousindustrialwastegeneratedinRomania,2014
Typeofindustry
Amountofnon-hazardousindustrial
waste*
(tonnes/year)
Miningindustry 182,375,085
Processingindustry 4,344,891
Productionandsupplyofelectricandthermalpower,gas,hot
water,andairconditioning6,871,205
Total 193,591,181
Source:[NWMReport2016],*Thedatareferonlytowastespecifictoproduction,andtheydon’tincludewastesimilartodomesticwasteorotherflowsofwastenotresultingdirectlyfromproduction
WasteStudy_Romania½ 27
Asitcanbenoticed,non-hazardouswasteresultingfromtheminingindustrystandsfor94%ofthe
total non-hazardous industrial waste. However, it should be stated that this type of waste is not
regulatedbytheprovisionsof[L2112011],anditisregulatedbyspeciallegislation14.
Withregardtonon-hazardous industrialwasteresultingfromtheprocessing industry,accordingto
thedatapresentedin[NWMReport2016],thelargestamountisgivenbywasteresultingfromthe
woodprocessing industryand from thechemical,metallurgical, siderurgical industry, including the
typographicindustry(eachcategoryisabout40%).
2.5.2 Responsibilitiesregardingindustrialwaste
Theresponsibilityforthemanagementofindustrialwastebelongsentirelytogenerators.Thesecan
manage the generated waste either on site in their own facilities, or they can delegate this to
companiesthatareauthorizedtocollect,recoverand/ordisposeofwaste.
[L2112011]states inart.22thatthewasteproduceror,dependingonthecase,thewasteowner
shallcarryouttreatmentoperationsinaccordancewiththelegalprovisions,orshalltransferwaste
toacompanythatisauthorizedforwastetreatment.Theproducerorownerthattransferswastefor
preliminarytreatment inviewofrecoveryorfinaldisposalremainsresponsibleforcarryingoutthe
recoveryordisposaloperations(art.23[L2112011]).
Besidesthecompaniesthatgeneratewaste,thereisanotherimportantcategoryinindustrialwaste
management,namelycompaniesauthorizedforthecollection,transport,andtreatmentofindustrial
waste.
[L2112011]provides inart.22(2)thefactthatcompaniesthatareenvironmentallyauthorizedto
collect and transport must only take waste to facilities that have been authorized for treatment
operations.
TheNationalEnvironmentalGuardisresponsibleforcontrollingindustrialwastemanagement.
2.5.3 Objectivesandtargetsregardingindustrialwaste
Themainobjectivesregardingindustrialwastemanagementcanbefoundinthelegislation:
- [L2112011]includesanobjectiveregardingthepreventionofwastegenerationbesidesthe
objectivespresentedinsection2.5.2–allthecompaniesoperatinginindustrymustdrawup
andimplementaprogramtopreventandreducetheamountofwastegeneratedfromtheir
ownoperation,ordependingonthecase,wasteresultingfromeachproductmanufactured.
Thishasbeeninplacesince2012,anditalsoincludesmeasuresinviewofacertainproduct
design,andmeasurestomitigatewastehazardousness.
- [GD 349 2005] provides in art. 7 (5) thatwaste can be landfilled only if it has undergone
previoustreatmentoperationsthataretechnicallyfeasibleandmeetthelegalrequirements.
14GD856/2008regardingmanagementofwasteresultedfromminingindustry
WasteStudy_Romania½ 28
In addition to the legislative requirements, both generators of industrial waste and companies
authorized to collect and treat industrial waste must meet the provisions included in the
environmentalpermits.
[NWMS2014]doesnot includeanyobjectiveor targets specific formanaging thiswaste flow,and
NWMPisbeingelaboratedrightnow.
2.5.4 Currentsituationofcollectionandrecovery/disposalofindustrialwaste
Themanagementofnon-hazardousindustrialwasteisdoneeitherintheirownrecoveryordisposal
facilities, or in other authorised facilities. If recovery /disposal is performed in other authorised
facilities,thegeneratorsorauthorisedcollectorsareresponsibleforthetransporttothesefacilities.
Recoveryofindustrialwaste
Accordingto[NWMReport2016],in2014,non-hazardousindustrialwastewasmanagedasfollows:
- Wasteresulting fromtheprocessing industry–about4.4milliontonswererecovered,and
0.3milliontonsweredisposedof(includingpreviousstocks);
- Waste resulting from the production and supply of electric and thermal power, gas, hot
water, and air conditioning – about 0.3million tonswere recovered, and 6.5million tons
weredisposedof.
Ifweconsiderthetotalquantityofgeneratedwaste,itisobviousthatthewasteresultingfromthe
woodprocessing industryand from the chemical,metallurgical, and siderurgical industrieshas the
largestportionofallrecoveredwaste.
Ofthetotalquantityofrecoverednon-hazardousindustrialwaste,energeticallyrecoveredwastehas
the largest quantity (R1 – used mainly as fuel or another source of energy), as well as
recycling/recoveryoforganicsubstances(R3).
[NWMReport2016]mentionsthefactthatabout800companieswereauthorisedfortherecovery
ofnon-hazardousindustrialwastein2016.
Disposalofindustrialwaste
Accordingto[NWMReport2016],thereare13 landfillsfornon-hazardouswasteatpresent.These
belong to companies operating in the processing industry. A non-hazardous waste landfill that
belongs to S.C.VITALIA SALUBRITATEAPRAHOVAS.R.L., located inBăicoi town,Prahova county, is
authorizedforprocessing inviewofdisposalofnon-hazardous industrialwastereceivedfromthird
parties.
Partofthenon-hazardousindustrialwasteisdisposedinmunicipallandfills.
WasteStudy_Romania½ 29
2.5.5 Financialaspects
Considering thewide range ofwaste included in this category and thewide variety of treatment,
disposal,andrecoverytechniquesused,wecannotprovidetheexactmanagementcostsforthistype
of waste. The market for services is a free market, there is strong competition among suppliers
(thesearemostlycompaniesthatensurecollection,sometimestreatmentandtransferofwasteto
recoveryordisposalfacilities).
Based on the practice and the information in the field, unit costs, including the whole chain of
operations, fornon-hazardouswaste varybetween25and210Euro/tonne [Consultant e]. Certain
flowsofwastewithintrinsicvalue(e.g.paper,oils)canbecollectedeitherforfreeorevenbypaying
acertainprice.
2.5.6 Gapsidentifiedinindustrialwastemanagement
Themaingapsidentifiedinindustrialwastemanagementarethefollowing:
- Companiesoperatinginindustrymustcarryoutandimplementaprogrammetopreventand
mitigate the amount of waste generated, including measures to decrease hazardousness,
basedonawasteaudit(theymustapplythepreventionprinciple).Atpresent,theseaudits
andprogrammesareeithernotbeingcarriedout,orareformallycarriedout (internally, in
manycases),andtheiractualpurposeisnotmet.Atthemoment,therearenoguidelineson
howtocarryouttheseauditsandprogrammesatthenationallevel.
- Thereisnorelevantpublicinformationavailableonthequantitiesofwastegenerated,based
oncodes,operationalsectorsandregions, inordertoallowinvestorstodoabusinessplan
grounded on actual data (lack of transparency). There is a similar situation regarding the
informationaboutthecompaniesthatcollectandrecover/disposeofwaste.Thelackofdata
also affects the elaborationof strategies andwastemanagementplans at the institutional
level.
- AtNEPA’slevel,thereistheonlinereportingsystemforthequantitiesofwastegeneratedor
collected (SIM). As far as SIM is concerned, there are gaps that do not allow the actual
operations carried out on waste flows to be recorded in the system, both in terms of
operationtypeandintermsofthequantitiesoftreatedwaste.ThatiswhythedatafromSIM
mustbecarefullyconsidered.
- Due to the fact that certainnon-hazardouswaste landfills haveobtainedauthorisations to
receivenon-reactivestablehazardouswastetoo,theseauthorisationshaverequiredthatall
non-hazardouswasteshallmeetthecriteriaspecifictotheleachabilitytest(CouncilDecision
2002/33/EC).Manynewlandfillsdonotacceptnon-hazardousindustrialwaste.Thereisalso
the legal requirement demanding a kind of technically feasible waste treatment prior to
landfilling. Certainwaste flowson theway to landfilling (e.g.wastewith plenty of organic
substancesresultingfromfood industry)currently fail tocomplywiththerequirementsset
out in the legislationand in theauthorizationsof the landfills.Basically, thereareno legal
management solutions for thesewaste flows at present, and they are received at landfills
WasteStudy_Romania½ 30
only by stating the fact that there are no alternative technically feasible solutions. These
technicalsolutionsexistbuttheyarenotavailableinRomaniaforthetimebeing.
- Proper waste management requires that waste is sorted out by codes as accurately as
possible. Also, a proper characterisation ofwaste is necessary, including the properties of
waste and a proper assessment of hazardousness. This requirement regarding the
characterization of waste and assessment of waste hazardousness is mandatory for
hazardous waste or potentially hazardous waste (e.g. mirror codes). At present, these
characterizations are either missing, or they are often improper and irrelevant for that
specific waste flow (insufficient number of tests as compared to the quantity of waste,
inadequate testing, faulty assessment of the test results). Moreover, where there are
characterisations thatcanprovideusefuldata, theseareoften ignoredbyoperators in the
field.Thereisnoupdatednationalguideontheclassificationandcharacterisationofwaste.
- InRomania, there are stock-pilesofwaste resulting fromoreprocessing that areprivately
managed (e.g. pyrite and phosphogypsum: Turnu Magurele, Bacau, Valea Calugareasca,
Navodari).Thesearenotproperlyensuredandtheyposecertainrisksfortheenvironment.
Also,thematerialinthesestock-pilesisnotproperlyrecovered.
- Alargepartofthewasteresultingfrompowerproductionisdisposedofby landfilling,and
thematerial recovery targets (e.g. recovery in constructions for flying ashes, gypsum) and
thetreatmenttargetsestablishedintheNWMP2004–2014arenotmet.
