Studies on inhibitory impacts of seven botanical extracts ...

Proceedinqe of the 7th Internatwnal Worhng Conference ernStored-product Protection - Volume 1

Studies on inhibitory impacts of seven botanical extracts onpopulation formation of Tribolium castaneum

Wang Xiaoqmg , Jiang Wufeng and Ma Wenbm1

Yang Zhihui , Yang Changju , Hua Hongxia and Hu JIanfani

Abstract

Seven botanical extracts With 800, 400, 200, 100 and50ppm concentrations were respectively prepared forexperiments of inhibiting population formation of Triboliunicastaneurn (Herbst) The expenmental results showedthat tangenne skin extract with 800ppm concentration hasthe best inhibitory Impact, amountmg to inhibitory rate of93.4 %. The mhibitory rate of orange skin extract WIth800ppm concentration IS 85.7%. At the same concentrationthe inhibitory rates of petals of annual fluffy, cmnamon ,Artemisia argyi, Rhizoma Kaempferiae and Houttuyrnacordata are 78.1 %, 76.4%, 74.4%, 67.8% and 54.3%,respectively, With the exception of petals of annual fluffythe SIX kinds of extracts have differently repellent Impactson adults and larvae of Tribouum. castaneurn. But all theseven kinds of extracts have not ObVIOUScontact-toxicity toadults and larvae of Triboliurn castaneum .

Introdution

Both in China and abroad researchers have paid attention tothe developments of botanical matenals as insecticides,because botanical material has the charactenstics ofabundance, cheap price, human and animal safety, nopollution to grams and no pest resistance to msecticides. In1983 Zhang Xmg and Zhao Shanhuan in China gave thepnmary experiment results of controlling Siiophnluszearnais (Motschulsky) With several botanical matenalsYao Kang and Yang Changju (1984) studied the fumigationeffect of litsea CItrate 011 on Bruchus rufmwnus Boheman.L1 Guangcan, et al. (1985), compared the fumIgatIoneffects of nme refmed OIls and two monads on Tribol ~urncernfusurn Jacquelin du Val. Zhang Xmg, et al (1992)made studies on botamcal samples that inhibited thepopulatIon formatIon of Tnbohurn castaneurn On thebaSIS of publIshed investIgatIons the authors further studIed

I Gram Bureau of Jmmen CIty, Hubel ProVInce, Chma, 448000

2 Department of Botamcal ProtectIon, Central Chma Agncultural U-mverslty, Wuhan, Chma, 430070

inhibitory Impacts of seven botarncal extracts on populationproducti m castaneum . The investigation results are asfollows

Materials and Methods

Insects for experiments

At 27 ± 1°C temperature and 75% ± 5% R. H. Triooiium.castaneum. (Herbst) was reared m coarse wheat meal(moisture content 13.5 % ± 0.5 % ).

Botanical extracts for experiments

Acetone extracts were prepared WIth tangenne skm,orange, cinnamon, Rhizoma Kaempfenae, petals of annualfluffy, Artemisia argyi and Houttuyrua cordata, etc. Atfirst, botanical matenals were dned m the sun and crushedinto powders by motor gnnder. Each of 50 g powders wereImmersed m pure acetone for three days at roomtemperature. Then extracted With Soxhlet's extractor on66°Cwater bath until the liquid flowed out from branch pipeof the extractor became colourless At last a concentratorennched extracts, producing a paste botanical extracts.According to the need of treatments the paste extract wasdissolved m acetone, using for preparation of the desiredsolution.