2.5.7 Businessopportunitiesforindustrialwaste
Table12:Businessopportunitiesforindustrialwaste(non-hazardous)
No. Businessopportunity Description Necessaryresources Scoring
1
Providingnew
technologiesfor
treatingnon-hazardous
industrialwastein
ordertoenhance
recoveryoracceptance
inlandfills
Non-hazardousindustrialwasteisnot
acceptedincompliantlandfillsbecause
itdoesnotmeettheacceptancecriteria
forlandfillingduetothelackofinitial
treatment,orduetothefactthatthe
landfillhasn’tbeenauthorisedforthat
particularcode.Moreover,thenew
landfilltaxdecreasesthelikelihoodof
disposalinlandfills.Treatmentofsuch
wastebecomesfeasible(e.g.biological
treatment,dehydration,stabilization,
etc.)inordertoencouragematerialor
energeticrecovery),ortomeetthe
acceptancecriteriaforlandfillingifno
otheroptionsareavailable.
Adetailedanalysisof
themarketregarding
therelevantwaste
flowsandtheparties
thatareinterestedin
purchasingsuch
technologies
(generators,waste
treatmentcompanies,
landfills).Consultancy
services,design,supply
ofequipment,
installation,
commissioning,staff
training,maintenance
andservice.
###
2
Buildingnewstorage
capacitiesfornon-
hazardousindustrial
wastewhenthereare
nootheroptions
Certain types of non-hazardous waste
have no other feasible option than
disposal in landfills.Atpresent, there is
only one landfill for non-hazardous
industrial waste. It is recommended to
Consultancyservices
forenvironmental
authorities,local
authorities,landfill
operators,investorsin
###
WasteStudy_Romania½ 31
No. Businessopportunity Description Necessaryresources Scoring
availableforthistypeof
waste.Supplying
consultancyservices,
technologies,
execution.
analysetheoptionsregardingextending
the authorisations of the current
landfills in order to accept this type of
waste (possibly equipping them with
additionaltreatmentfacilities),and,only
where it is necessary, to build special
regional landfills, while considering
disposal requirements for hazardous
waste(mixedlandfills)
thisfield.
Supplyingconsultancy
services,design,
materialsand
equipmentnecessary
forbuildingthese
landfills.
3
Ensuringandrecovery
ofthecontentofore
stock-piles
Therearehistorical ore stock-piles (e.g.
pyrite and phosphogypsum) that have
notbeenproperlyensured, thusposing
riskstotheenvironment.Thematerialin
thesestock-pilesisnotrecovered.
Consultancyservices
anddesignforthe
ownersofthesestock-
piles.
Testingthematerialin
stock-pilesinorderto
establishrecovery
options.
Providingtechnical
solutions,equipment
andmaterials.
###
4
Recoveryand
treatmentofwaste
resultingfrompower
production(flying
ashes,gypsum)
This type of waste is not sufficiently
recovered or treated, according to the
targets established in the current
NWMP.
Marketanalysis,
consultancyservices
anddesign;
Testingthematerial;
Supplyingequipment
andconsumables.
###
5
Elaborationofa
nationalguideonaudits
andwasteprevention
andminimizing
programmes
Therearemajorgapsincarryingoutand
implementing these audits and
programmes as there is not a single
practiceinthefield.
Consultancyservices
fortheMinistryof
Environment.
Consultancyservices
forcompaniesinorder
todoauditsandplans.
###
6
Elaborationofa
nationalguidefor
classifyingand
characterisingwaste,
bothatthegeneral
levelaswellas
dedicatedtocertain
majorwasteflows
There are major gaps in coding,
assessing and characterising waste due
to the lack of clear regulations in the
field.
Consultancyservices
fortheMinistryof
Environment/NEPA
###
Green### Therearepromisingopportunitiestoworkwiththemarket
Yellow### Therearesomeopportunitiesforcooperationwiththemarket
Red### Lessoptimalmarketforcooperation
WasteStudy_Romania½ 32
2.6 HAZARDOUSWASTE
Hazardous waste is waste that presents one or several of the hazardous properties presented in
Annexno.4a[L2112011].
Accordingtothesourceofgeneration,hazardouswastecanbe:
- Municipalhazardouswaste;
- Industrialhazardouswaste;
- Hazardouswastefromagriculture;
- Hazardous waste from special waste flows (packaging waste, WEEE, batteries and
accumulators,C&D,healthcarewaste,sludgefromusedwatertreatment).
Thefollowingchaptersonlyrefertothefirsttwocategoriesofhazardouswaste.
2.6.1 Amountsofhazardouswaste
Municipalhazardouswaste
According to [NWM Report 2016], there are no data regarding the generation of municipal
hazardous waste at the national level. This type of waste is collectedwith the title of exception.
AccordingtoEUROSTATdata,thegenerationaverageofhazardousmunicipalwasteinUE28was5
kg/inhabitant/yearin2008,risingto7kg/inhabitant/yearin2012.
IndustrialhazardouswasteAccording to [ARSERomania2015], in 2014, 431,714 tonnesofwastewere generated inRomania
fromeconomicprocesses,asfollows:
- Miningindustry–206,857tonnes;
- Oilprocessingindustry,coalcoking–54,725tonnes;
- Manufacturingofchemicalsubstancesandproducts–7,180tonnes;
- Metallurgicalindustry–33,226tonnes;
- Machineryandequipmentindustry–10,010tonnes;
- Automotiveindustry–24,210tonnes;
- Otheractivities95,506tonnes.
2.6.2 Responsibilitiesregardinghazardouswaste
Municipalhazardouswaste
Themain stakeholders and their responsibilities are the same as formunicipalwaste (see section 2.1.2).
Industrialhazardouswaste
The stakeholders and the responsibilities presented for non-hazardous industrial waste (section
2.5.2)arealsovalidforhazardousindustrialwaste.
WasteStudy_Romania½ 33
Moreover, [L 211 2011] also provides specific responsibilities for hazardous waste management,
namely:
- Hazardouswaste producers/owners, aswell as the companies environmentally authorised
forcollection,transport,temporarystorage,treatmentorrecoveryofhazardouswastemust
collect,transportandstoreseparatelythedifferentcategoriesofhazardouswaste;
- Controls regarding hazardouswastemanagement are performed by approved institutions;
such controls are aimed at the origin, destination, as well as the measures taken by the
wasteproducerinordertopackandlabelwaste;
- ThetransportofhazardouswasteontheterritoryofRomaniamustcomplywiththespecific
legislation;
- Itisforbiddentomixhazardouswaste;
- Labellingofhazardouswaste.
2.6.3 Objectivesandtargetsregardinghazardouswaste
Municipalhazardouswaste
Atpresent,thelegislationprovidesnootherobjectivesthantheresponsibilitiesmentionedinsection
2.6.2.
Sanitation operators, who are responsible for themanagement of municipal hazardous waste on
behalfoflocalpublicauthorities,mustmeettheperformanceindicatorsregardingthemanagement
ofthiswasteflowincludedinthedelegationcontracts.
Industrialhazardouswaste
Regardinghazardousindustrialwaste,inadditiontotheresponsibilitiesmentionedinsection2.6.2.,
there are legislative objectives applicable both to hazardous waste, and to non-hazardous waste
(section2.5.3).
Besidesthelegislativerequirements,bothgeneratorsofindustrialwasteandcompaniesauthorized
tocollectandtreatindustrialwastemustmeettherequirementsincludedinenvironmentalpermits
aswellasthelegislativeprovisionsregardingthetransportofhazardouswaste.
[NWMS2014]doesnot includeanyobjectivesor targetsspecific tomanagingthiswaste flow,and
NWMPiscurrentlybeingelaborated.
2.6.4 Currentsituationregardingthecollectionandrecovery/disposalofhazardouswaste
Municipalhazardouswaste
Localpublicauthoritiesdelegatetheresponsibilityforcollectingandmanaginghazardousmunicipal
waste to sanitation operators. This responsibility has actually appeared in the awarding
documentationsofdelegationcontractsonlyinthelasttwoyears.Infact,theseparatecollectionof
hazardousmunicipalwastehasnotbeenimplementedatthenationallevelyet.
Whenhazardousmunicipalwaste is collectedseparately, it ismanaged inauthorized facilities that
alsoreceiveindustrialhazardouswaste.
WasteStudy_Romania½ 34
Industrialhazardouswaste
Therearecompaniesthatareauthorisedtocollectandtransporthazardousindustrialwaste.
According to [NWM Report 2016], the largest amount of industrial hazardouswaste generated is
recovered. However, we must notice the fact activity R12 takes the largest part of the recovery
activities(morethan43%).This isnotanactualrecoveryactivity,anditstandsfortheexchangeof
wasteinordertoexposeittooneoftherecoveryactivities.Thesecondrecoveryactivityintermsof
itsquantitativeimportanceisenergeticrecoveryfromco-incinerationR1(over42%).Thus,material
recyclingactivitiesstandforabout10%ofallrecyclingactivities.
[NWMReport2016] shows the fact that,atpresent, thereareabout50companiesauthorized for
thetreatmentandrecoveryofhazardous industrialwaste,exceptcementfactories,atthenational
level.
Regardingthedisposalofhazardouswaste,[NWMReport2016]mentionsthatthemostcommonly
usedmethodsin2014wereD9–physical-chemicaltreatment(about42%),D10–incineration(about
28%), and D5 – building special landfills, for example, storage in separate sealed compartments
(about15%).
Accordingto[NWMReport2016],therearecurrently12incinerationfacilitiesatthenationallevel.
These facilities treat industrialwaste takenover fromthirdparties.Thereare7 facilities that treat
industrialwastegeneratedfromtheirownactivities.Withregardtolandfilling,thereare10landfills
forhazardouswasteatpresent.Of these,only2 receivewaste from thirdparties,while theother
landfillsbelong togenerators.Details regarding theoperatorsof incineration facilitiesand landfills
areprovidedinAnnex4.
2.6.5 Financialaspects
Considering thewide range ofwaste included in this category and thewide variety of treatment,
disposalandrecoverytechniquesused,wecannotprovidetheexactmanagementcostsforthistype
of waste. The market for services is a free market, there is strong competition among suppliers
(mostlycompaniesthatensurecollection,sometimestreatmentandtransferofwastetorecoveryor
disposalfacilities).
Basedonthepracticeandtheinformationinthefield,unitcostsforhazardouswaste,includingthe
wholechainofoperations,varyapproximatelybetween100and440Euro/tonne.Therearehigher
pricesforcertainspecialtypes(e.g.PCB),[Consultante].Certainwasteflowswithintrinsicvalue(e.g.
oils)canbecollectedforfree.
2.6.6 Gapsidentifiedinhazardouswastemanagement
Themain gaps identified in hazardous waste management, supplementary to those presented in
section2.5,arethefollowing:
- The lack of collection systems for hazardous municipal waste from the population. Only
retailers have such collection points for certain flows of hazardous waste (batteries,
fluorescent lamps). However, the population does not always dispose of these types of
WasteStudy_Romania½ 35
hazardous waste here due to a lack of information or to the lack of any sanctions for
disposingofsuchwastetogetherwithdomesticwaste.Thus,thelargemajorityofhazardous
wastefromthepopulationreachesdomesticwastelandfills.
- Accordingto[L2112011],wastemustbelabelledsimilartochemicalproducts,accordingto
[REG 1272 2008]. In most cases, this requirement is not met. This labelling involves a
complex assessment of the hazardous chemical properties of the type ofwaste, including
hazardstatementsandprecautionarystatements,aswellasthehazardpictogramsaccording
tothelegislationavailableforchemicals,especiallysincetherearedifferencesbetweenthe
criteriaforestablishingthehazardousnessofakindofwasteandofachemicalproduct.
- The consultant’s experience shows that thereareproblemswith the temporary storageof
wasteattheowners’premises,especiallywithinsmallcompanies.
- InRomania,therearestillnon-compliantpitsforwasteresultingfromoilrefinaries(Ploiesti,
Campina, Darmanesti). These pits need to be rehabilitated as contaminated sites by
treatment/disposal/recoveryoftheresultingwaste.
- ThereareonlytwohazardouswastelandfillsforthirdpartiesintheSouth-EastofRomaniain
thecontextofanintenseindustrialactivitygoingonintheNorth-WestofRomania.
2.6.7 Businessopportunitiesforhazardouswaste
Table13:Businessopportunitiesforhazardouswaste
No. Businessopportunity Description Necessaryresources Scoring
1
Buildingcentresfor
collectinghazardous
wastefromthe
population
Duetothelackofcollectingmunicipal
hazardouswaste,mostofitreaches
municipalwastelandfills.Itisnecessary
tobuiltlocalcentreswithagood
coverageintheterritory,togetherwith
implementingsanctionsfordisposalof
hazardouswastetogetherwith
domesticwaste.
Providingconsultancy
tolocalauthoritiesand
operators.
Designingcollection
centres.
Pilotprojects.
Equipmentforthe
collectioncentres.
###
2
Improvinghazardous
wastemanagement
withtheowners
Accordingtolegalrequirementsandto
goodpractice,itisnecessarytoprovide
specialareasforstoringhazardous
waste,usingpropercontainersand
secondaryretentionsystems.
Itisnecessarytolabelproductssimilar
tochemicalproducts.
Consultancyand
design.
Supplyingequipment
andcontainers.
###
3
Decommissioningpits
thatcontainoilwaste
anddecontaminating
thesites
There are historical pits containing oil
products that must be environmentally
cleanedanddecontaminated.
Consultancyand
design.
Laboratorytests.
Supplyandoperation
ofthenecessary
equipment.
###
4Buildingnewstorage
capacitiesforhazardous
There is no other feasible option for
hazardous waste than disposal in
Adetailedmarket
analysis.###
WasteStudy_Romania½ 36
No. Businessopportunity Description Necessaryresources Scoring
waste.Providing
consultancy,
technologies,
execution.
landfills.Atpresent, thereareonly two
landfills for hazardous waste that
receive waste from companies in the
South-EastofRomania.
Consultancyfor
environmental
authorities,local
authorities,landfill
operators,investorsin
thefield.
Providingconsultancy,
design,materialsand
equipmentforbuilding
landfills.
Green### Therearepromisingopportunitiestoworkwiththemarket
Yellow### Therearesomeopportunitiesforcooperationwiththemarket
Red### Lessoptimalmarketforcooperation
2.7 SPECIALSTREAMSOFINDUSTRIALWASTE
Theeconomicactivity inRomaniaduring thisdevelopmentstage (10years followingEUaccession)
shows several characteristics and particularities. Two aspects have been taken into account in
selectingspecialstreamsofindustrialwaste:
- Thetypeofgeneratingactivityanditseconomicweight(includinggeographicaldistribution);
- Thecharacteristicsandthequantitativedimensionofthewastestream.
Thus, the teamof experts has selected the following generic typesofwaste (notwaste classes or
wastecodes):
- Wastewithalargecontentoforganicmatterresultingfromfoodindustry;
- Wastespecifictosurfacetreatmentactivities;
- Wastespecifictomechanicalprocessingoperations.
Eachof these categories is representedwell both in termsof numberof generationpoints and in
termsofquantities.
2.7.1 Wastewithalargecontentoforganicmatterresultingfromfoodindustry
Itincludesonlytypicalorganicwaste,withoutanycontaminantsthatmightjeopardizetheirpossible
recovery (includingagricultural)butwhichdoesn’tmeet the requirement regarding thecontentof
organicmatter inorder tobe accepted for landfilling (this is expressedbymeansof thedissolved
organiccarbonindicator).
Twotypesofwastecanbegenericallyincludedinthiscategory:
WasteStudy_Romania½ 37
- Sludge resulting from the treatment of their own effluents, when no sanitary - domestic
effluentsareintroducedinthewatertreatmentplants.Inthiscase,weusuallyhaveasludge
cakewithacontentofvolatileorganicmatterofabout70%d.s.,TOC1525–30%d.s.
- Sludgeresultingfromfilteringproducts(usingkiesselguhr)forbeerandvegetaloil.Inthese
situations,waste ismainly inorganic (the siliceousmatrix is themain constituent), and the
contentofvolatileorganicmattersvariesbetween10-20%d.s.,TOC0,5-20%d.s.
The quantities of these types of waste have not been quantified at the national level yet. As a
consequenceoftheexplanationsthathavebeenpreviouslyincludedinthisreport,regardingthelack
ofasingleandsometimesfairpracticeusedincharacterisingandclassifyingwaste(non-hazardous,
inthiscase)inRomania,thesix-figurecodesusedforclassifyingthesametypeofwastecomingfrom
twodifferentgeneratorscanbedifferent.
The estimates of the project team indicate an annual generation level of 15,000 – 25,000
tonnes/yearforthebeerandfoodoilindustries.
The current options for these types ofwaste are extremely limited, and it is basically disposed in
landfills.
Themarketservicesspecifictothisfieldareunusuallysmallsincenoprivateoperatorauthorisedto
treat/recoverthesetypesofwastehasbeenidentified.
Thecontentofbiodegradableorganicmatterofthetwotypesofwaste(largerthan3%s.u.)indicates
thenecessityofassessingthedifferentpossibilitiesofrecoveryofthispotential–eitherdirectlyby
means of anaerobe fermentation, or associated to other properties of these types ofwaste – for
example,asfertilizers.
Ontheotherhand,nomatterifthereisorthereisn’taviablerecoveryoption,anytypeofdisposalin
alandfillmustbeprecededbypriortreatmentinordertocomplywiththefollowingtwoconditions:
- Reachingacontentofdrymatterofminimum35%,and
- Stabilizingthebiodegradablecontent(makingitinert).
Romania has imposed a provision regarding theminimumhumidity of sludge that ismeant to be
disposed of in landfills, and the value of 35% is impossible to get bymeans of technologies that
involve reasonable costs. On the other hand, controlling if the biodegradable content has been
stabilisedhasnotbeenregulatedorevencommenteduponintheofficialtextsofthisprofessional
field in Romania. It is expected that the revisedNationalWasteManagement Planwill clarify this
aspect.
Mostofthenewlybuilttreatment/disposalfacilities(builtfrompublicfinancing)eitherdon’taccept
manufacturingwasteor theyhaven’tbeencommissionedyet. Thegeneral characteristic is thatall
thetreatment/disposalfacilities(exceptcementfactoriesandsomelandfillsdevelopedasPPP)are
publicinvestments,intendedalmostexclusivelyforpublicservice.
15TotalOrganicCarbon(TOC)istheamountofcarbonfoundinanorganiccompound
WasteStudy_Romania½ 38
No private treatment facilities have been identified (anaerobe fermentation, composting) to be in
operationorasaproject.
Certainagriculturalrecoverycanbedoneonly ifall theprovisionsof[MO3442004]areobserved,
includingobtainingapriorApplicationpermit(wemustmentionthefactthatthenationaldocument
hasrestrictiveprovisionsascomparedtotheCouncilDirective86/278/EECortootherregulationsin
otherMemberStates).
Costassessment,inthecontextoftheintroductionoftheadditionaltaxthatismeanttodiscourage
landfillingasof2017,indicatesthattherecoveryofthesetypesofwastewillbecomeaviableoption
in the near future (the main option is agricultural recovery as compost for sludge, and using
kieselguhrtoreplacerawmaterialsincementfactories).
Ontheotherhand,theoptionofagriculturalrecovery(assuch)remainsopen.Its limitativefactors
aretemporarystorage(whileitcannotbeusedonland)andthetransportdistance.
Therefore,thevalidoptions,whichcanbeimplementedforthetwocategoriesofwasteare:
a) Agriculturalrecovery–wasteassuch;
b) Agricultural recovery – following composting (please refer to COM(2016) 157 final, theRegulationproposaloftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilestablishingthenormsonlaunching fertilizers with the EC mark on the market, amending Regulations (EC) no.1069/2009and(EC)no.1107/2009);
c) Recoveryinthecementindustry;
d) Priortreatmentinviewofdisposal–makingthebiodegradablecontentinert(MBT);
e) Priortreatmentinviewofdisposal–stabilizingitwithlime;
f) Disposalassuchinlandfills.