Experiment methods

Inhibitum to populatwn formaium. of Tribolium.castaneurnFIve concentration gradients were set for the extracts of

tangenne skin, orange, Rluzoma Kaempferiae, cinnamon,Artermsia argyl, Houttuyma cordata and petals of annualfluffy were 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 ppm. By means ofstepwise dilutmg method the acetone solutions (1 ml) of thebotamcal extracts were dIluted mto dIfferent concentrations,mIxed WIth 50g coarse wheat meal packed mto glass canbottle, WIth the bottle mouth open and acetone volatllizingnaturally Twenty head adults of Tnbolium castaneumwere put mto every bottle Mter bottle-caps were covered,the bottles were randomly placed at 27 ± 1°C roomtemperature and 75 ± 5 % RH. Every treatment has threeduplicates, and a control treatment With acetone was also setup. Mter about one month, the msect number of fIlIal

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Proceedings of the 7th International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 1

generation of Triboliurn. castaneum was checked andmhibitory rate of the population formation of filial generationwas calculated The calculating formula can be written as:Inhibitory rate (%) =

average insect number of control fihal generation-:average msect number of treatment fIlIal generation x 100average insect number of control filial generationRepellent impact on adults and larvae of TriboliumcastaneumA circular filter paper with 16cm diameter was, half-and-

half, cut apart. One half filter was treated WIth the acetonesolution (2mO of 800 ppm botamcal extract, and the otherhalf treated WIth 2ml acetone was taken as the controlsample. While the acetone volatilized naturally, the two halffilter papers treated were glued together and put on thebottom of the Petn dish WIth 16cm diameter. Twenty headsof 2 - 3 mstars of Triboluim castaneum larvae were putinto every dish. After the cap of the dish was covered, asheet of blue cloth was used for shading, making the larvaeto scatter naturally. Every treatment was repeated for threetimes. After 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours the larvadistribution on the two half filter papers were checked andthe repellent rate of seven botanical extracts on the larvae ofTriboluim. castaneum was calculatedRepellent ratet % ) =

control insect number - treated msect number x 100control insect number

Treatment methods and calculations used for adults wereas same as larvae.CantacfrtoXtCity to the adults and larvae of Tribolium.castameuniThe acetone solution (2 %) of botanical extracts was

spotted on the pronotum of 2- 3 mstar larva of Triboliumcastaneuni With 0.048!l1 drop pipe Every treatment wasrepeated for three times and 20 heads of larvae were treatedevery time At the same time acetone drops were set for thecontrol. And then the treatments were put at 26 ± 1°Ctemperature and 75% ± 5% RH. After 24 hours, 48 hoursand 72 hours the mortal situations of the larvae wererespectively checked and mortality (%) were calculated.

Mortality (%) mortal msect number x 100Insect number for expenment

The treatment and calculation methods of adults were assame as the larvae.

Results and Analysis

Inhibitory impacts of seven botanical extracts onpopulation formation of Tribolium castaneum

Mter one month the inhibItory Impact of each treatmenton filial generation formation of Tribolium castaneumwere checked, as shown m Figure 1From fIgure 1 It could be found that the InhIbitory rates of

800ppm extracts of tangenne skin, orange skin, petals ofannual fluffy, cinnamon, Artemisia argyi, RhizomaKaempfenae and Houttuyrna cordata used for inhibiting thepopulation production of Tribolium castaneum were93.4%,85.7%,78.1%,76.4%,74.4%,67.8% and54.3%, respectively Among them 800ppm extract oftangerine skin had the best mlubitory Impact and made anObVIOUSdifference compared With the extract of Houttuymacordata FIve concentration gradients of the extract ofHouttuyrua cordata were used for treatments and all theinhibitory rates were below 60%, as shown m Figure 1.The mlubitory rates of 400ppm extracts of tangerine andorange skins used for inhibition of Tribolium castaneumwere 72.9 % and 78.4 %, with no ObVIOUSdifferencebetween them. From treatment the mlubitory Impacts of400ppm cinnamon and petals of annual fluffy on Tribolium.castaneum were very close, amounting to 67.3 % and65.4%, respectively.As far as five concentration gradients for the same kind of