Table14:Businessopportunitiesforfoodindustrywaste
No. Businessopportunity Description Necessaryresources Scoring
1Amarketstudy
Adetailedanalysisofthesector
assessingthefeasibilityofthemeasures
tobetakenConsultancy ###
2
Promotingsomepilot
projectsinorderto
demonstratethe
goodpractice
Thereareseveraltechnicalsolutions
thatcanbeapplieddependingonthe
propertiesofwasteandonthe
particularitiesoftheavailablesite.
Collectingandtreatmentofwasteona
differentsitehasbeenparticularly
envisaged.Producingbiogasandorganic
fertilizersseemtobefeasiblesolutions
forthetimebeing.Suchapilotproject
shouldensuregoodspreadingofthe
projectoutcomesanditsadvantages,
(includingeconomicones)inorderto
replicateandexpandthispractice.
Consultancyand
design
Supplyofspecific
equipmentand
technology
Supplyofknow-how
andexchangeofexperience
###
Green### Therearepromisingopportunitiestoworkwiththemarket
WasteStudy_Romania½ 39
2.7.2 Wasteresultingfrommechanicalprocessingactivities
The industrial fieldofmechanicalprocessinghasbeen invigoratedover the last fewyears. Several
manufacturingcompanieshavebeensetup16. Industrialdevelopmenthas ledtoan increase inthe
amountofwastespecifictothisfield,which,inturn,hasresultedinanincreaseofspecificservices
offered by authorised operators. Thus, there are two categories of waste (with different
identificationcodes)envisagedbythisreport:
- Usedemulsions
- Sludgeresultingfromthelocaltreatmentofemulsions.
Practice indicates an increased receptiveness of manufacturing companies (we usually refer to
relocatedproductionunitsor thosebelonging toparentcompaniesheadquartered in theWest) to
thefollowingcategoriesofservices:
- Prolongingtheemulsionlifespan–atechniquetopreventsludgegeneration(implementing
localtreatmentunitsoreventhirdpartyservicescarriedoutonsite);
- Wastetreatmentonsite–inordertominimizethecostbyhavingnocostoftransport;
- Takingoverandtreatment/disposaloffsite.
Table15:Businessopportunitiesforwasteresultedfrommechanicalprocessingactivities
No. Businessopportunity Description Necessaryresources Scoring
1Amarketstudy
Adetailedanalysisofthesector
assessingthefeasibilityofthemeasures
tobetakenConsultancy ###
2
Promotingsomepilot
projectsinorderto
demonstratethe
goodpractice
Thereareseveraltechnicalsolutions
thatcanbeapplieddependingonthe
propertiesofthewasteandonthe
particularitiesoftheavailablesite.
Treatmentonsite(thirdparty)aswellas
collectionandtreatmentofwasteona
differentsitehavebeenenvisaged.Such
apilotprojectshouldensuregood
spreadingoftheprojectoutcomesand
itsadvantages,(includingeconomic
ones)inordertoreplicateandexpand
thispractice.
Consultancyand
design
Supplyofspecific
equipmentand
technology
Supplyofknow-how
andexchangeofexperience
###
Green### Therearepromisingopportunitiestoworkwiththemarket
16EurostatplacesRomaniaintheEuropeantopofprocessingindustryevolutionsascomparedtothereferenceyear2010,
and on the first/third place if we consider the period of the economic recession 2008 – 2014, (following Estonia and
Slovacia),withanincreaseinthesectorturnoverof30.16%.
WasteStudy_Romania½ 40
2.7.3 Wasteresultingfromsurfacetreatmentactivities
Inasimilarwayand,veryoften,inastrongeconomicrelation,surfacetreatmentindustrialactivities
havedevelopedatthesametimeasmechanicalprocessingactivities.
Bothintegratedunits(complexgalvanizinglines)andpreparationunits(degreasingoracidandbasic
pickling)areincludedhere.Themaincharacteristicofthenewunitsistheirreducedsize,namelythe
reducedvolumesofthetanks.
Basedoneconomicconsiderations,thesolutiontoimplementneutralizing/treatmentlinesforused
effluents isnotviable insmallunits.Therefore, there is thepracticeofhaving thecontentofused
baths(usuallyconcentratedsolutions)takenoverbyauthorisedoperatorsinordertobetreatedoff
site,inacentralizedmanner.
Amajoradvantageofthismethodliesinthepossibilityto(atleasttheoretically)recoverthemetals
from the concentrated solutions. Another advantage of the centralized treatment / neutralizing
systemisabettermanagementofthesludgecakeresultedfromtreatment.
Herearetheopportunitiesinthisfield:
1. Adetailedanalysisofthesector (marketstudy)assessingthefeasibilityofthemeasuresto
betaken;
2. Promotingsomepilotprojectsinordertodemonstratethegoodpractice;
3. Supplyofknow-howandexchangeofexperience;
4. Supplyofspecificequipmentandtechnology.
WasteStudy_Romania½
41
3. NECESSARYRESOURCESFORWASTEMANAGEMENTMARKETDEVELOPING
Inthetablebelowasummaryofnecessaryresourcesforeachwastestreamispresented.
Table16:Necessaryresources
No. TypeofwasteHighlyqualifiedpeoplein
Highlydevelopedmethodsfor
Plants/Equipment(type)
Services(type)
1 Municipalwaste
Municipalwaste
management(data
management,separate
collectionsystems,
treatmentinstallations)
-
Sortingwasteequipment’s,
municipalhazardouswaste
collectionandstorage,landfill
gastreatment,anaerobic
treatmentofbio-waste
Planning,feasibilitiesstudiesand
technicalprojectselaboration,
consultancyforsourceseparation
systemimplementation
2 Usedcookedoil
-
-Localseparatecollection
equipment’s
Consultancyforsourceseparation
systemimplementation,public
awareness
3 Packagingwaste
Specificfieldofthe
packagingwaste:
environmentaldutiesand
liabilities,EPRscheme,
clearinghouse
-
Reverse
vending
machines
forglass
packaging
forbeer,
soda,and
mineral
water
Equipment
’sforwoodandglasspackaging
wasterecycling
Marketanalysis,technical
assistance,designfornewfacilities
4 Proceduresand - Pre-treatmentandrecycling Marketanalysis,technical
WasteStudy_Romania½
42
No. TypeofwasteHighlyqualifiedpeoplein
Highlydevelopedmethodsfor
Plants/Equipment(type)
Services(type)
Constructionand
demolitionwaste
guidelinesforlaw
enforcement(C&Dwaste
sector)
equipment’sforthenew
generationC&Dwaste
(insulation,gipsplate,
sandwichpanels,etc)
assistance,designfornewpilot
facilities
5
Industrialwaste
(non-hazardous,
general)
Proceduresand
guidelinesforlaw
enforcement(waste
characterisation,
guidelines),waste
minimisation
Pyriteashand
phosphogypsum
treatmentand
recovery
Temporarystoragefacilities,
treatmentequipment
Marketanalysis,technical
assistance,designfornewdisposal
andtreatmentfacilities(including
flyashrecovery)
6
Hazardouswaste
Proceduresand
guidelinesforlaw
enforcement(waste
characterisation,
guidelines)oilwaste
decontamination,waste
minimisation,labelling
-
Collectionandtransport
equipment’s,temporary
storagefacilities,treatment
equipment
Marketanalysis,technical
assistance,designfornewdisposal
andtreatmentfacilities(including
asbestosandhistoricaloilwaste
lagoons)
7
NonHazardous
organicwastefrom
food&breweries
industry
- -Pre-treatment,stabilisation,
aerobic&digestioninstallation
Marketanalysis,technical
assistance,designfornewdisposal
andtreatmentfacilities
8
Liquidwaste
(emulsions)from
mechanical
processing
SpecificindustrialsectorOilandsynthetic
emulsiontreatment
Specificforlocal(onsite)or
centralised(offsite)treatment
Marketanalysis,feasibilitystudies,
designfornewtreatmentfacilities
9
Wasteformsurfaces
treatmentindustry
Specificindustrialsector -Specificforlocal(onsite)or
centralised(offsite)treatment
Marketanalysis,feasibilitystudies,
designfornewtreatmentfacilities
WasteStudy_Romania½ 43
4. SPECIALENVIRONMENTALISSUESTHATNEEDTOBESOLVEDINTHE
NEXT5YEARS
Thisfinalsectionofthereportbrieflypresents informationontwokeyaspectsofenvironmentalprotection–rehabilitationofcontaminatedsitesandtheissueregardingusedwatertreatment.
Theseareregardedaskeyaspectsduetothesizeofthepotentialproblem(thephysicaldimensionof the phenomenon) and to the cooperation potential (business, the large volumeof necessaryinvestment).
4.1 REHABILITATIONOFCONTAMINATEDSITES
The economic operations that were intensively developed during the last decades of the lastcenturyhaveleftRomaniawithanimpressivenumberofindustrialandagro-industrialsites,manyofthemhugelyaffectedbysoilandundergroundwatercontamination.
Themassiveprivatizingprocedureofeconomicassetsassociatedwithacomponentoftakingoverresponsibilities for historical pollution (environmental obligations – have been regulated since1995)hasled,astheeconomicdeclineandbankruptcyofmanyprivatisedcompaniesoccurred,tothefollowingcharacteristicsituations:
- Thevastmajorityofassetscarryingenvironmentalobligationsconcerningsoil/undergroundwaterrehabilitationwereprivatelyowned,whiletheirownerswereindeepfinancialtrouble(insolvencyorevenbankruptcy);
- For sites / objectives that are still owned by the state (usually we refer here to landfills),rehabilitation measures / projects are accepted to be financially supported, but this is notpossibleforprivatecompanies;
- Theconceptoforphansitehasbeendevelopedandintroducedinordertomakeitpossibletodo something in those situationswhere riskswere imminent for thepopulationand for theenvironment.
Atpresent,thereisonefirstinventoryofcontaminatedsitesandpotentiallycontaminatedsitesatthenationallevel.Thisinventory(includinganumberofabout1,300enters)ismanagedwithinanelectronicapplication-CoSISatNEPAlevel.Theinventorywasinitiallydonebetween2007-2009,anditwasupdatedin2013.TheinformationincludedinthisdatabaseistechnicallybasedonthedataexistingatthelevelofLEPAs,butitisalsobasedontheanswerstoaquestionnaireprovidedbythecompanies.
Since the administrative procedures on the classification / reclassification / investigation /rehabilitation/declassificationofacontaminatedsitehavenotbeenimplementedyet,therecordsintheCoSISapplicationarestillinformal.Anevaluationofthetypologyandsizesofthesitesinthisinventory has been included in the text of the National Strategy on Contaminated Sites [GD683/2015].WewouldliketoaddthefactthatCoSISdataisnotpublic.
WasteStudy_Romania½ 44
Thecurrentlegislativepackagedoesnotincludeanyoperationaladministrativeprocedures.Thatiswhytheprogressoftherehabilitationactionstaken,ascomparedtotheinitiallyassessedvolumeaspotentialbusinessforthissector(900,000haofaffectedlandandminimum5billionEuro)hasbeeninsignificantsofar.
Itisimportanttomentionthefactthat,sincethedatewhenthisfirstinventorywascarriedouttothisday,evenwithoutanysebsequentregulationsspecifictothisfield,rehabilitationworkshavebeen performed in Romania, usually by private oil companies, both regarding the soil and theundergroundwater. Theway inwhich theseprojects havebeenpromoted and advisedhas notbeenaunitaryone,andthesituationsgenerallyvariedaccordingtothesizeandparticularitiesofthesites.
Thestrategyapprovedby[GD683/2015]hasthefollowingobjectives:ontheshortterm,bytheend of 2015, the purpose of the strategy was to lay down the principles regarding themanagementofcontaminatedsites(objectivesthatstillhaven’tbeenmet);onthemediumterm,by2020,thestrategyaimsatsolvingtheissueofcontaminatedsitesthatneedurgentaction;andonthelongterm,by2050,theaimistocompletethisaction.Theestimatedcostsrelatedtoriskassessmentandtherehabilitationofapproximately210contaminatedsitesconsideredtorequireurgentactionare1,264billionEurointotal.ThesecostswillbepaidbyaccessingstructuralfundsfromtheEuropeanUnion,aswellasbythestate,andalsobymeansofexternalinvestmentsintheprivatesector.
In addition to all the above, the following conclusions can be drawn based on the consultants’experience:
- The sector of rehabilitating contaminated sites is probably the biggest cooperationopportunitywith national authorities (methodologies, guidelines, staff training, exchange ofexperience),serviceoperators(firmsthatarealreadyinvolvedinthissector),andevendirectlywiththesiteowners(thosewhoareactuallycarryingtheenvironmentalobligations).
- Even if administrative procedures have not been implemented yet, there are periodiccollaboration opportunities in this field (the last public bid was launched on 20.03.2017 byOMV Petrom – Participation announcement no. 173869/18.03.2017, https://www.e-licitatie.ro/Public/Common/Notice/CNotice/CNoticeList.aspx)
- Certainly, the number of projects receiving support (co-financing) from EU funds or fromnational funds (the Administration of the Environmental Fund) will increase as soon as thefieldisthoroughlyregulated.
- However,inordertosubstantiatetheirdecisiontocarryoutactivitiesinthisfieldinRomania,a foreign company will require additional information and clarifications (which can beobtained from the specialised department in the Ministry of Environment), and possibly apreliminarystudyassessingthemarketofexistingservices.
WasteStudy_Romania½ 45
4.2 WATERQUALITYANDWASTEWATERTREATMENT
Romania is one of the Member States that already had, at the time of its EU accession, goodprofessional culture, operational organization, and even qualified personnel for the watermanagementsector.
Theimplementationofthe[WFD]inRomaniahasnotmetanyspecialorganizationalorinstitutionalissues.Theproblemsinthefieldofwaterqualityarisemainlyfromtheinsufficientfundingforwaterpollutionpreventionmeasures–thatisusedwatertreatment.
Planningdocumentsareasynthesisoftheinformationinthefield.Thesedocumentsweredrawnupaccordingtotheprovisionsof[WFD]–BasinManagementPlans,approvedby[GD80/2011]forthefirstplanningcycle,andby[GD859/2016]forthesecondplanningcycle.
Thus,regardingthequalityofwaterbodies,thefollowingassumptionswerevalidin2015:
- Ascomparedtothefirstplanningperiod,therewasasignificantincreaseinthepercentagesofwater bodies that met their environmental objective regarding their ecological status, fromabout17%to75.22%.
- At the national level, 70.88 % of water bodies – rivers are in good and very good ecologicalstatus,whilethehydrographicalbasins/areas:Banat,Jiu,Olt,Mureș,Crișareabovethenationalaverage.
- As compared to the ecological status in the first plan, one may notice an increase in thepercentageofwaterbodiesthatareingoodandverygoodecologicalstatus(naturalrivers)from66.42%to70.88%,whichindicatesanimprovement.
Asfarastheecologicalstatusofabove-the-groundwaterbodiesisconcerned,ifwecomparethetwomanagement plans, we can notice an increase in the percentage of water bodies that meet theenvironmentalrequirements.
However, there are 15 undergroundwater bodies in Romania that risk not reaching a good levelfromthechemicalpointofview,forthefollowingparameters:nitratesandammonia.Thisriskisduetodiffuseemissionsproducedbyhumanagglomerations,especiallythoseunder2,000l.e.withalowdegreeofconnectiontosewagesystemsandtoadequatewatertreatmentsystems,ortohistoricalsources such as agro-zootechnical units that have stopped or reduced operation, as well as toagriculturaloperations.
Regardingtheenvironmentalobjective–goodecologicalstatus,thefollowingshallbementionedinrelationtowaterbodies:
- Thepercentageofwaterbodiesthatreachedtheenvironmentalobjectiveswas68.37%in2015,thatishigherthanestimatedinthefirstplanning;
- The percentage of water bodies that will reach the environmental objectives by 2021 willincreaseascomparedto2015,namelyfrom68.37%in2015to86.43%in2021.
WasteStudy_Romania½ 46
- It isestimatedthatallwaterbodieswill reachtheenvironmentalobjectivesby2027(includinglesssevereenvironmentalobjectives).
Withregardtotheundergroundwaterbodiesthatmanagedtoreachtheenvironmentalobjectivesin 2015, namely a good chemical status, their percentage has increased as compared to the firstplanningassessmentby2.9%,from86.62%to89.51%.Thisisalsovalidfor2021.Itisestimatedthatallundergroundwaterbodieswill reach theenvironmentalobjectivesby2027.Theenvironmentalobjective regarding a good quantitative status wasmet during the first planning cycle for all theundergroundwaterbodies.
DetailedinformationonthemanagementobjectivesfortheDanubebasinandthesub-basinoftheTisarivercanbefoundonthewebsite:www.icpdr.org(thepublicsection).
Thepossiblecollaborationopportunitiesinthissectorbelongtothefields:
- Managementof treatment sludge. No sustainable solutions have been implemented so far inRomania.TheagriculturalrecoveryofthesludgeresultingfrommunicipalWWTPisfacinghugedifficulties in its implementation, and theaccelerateddevelopmentof treatment capacities (inagglomerationsoflessthan10,000EL)isgoingstrengthenthisproblem.Anyconcept/solution/technology/ equipment dedicated to this sector iswelcome. The stakeholders in this field areregional water and sewage operators. A list of the main stakeholders and their contactinformation can be accessed herehttp://patronatulapei.ro/uploads/docs/MembriPatronatuluiApei.pdf
- EstablishingBAT-AELforcompaniesundertheincidenceofIED.TheimplementationoftheBATconclusions for certain sectors of operation has led to new approaches with regard toestablishing ELV, the calculation of the treatment efficiency, and discharge monitoring. Weconsider theexchangeofexperience tobewelcome in the field regulating this typeofproject(IndustrialWWTP).Itisusefulbothforthetechnicalfield(modelingthedispersionofpollutantsat discharge, establishingmixing lengths, assessing treatment efficiency in biological steps), aswell as for the economic field (cost benefit analyses regarding the efficiency of themeasure),bothforthecompetentauthorityand,bilaterally,forthecompaniesinterestedinthisfield.
WasteStudy_Romania½ 47
5. INSTEADOFACONCLUSION
Themain aim of this report (assessment) consisted in identifying the opportunities available andgrounding the strategic communication and collaboration decisions, so that waste managementNorwegiancompaniesmayhaveaclearpictureofthisfieldin2017’sRomania.
Wehaveanalysedthemunicipalwastefield(includingpackagingwaste),theareaofserviceswheretheopportunitiesgrantedbythefactthatRomaniaisaEUmemberstatearemoreandmorevisible(werefertothemassive investments inthepublicsectorofmunicipalwastecollection,treatment,anddisposalservices).
Also, we have analysed the specific sectors of special waste flows (C&D waste, organic wasteresulting from industrial waste), considered by the project team and by the beneficiary to beimportant for theobjectivesof thisstudybothduetotheevolutionof thequantitativegenerationrateandtotheindividualtreatment/recoveryapplicablesolutions.
Anothersubjecttobementionedistheoneregardingtheavailabilityofdataandpublicinformationonthisfield(wastemanagementinRomania).Itisdifficulttocarryoutaquantitativeassessmentinany given sector (categories and types of waste) due to the lack of relevant information. If formunicipalwastethereisgeneralquantitativedataregardingwastegeneration/treatment/recoveryanddisposalduetothe implementationof integratedwastemanagementprojectsatcounty level,forthe industrialbusinesssector, theonlyavailable information istheoneatnational level.This isthemainreasonforthemajorityofpracticalproblems–ifwedon’tknowwhatwe’retalkingabout(waste quantities, and properties, etc.), we cannot improve the system or refer to any suchopportunities.
Therefore,mostoftheopinionsincludedinthereportdrawonthepracticalday-to-dayexperienceofthosepreparingthereportregardingtheprivatesector,inparticular(thistypeofactivityisusuallyruledbyconfidentiality terms).Most likely,aseriesofregularsectorialassessments,carriedoutatthenationallevelundertheapprovaloftheregulatingauthority,wouldsignificantlyimprovetherateatwhichweknowtheactualsizeofthematters.Thisiswhereandhowawholeimprovementandbusinessdevelopmentchaincouldstart.
Consideringalltheabove,itisclearthatanassessmentofthetechnicalperformanceofthesystemsandtechnologiesthatarebeingcurrentlyusedinthissectorinRomaniacouldbepreparedonlyasaresultofdedicatedassessmentandanalysiswork.Itisimportantandinteresting,atthesametime,to notice that, for example, when analysing environmental permits (the information is public forfacilitiesfallingunderIEDDirective17)thereisalmost100%compliancewithBATpractices.
However,mostwaste flowsand installations inoperationcouldbe improved.Themajordrawbackpreventinginvestmentinthisfield(publicorprivate),oncethetechnicalsolutionhasbeenidentified,referstotheverysmallprofitmarginofalleconomicactivitiesinRomania.Therefore,thedrawbacks
17Directive2010/75/EUonindustrialemissions(integratedpollutionpreventionandcontrol)
WasteStudy_Romania½ 48
imposed by CAPEX andOPEX usually lead to adopting the simplest possible solutions. Disposal ofwaste in landfillswas by far themost efficient and sustainable solution forwaste generators. Theapplicationoffinancialinstruments(suchasthelandfilltax)hassuddenlyledtoachangeinoptions,especiallyforthe industrialsector.Simplecalculationshaveproventhattreatmentandrecoveryofwaste (for certainwaste flows) is now a viable option from an economic point of view at factorylevel.Thus,westronglybelievethatkeepingatleastthelandfilltaxisgoingtoresultinanincreaseofthemarketofservicesinthewastemanagementfield.However,thisstatementshouldbecarefullyconsidered as the success of actions depends on the correct and sustained implementation ofauthorization, inspection and control activities, including checking compliance of the operationscarriedoutbycompanies.Onthecontrary,leavingasidetheimplementationoffinancialinstrumentsisgoingtoresultintheconservationofthecurrentstatusquo.
As a general conclusion,wewelcome the collaboration opportunity in this sector, starting from acorrectdefinitionof thecurrent situation (beginningwith sectoralmarket studies), andhaving thesustainabilityandaffordability(thecosttobepaidbytheclientsfortheservice)objectiveclearlyinmindatalltimes.
WasteStudy_Romania½ 49
INFORMATIONSOURCES
[NEPA2014] Data regardingwaste generation andmanagement in 2014, obtained fromNationalEnvironmentalAgency,March2017
[HOLCIM2016] Data regarding co-incineration capacities, obtained from HOLCIM RomaniaSA,March2017
[NWMS2014] National Waste Management Strategy 2014 - 2020, elaborated in 2015,http://www.mmediu.ro/beta/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/2013-01-11-DGDSP-SNGD.pdf,accessedFebruary2017
[NWMReport2016] The report analysing the data and the current waste managementinfrastructure,November2016,FichtnerEnvironmentSRL–RECSRL
[ARSERomania2015] Annual Report on State of the Environment in Romania, elaborated byNationalEnvironmentalProtectionAgency
http://www.anpm.ro/documents/12220/2209838/RSM_2015%27.pdf/924aa8b6-429c-46f6-ac75-45f2fdd03e41,accessedFebruary2017
[ARSE Romania 2011] Annual Report on State of the Environment in Romania, elaborated byNationalEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyhttp://www.anpm.ro/anpm_resources/migrated_content/uploads/82095_starea_mediului_2011.pdf,accessedMarch2017
[ECReport2017] Commissionstaffworkingdocument,TheEUEnvironmentalImplementationReviewCountryReport-ROMANIAhttp://ec.europa.eu/environment/eir/pdf/report_ro_en.pdf,accessedMarch2017
[NISPOP2015] Thepopulationbasedontheirdomicilebylocalities http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=ro&ind=POP10
8D,accessedFebruary2017
[ECOFYS2013] TrendsintheUCOmarket,ECOFYSStudy,November2013http://www.apc-romania.ro/ro/i-studiu-despre-uleiurile-vegetale-de-pe-piata-romaneasca/NDI4LTE.html
[EUROSTAT2014] EUROSTATDatabase–Wastestreams–t_env_wasst
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database,accessedFebruary2017
[EUROSTAT2015] EUROSTATDatabase–Wastestreams–t_env_wassthttp://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database,accessedMarch2017
WasteStudy_Romania½ 50
[ANRSC2016] NationalAuthorityfortheRegulationofCommunityServicesbyPublicUtilities(ANRSC),evidentalicentevalabileladatade18.11.2016http://www.anrsc.ro/activitate/licente-si-autorizatii/,accessedMarch2017
[MPF2015] MinistryofPublicFinance,dataregardingeconomicagentsactivityhttp://www.mfinante.gov.ro/agenticod.html?pagina=domenii,accessedMarch2017
[Consultante] Estimationsmadebyconsultant,basedonrelevantexperience
[GD3492005] GD349/2005regardingwastelandfills,asamended
[L2112011] Law211/2011regardingwastemanagement,asamended
[GD8562002] GD856/2002onwastemanagementrecordandapprovalof thewaste list,includinghazardouswaste,asamended
[REG12722008] REGULATION(EC)No1272/2008OFTHEEUROPEANPARLIAMENTANDOFTHECOUNCILof16December2008onclassification,labellingandpackagingofsubstancesandmixtures,amendingandrepealingDirectives67/548/EECand1999/45/EC,andamendingRegulation(EC)No1907/2006
[MO3442004] Orderno.344/2004approvingthetechnicalnormsregardingenvironmentalprotection,especiallyofsoils,whentreatmentsludgeisusedinagriculture
[JASPERS2016] Assessmentoftheimpactofvariouseconomicinstrumentsonthequantitiesofwasterecycled/recoveredanddivertedfromlandfillsinRomania,JASPERS,2016
[EIB2012] EuropeanInvestmentBank,InstitutoSuperioTecnio(2012):TheeconomicsofpackagingwasteRecycling(http://eimpack.ist.utl.pt/outputs.html)
[ECBIO2014] BIObyDeloitte,Arcadis,Ecologic,IEEP,UmweltbundesamtAT(2014),DevelopmentofGuidanceonExtendedProducerResponsibilities,http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/waste/eu_guidance/index.html
[L2492015] Law249/2015regardingmanagementofpackagingandpackagingwaste,asamended
[GEO1962005] GEO196/2005regardingEnvironmentalFund,asamended
[GD683/2015] TheGovernmentalDecisionapprovingtheNationalStrategyandtheNationalPlanfortheManagementofContaminatedSitesinRomania
[GD859/2016] TheGovernmentalDecisionapprovingtheupdatedNationalManagementPlanrelatedtotheinternationalhydrographicalbasinoftheDanuberiverlocatedontheterritoryofRomania
WasteStudy_Romania½ 51
[GD80/2011] TheGovernmentalDecisionapprovingtheNationalManagementPlanrelatedtotheinternationalhydrographicalbasinoftheDanuberiverlocatedontheterritoryofRomania(firstplanning)
[WFD] Directive2000/60/ECoftheEuropeanParliamentandoftheCouncilestablishingaframeworkfortheCommunityactioninthefieldofwaterpolicy"
WasteStudy_Romania½ 52
ANNEX1 Class1licensedmunicipalwastecollectionoperators
No Collectionoperator Contactdata
Fiscal
identification
code
2015Net
turnover
1COMPANIAROMPRESTSERVICESABucureşti
1CPoligrafieiBoulevard,Floor3,[email protected]
13788556 252,225,986
2 ROSALGRUPSABucureşti
11ATurturelelorStreet,Modul15,BucharestT+40212006951www.rosal.ro
6089555 221,678,646
3 POLARISM.HOLDINGSRLConstanţa
2ASpiruHaretStreetConstantaT+40241548711office@polaris.rowww.polaris.ro
12079629 171,331,606
4 SUPERCOMSABucureşti
23CGherghiteiStreet,BucharestT+40372129301http://www.rolocal.ro/companii/supercom-sa.html
3884955 148,045,109
5REREcologicServiceBucureștiREBUSABucurești
35TudorVladimirescuBoulevard,[email protected]
9357725 90,777,285
6RETIMECOLOGICSERVICESATimişoara
3AOituzStreetTimisoara,[email protected]
9112229 76,127,088
7 COMPRESTSABraşov
13VladTepesStret,Brasov,[email protected]
RO1095130 50,993,566
8 SALUBRISSAIaşi
43SoseauaNationala,Iasi,[email protected]
14816433 50,417,253
9BRANTNERSERVICIIECOLOGICESRLCluj-Napoca
11/46LalelelorStreet,ClujNapoca,ClujcountyT+40264410773www.brntner.com
7180367 38,933,742
WasteStudy_Romania½ 53
No Collectionoperator Contactdata
Fiscal
identification
code
2015Net
turnover
10 SALUBRITATECRAIOVASRLCraiova
129ABresteiStreet,Craiova,DoljcountyT+40251414660www.salubritate-craiova.ro
27969145 35,648,834
11 FINANCIARURBANSRLPiteşti
12GeorgeCosbucStreet,Pitesti,ArgescountyT+40248210111
15343880 32,162,613
12 SOMASRLBacău
6TolstoiStreet,Bacau,[email protected]
946778 31,960,133
13 FLORISALSASatuMare
38LuncaSighetStreet,SatuMare,[email protected]
7377238 30,907,197
14 RERECOLOGICSERVICEBuzăuSA
UniriiStreetBloc4B,Buzau,[email protected]
7449237 30,710,714
15 RERECOLOGICSERVICEORADEASA
79TudorVladimirescuStreetOradea,[email protected]
7449237 30,710,714
16 SALUBRISSASlatina
2AAleeaTineretuluiStreet,Slatina,OltcountyT+40249414693www.salubris-slatina.ro
RO6516214 25,368,243
17IRIDEXGROUPIMPORTEXPORTBUCUREȘTIFILIALACOSTINEȘTISRL
17SoseauaBucuresti-Ploiesti,[email protected]
24342060 22,855,364
18 3DROMÂNIASABucureşti10-12BuchetuluiAlley,BucharestT+40213403301
4928693 21,167,659
19 DRUSALSABaiaMare16/4UniriiBoulevard,BaiaMare,Maramures
7233879 21,081,558
WasteStudy_Romania½ 54
No Collectionoperator Contactdata
Fiscal
identification
code
2015Net
turnover
20 GIREXIMUNIVERSALSAPitești
IonC.BratianuStretBl.A3Ap.4,Pitesti,ArgescountyT+40248210111
9054608 19,908,254
21 DIASILSERVICESRLSuceava
18GrigoreAlexandruGhicaStreet,Suceava,[email protected]
RO6419432 18,957,765
22 URBANSERVSABotoşani
191DecembrieStreet,Botosani,[email protected]
10863076 17,321,804
23 FLORICONSALUBSRLCâmpina
6OboruluiStreetCampina,[email protected]
2992339 14,845,359
24 SALSERVECOSISTEMSRLBucureşti
130MihailSebastianStreet,[email protected]
12510160 14,462,695
25
RDEHARGHITASRLOdorheiuSecuiesc(AVEHARGHITASALUBRITATESRLOdorheiuSecuiesc)
73BethlenGáborStreet,OdorheiuSecuiesc,HarghitacountyT+40266217408www.rdero.ro
6582234 13,915,749
26 SALUBRITATE2000SAPiteşti
25TargudinValeStreet,Pitesti,ArgescountyT+40248636886salubritate@gmail.comwww.salubritate-2000.r0
13031718 11,260,274
27SERVICIISALUBRITATEBUCUREŞTISA
17SoseauaBucuresti-Ploiesti,[email protected]
12900081 9,987,485
WasteStudy_Romania½ 55
No Collectionoperator Contactdata
Fiscal
identification
code
2015Net
turnover
28 ROSSALSRLRoman
119bisBogdanDragosStreet,Roman,NeamtcountyT+40233740487
15276951 9,705,077
29 AVESĂLAJECOSERVS.R.L.Zalău30/AFabriciiStreet,Zalau,SalajcountyT+40360101477
10217334 8,785,945
30 BRAI-CATASRLBrăila
58MihaiEminescuStreet,Braila,BrailacountyT+40239606008
13627967 7,139,874
31HERODOTGRUPSRLSighetuMarmaţiei
10PescarilorStreet,SighetuMarmatiei,MaramurescountyT+40362803834
14339466 6,228,712
32 ROMPRESTENERGYSRLOtopeni224ECaleaBucurestilor,Otopeni,IlfovcountyT+40756169844
22762032 4,358,378
Source:Consultantprocessingbasedon[ANRSC2016]dataand[MPF2015]
WasteStudy_Romania½ 56
ANNEX2 Recyclingoperators
No Recyclingoperator Contactdata
Fiscal
identificati
oncode
Typeof
waste
2015Net
turnover
1 AMBROS.A.Suceava*24CaleaUniriiStreet,Suceava,SuceavacountyT+40230205000
2691530Paperandcardboard
241,410,640
2 COMCEHS.A.Călărași*358BucurestiStreet,Calarasi,CalarasicountyT+40242307600
1921968Paperandcardboard
220,866,466
3 VrancartS.A.Adjud*
17TeodoroiuEcaterinaStreet,Adjud,[email protected]
1454846Paperandcardboard
210,089,199
4 ECOPAPERS.A.Zărnești*
1813DecembrieStreet,Zarnesti,[email protected]
1124988Paperandcardboard
167,998,324
5PETROCARTS.A.PiatraNeamț*
171DecebalStreet,PiatraNeamt,[email protected]
2046136Paperandcardboard
86,538,307
6 GREENTECHSABuzau
17IndustriilorAlley,Buzau,[email protected]
14855491 Plastic 170,387,547
7PROFFESIONALRECYLCESRLTarguMures
388MartieStreet,TarguMures,MurescountyT+40365424491office@proffesionalrecycling.rowww.proffesionalrecycling.ro
26455227 Plastic 18,732,210
8 ROMWASTESOLUTIONSSA
DragomirestiValecommune,T41/1,P402/21,lot2,IlfovcountyT+40371426328office@romwastesolutions.rowww.romwastesolutions.ro
28364656 Plastic 18,088,031
9 ECOLINEACVILASRL38UnitatiiStreet,Balotesti,IlfovcountyT+40733105889
31662377 Plastic 13,126,415
10 REPLASTICAHDPESRLBuzau
SoseauaBraileikm7,BuzaucountyT+40730711606www.replastica.ro
22049226 Plastic 11,618,385
WasteStudy_Romania½ 57
No Recyclingoperator Contactdata
Fiscal
identificati
oncode
Typeof
waste
2015Net
turnover
11 CRILELMARSRL
2LiviuRebreanuStreet,Tg.Jiu,[email protected]
8085185 Plastic 11,060,879
12 M&MRECYCLINGSRL290AValicuAurelBoulevard,Constanta,ConstantacountyT+40723372163
13768770 Plastic 7,366,258
13 ECOFRIENDRECYClingSRL
DN22CMedgidia,ConstantacountyT+40723250740ecofriend.recycling@gmail.comwww.ecofrienrecycling.ro
27492142 Plastic 6,868,545
14 CADELPLASTGROUPSRL
51-55CarapatiStreet,Hnedoara,HunedoaracountyT+40726-146760office@cadelplast.rowww.cadelplast.ro
18012172 Plastic 5,862,184
15 SILCOTUBSAZalau**93MihaiViteazuBoulevard,Zalau,SalajcountyT+40260603608
15117182 Metal 1,696,555,756
16 MECHELCAMPIATURZIISA**
145LaminoristilorStreet,CampiaTurzii,ClujcountyT+40264305308www.isct.ro
199710 Metal 78,590,075
17SCARCELORMITTALGALATISA**
CaleaSmardan,Galati,GalaticountyT+40236801331http://galati.arcelormittal.com
1639739 Metal 3,803,508,731
18 HOEGONESCORPORATIONEUROPESABUZAU
33UrziceniStreet,Buzau,BuzaucountyT+40238710596
13117640 Metal 166,287,482
19 STIROMSABucurești***
45TheodorPalladyBoulevard,BucharestT+40212018500www.stirom.ro
335588
Glass 251,346,555
20GreenGlassRecyclingSRLPopestiLeordeni
181SoeseauaOltenitei,PopestiLeordeni,IlfovcountyT+40213611983www.greenglass.ro
31292568
Glass 5,227,560
21SCTCROMGLASSSRLBucurești
10LibertatiiBoulevard,bl.114,[email protected]
RO 387900
Glass n.d.
22 SCEGGERRomaniaSRL2AustrieiStreetPOBox38,Radauti,Suceava
16136689Wood
packaging1,300,843,201
WasteStudy_Romania½ 58
No Recyclingoperator Contactdata
Fiscal
identificati
oncode
Typeof
waste
2015Net
turnover
countyT+40372438000
23SCJTGRUPSRL
84AIsacceiStreetTulcea,[email protected]
18011304Wood
packaging7,384,861
24SCAQUATERMGREENENERGYSRL
14BucovinaStreet,Botoşani,BotosanicountyT+40231522525office@aquaterm-green-energy.rowww.aquaterm-green-energy.ro
18150574Wood
packaging3,282,544
25SCIproebSA
19DrumulCetățiiStreet,Bistriţa,Bistriţa-NăsăudcountyT+40263238165www.iproeb.ro
566930Wood
packaging110,655,471
Source:websearchingdataand[MPF2015]*paperfactory**metalpieces’industry***glassfactory
WasteStudy_Romania½ 59
ANNEX3 DataregardingUCOcollectioninRomania
No.Foodwasteoilcollector
Contactdata ActivitiesCollectedquantityin2016
Recoveryoperations
Destinationcountry
1S.T.U.P
Association
ULEIOSUL,projectfinancedbySEEE
2009-2014grantswithintheONGfundin
Romania
http://uleiosul.com
Atpresent,itcollectsonlyinBucharest(inallthedistricts),andit
willexpandtoIasi.
Ofthecollectedquantity,halfwasfromthepopulation,andhalf
fromHORECAandtheindustry.
They’vecarriedoutawarenesscampaignsinschools,
kindergartens,companies,ownersassociations.Theygotresults
inaMontessorikindergartenandinanownersassociation.
14tonnes Biofuel Austria
2EcoClub
Timisoara
CircumvalatiuniistreetTimisoara,[email protected],May2015–Max2016
ProjectcarriedoutinTimisoaramunicipalityendorsedbyapublic
figure(theactressAnaMunteanu).Theprojectwascarriedout
forayear(May2015–May2016).
Thepopulationwasthemaintargetoftheproject.
Theygotapositivereactionfromthecommunity(about500
collectorsanswered).
UCOwascollectedinarecipient(glassjar)providedbythe
association,anditwastransportedbyacargo-bike.
ThecollectedamountsweretransportedbyRESPIRAVERDESRL
tobiodieselfactoriesinAustriaandGermany.
500l BiofuelAustria,
Germania,
3 MareNostrum
31Decembrie1918Boulevard,bl.F17,sc.A,ap.3,Constanţ[email protected] https://ongmarenostrum.wordpress.com
Constanta,fromdepopulation 1,300l Biofuel Austria
4RESPIRA
VERDESRL
4NicolaeSovaStreet,Oradea,[email protected]:DanielCiuciuT+40741648908
Collectsin56citiesinRomania(95%fromHORECA)
Theyhavecarriedoutcampaignsinordertocollectfromthe
populationinTimisoara,Cluj,Oradea,withverylowresults.
Havecarriedoutawarenesscampaigns–thebestresultswere
obtainedfollowingthecampaignscarriedoutinschools.
They’vestartedcollaboratingwithSIGUREC–acollection
networkdevelopedatthenationallevel-43wastecollection
pointsfromthepopulation,mostofthemlocatedin2
super/hypermarketchainsinRomania.
1,200tonnes Biofuel
Austria,
Germania,
Slovacia,
Polonia
WasteStudy_Romania½ 60
No.Foodwasteoilcollector
Contactdata ActivitiesCollectedquantityin2016
Recoveryoperations
Destinationcountry
5PMC
ENVIRONMENT
102CarpatiStreetBucharest
http://www.green-environment.ro
PaulPop
T+40769646570
CollectingfromHORECAandfromindustry 1,500tones Biofuel
Austria,
Germania,
Bulgaria
6CONCEPTOIL
SRL
179/BCaleaBaciuluiStreet,ClujNapoca,[email protected]
CollectingfromHORECAandfromindustry 62,3tonnes BiofuelUngaria,
Romania
7
STOEHR
MINERAL&
VEGETALOIL
S.R.L.
22PopaPetreStreet,Bucharest
http://colectareuleiuzat.ro
Didnotwanttoprovideanydata. - - -
8
MOLRomania
Petroleum
ProductsSRL*
7721Decembrie1989Boulevard,C-D
TheOffice,Floor1,Cluj-Napoca,Cluj
county
https://molromania.ro/ro/persoane-
fizice/colecteaza-uleiul-alimentar-uzat
Didnotanswertheemailandcouldn’tbecontactedonthephone - - -
9
ROMANIAN
USED
COOKINGOIL
S.R.L
112PrincipalaStreet,Stoenesti
commune,Oltcounty
• www.ruco.ro
Didnotwanttoprovideanydata. - - -
*TheMOLchainofgasstationsincludesnolessthan60gasstationsin22localitiesthattakepartintheprogrammeforcollectingusedoilfromthepopulation.The22localitiesare:AlbaIulia,Arad, BaiaMare, Bistrita, Bucharest, Cluj Napoca, Floresti, Gheorgheni, Iasi, Miercurea Ciuc, Odorheiu Secuiesc, Oradea, Pitesti, Ploiesti, Ramnicu Valcea, Reghin, Sfantu Gheorghe, Sibiu,Sighisoara,Suceava,Targoviste,andTarguMures.
WasteStudy_Romania½ 61
ANNEX4 Hazardouswasteincineratorsandlandfills
No Treatmentoperator Contactdata TreatmentactivityTypeoftreated
waste
1 SCMONDECOSRL
Suceava,Str.CaleaUnirii,nr.22,incintaCorpMALL,
locatieEB1,SuceavaPhone:+40230519399
Incinerationofhazardouswaste wastereceivedfrom
thirdparties
2 SCANTIBIOTICESAIASIIasi,Str.ValeaLupuluinr.1,Iasi
Phone:+40232209000
Incinerationofhazardouswaste
wastefromtheown
activities
3SCKOBERSRLPL
TURTURESTI
Săvinești,NeamțStradaGheorgheCaranfil
Nr.2DumbravaRosie,NeamtPhone:+40233281021
Incinerationofhazardouswaste
wastefromtheown
activities
4SCCHIMCOMPLEXSA
BORZESTI
Str.Industriilornr.3,
Onesti601124,BacauPhone:+40234302250
Incinerationof
hazardouswastewastefromtheown
activities
5 SCAVANDSRL
Iasi,Str.Saulescu,nr.13amplasament,str.Trei
Fantani,Iasi,[email protected],
[email protected]:+40332800888
Incinerationofhazardouswaste
wastereceivedfromthirdparties
6 ECOFIRESISTEMSSRL
ComunaLumina,parcelaA314/1/1,Constanta,
[email protected]:+40241760576
Incinerationofhazardouswaste wastereceivedfrom
thirdparties
7 SCDECINERASRL
Galati,stradaBazinulNou,nr.83,Galati
[email protected]:+40236470
699
Incinerationofhazardouswaste
wastereceivedfrom
thirdparties
8 PROAIRCLEANS.A.
SatStejaru,com.
Perieti,tarla180/6,parcela21,judetul
Ialomita,office@proairclean-
incinerare.roPhone:+40758038788
Incinerationof
hazardouswaste
wastereceivedfrom
thirdparties
9ENVISANNV,BELGIA-
SUCURSALAPITESTI
ComunaOarjasatOarja,NR.786Bis,Arges
[email protected]:+40248223313
Incinerationofhazardouswaste wastereceivedfrom
thirdparties
10 SCECOBURNSRL
Ploiestistr.Democratiei,nr.103,etaj1,camera7,
jud.Prahovasimona.ursache@ecoburn.
Incinerationofhazardouswaste wastereceivedfrom
thirdparties
WasteStudy_Romania½ 62
No Treatmentoperator Contactdata TreatmentactivityTypeoftreated
waste
ro,amplasament,comuna
Brazi,satNegoiesti,str.PiatraCraiului,nr.13,
judPrahova,[email protected]:+40373550044
11 SCMEDLINEEXIMSRLComunaSopot,T67,P3,
Dolj
Incinerationof
hazardouswaste
wastereceivedfrom
thirdparties
12 SCOLTCHIMSA
Str.Uzineinr.1,Ramnicu
Valcea,Valcea
Incinerationof
hazardouswastewastefromtheown
activities
13SCSTERICYCLEROMANIA
SRL
Str.MihaiEminescu,nr.105T,comunaIsalnita,
DoljPhone:+40374205219
Incinerationofhazardouswaste wastereceivedfrom
thirdparties
14PROAIRCLEANECOLOGICSA
Str.SulinaNr.6b,Timisoara,jud.Timis
Phone:+40256306018
Incinerationofhazardouswaste
wastereceivedfromthirdparties
15SCSTERICYCLEROMANIASRL
Cluj-Napoca,B-dulMuncii,
Nr.16,ClujPhone:+40264403387
Incinerationof
hazardouswastewastereceivedfromthirdparties
16COMPANIANATIONALAIMPRIMERIANATIONALA
SA
BulevardulIuliuManiu244,București061099
Phone:+40214348818
Incinerationofhazardouswaste
wastefromtheown
activities
17SCSTERICYCLEROMANIASRL
DrumulPoianaTrestieinr
27B,Sector1BucurestiPhone:+40214900026
Incinerationof
hazardouswastewastereceivedfromthirdparties
18 CHIMESTERBVSRLBucuresti,BulevardulTimisoara98C
Incinerationofhazardouswaste
wastefromtheownactivities
19SCSINAROMMINING
GROUPSRLIacobeni,Suceava
Landfillof
hazardouswaste
wastefromtheown
activities
20 SCRULMENTISABARLAD
BulevardulRepublicii320,
Bârlad731130Barlad,Vaslui
[email protected]:+40235412120
Landfillof
hazardouswastewastefromtheownactivities
21 SCDUCTILSTEELSA
1,AleeaIndustriilor,120224Buzau
[email protected]:+40238405102
Landfillofhazardouswaste wastefromtheown
activities
22SCECOMASTERSERVICIIECOLOGICESRL
AriceștiiRahtivani,Prahova
Phone:+40244406305
Landfillofhazardouswaste
wastereceivedfromthirdparties
23SCVIVANISALUBRITATESA
Slobozia,Tarlaua327/4,
parcela11,IalomitaPhone:+40749195799
Landfillof
hazardouswastewastereceivedfromthirdparties
24 SCAUTOMOBILEDACIA Str.Uzinei,nr.1,Mioveni, Landfillof wastefromtheown
WasteStudy_Romania½ 63
No Treatmentoperator Contactdata TreatmentactivityTypeoftreated
waste
SA Arges
Phone:+40248500000
hazardouswaste activities
25 SCSILCOTUBSA
Prl.Bucuresti162,
Calarasi,CalarasiPhone:+40242306600
Landfillof
hazardouswastewastefromtheown
activities
26SCALROALUMINIUPRELUCRATSA
Str.Pitestinr.116Slatina,Olt
Phone:+40249434302
Landfillofhazardouswaste
wastefromtheownactivities
27 SCSILCOTUBSA
93,MihaiViteazulBlvd.
450131Zalău,SalajPhone:+40260620720
Landfillof
hazardouswastewastefromtheown
activities
28 SCTERAPIASAStr.Fabricii124ClujNapoca,Cluj
Phone:+40264501500
Landfillofhazardouswaste
wastefromtheown
activities
Source:NEPA;[NWMReport2016],andwebsearchingdata
WasteStudy_Romania½ 64
ANNEX5 Pictures
SEPARATECOLLECTIONPOINTS
Oradeamunicipal
wastecollectionpoint
(2fractions)
Mediașunderground
wastecollectionpoint
(mixedwaste)
Author:Oana
Bucharestmunicipal
wastecollectionpoint
(3fractions)
Photosauthor:OanaMușuroaea
WasteStudy_Romania½ 65
SORTINGSTATIONS
ECOBIHORSRLOradea,sortingofseparatecollectedwaste
Source: http://www.ecobihor.ro/compost.htm
ECOBIHORSRLOradea,manualsortingline
Source: ECOBIHOR
WasteStudy_Romania½ 66
COMPOSTINGPLANTS
ECOBIHORSRLOradea,
compostingofgreen
waste
Source:http://www.ecobihor.ro/compost.htm
Sibiucompostingplant(financedbySOPENV)
Source:SibiuCountyCouncil
WasteStudy_Romania½ 67
MECHANICALBIOLOGICALTREATMENTPLANTS
MBTPlantChiajna
Source:IRIDEXGROUP
WasteStudy_Romania½ 68
NON-HAZARDOUSWASTELANDFILLS
Chiajnalandfill(near
Bucharest)
Author:OanaMușuroaea
Source:IRIDEXGROUP
ECOBIHORSRL
Oradea,landfill
gasrecovery
installation
Source: ECOBIHOR
WasteStudy_Romania½ 69
Argescounty
non-hazardous
wastelandfill
Author:AlinaOberdörfer
Sibiucounty
non-hazardous
wastelandfill
Author:AlinaOberdörfer
WasteStudy_Romania½ 70
CONSTRUCTIONANDDEMOLITIONWASTETREATMENTINSTALLATIONS
ECO
BIHOR
SRL
Oradea
Source: ECOBIHOR
Chiajna
site
Source: IRIDEXGROUP
WasteStudy_Romania½ 71
LIFEproject
onCDW,
Buzău
Source: http://life-dcd.ro/foto/galerie/photo-gallery/pilot-project-mechanical-
treatment-installation-for-construction-and-demolition-waste/