botanical extract was concerned, the higher theconcentration of extract, the stronger mlubitory impact ithas. The inhibitory rates of the tangenne skm extract with800,400,200, 100 and 50 ppm concentrations are 93.4 % ,72.9%, 61.3%, 57.7% and 43.2%, respectively. Amongthem the mhibitory impact of 800ppm concentration wasvery outstanding and made a great difference between100ppm and 50ppm concentrations. Three treatments of800, 400 and 200ppm concentrations had mhibitory Impacton the population formation of Tribolium. castaneum,amounting to 85.7 %, 78.4 % and 65.2 % The inhibitoryeffectiveness between 400 and 200ppm concentrations madeno obvious differenceThe extracts whose inhibitory rates below 50% or who

have no inhibitory effect on the population production ofTribolucm. casianeumi were 50ppm tangerine skin extract,orange skin extract below 100ppm concentration, extracts ofcinnamon and petals of annual fluffy under 200ppmconcentration, and extracts of Artemisia argyl, RhizomaKaempfenae and Houttuyrua cordata below 400 ppmconcentra tion

Repellent impacts of seven botanical extracts on theadults and larvae of Triboleum castaneum

In Apnl 1995, the repellent Impacts of seven botanicalextracts to the adults and larvae of Triboleum castaneumwere observed. (Table 1)From Table 1 It could be found that SIXbotamcal extracts

of tangenne skm, orange skm, cmnamon, Rhizomakaempfenae, Artemisia argyl and Houttuynia cordata WIth800ppm concentration had dIfferent repellent effects on thelarvae of Triboltum castaneum. In general, the repellenteffectiveness of the extracts of RhlZoma Kaempfenae andHouttuynla cordata IS stronger than other botamcal extracts.

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Proceedings of the 7 th International Worktng Conference on Stored-product Protection. - Volume 1

After 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours the repellent Impactson the larvae with Rhizoma kaempferiae extract were42.1 %, 50.0 % and 60.5 % respectively while commg up to48.2%, 60.5% and 50.0% with extracts of Houttuyrnacordata used for repelling the larvae. At the same time allseven botanical extracts had stronger repellent Impacts onthe adults of Triboleum castaneum. Among them therepellent impacts of tangenne skin, petals of annual fluffyand orange skm extracts were especially outstandmg. After24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours the repellent impacts oftangenne skin extract on adults were 96.6 % , 84.6 % and98.3%, and the extract of petals of annual fluffy used forthe treatment of adults had repellent rates of 98.3%,

80.0% and 92.2%. In addition, the repellent effect oforange skm extract on the adults of Triboleum. castaneumamounted to 94.7 % .

Contact-toxicity of seven botanical extracts toTribolium castaneum

In April 1995 the contact-toxicity of the extracts to theadults and larvae of Tribolnum. castaneum was mspected.Table 2 listed the mortality results of the adults and larvae ofTribohum castaneum treated WIth seven botanical extractsafter 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. The mortalities aftertreatment were all less than that of the control, showing nocontact- tOXICIty.

Table 1. Repellent Impacts of seven botanical extracts to the adults and larvae of Tribolium. castaneum .

TIme afterPepelling rate (%)

Insectstage

treatment Tangerine Orange Cinna- Rhizoma Artemisia Petals of Houttuynia(h) skm skin mon Kaempfenae argyl annual fluffy cordata

24 42.1 33.3 23.5 42.1 28.6 -133.3 48.1

Larva 48 18.2 66.7 18.2 50.0 22.2 -152.9 60.5

72 33.3 28.6 12.5 60.5 28.6 -22.2 50.0

24 96.9 94.7 57.1 66.1 23.5 98.3 50.0

Adult 48 84.6 50.0 57.1 53.7 52.9 80.0 37.8

72 98.3 57.1 42.1 82.4 57.1 92.9 57.1

Note: Treatment on April 26 WIth 800ppm concentration and 2ml/a half filter paper. The data ill the table are averages of three repeattreatments

Table 2. Contact-toxicity of seven botanical extracts to the larvae and adults of Tribolium casiameum .

Time afterMortality (%)

Insect Petals oftreatment Tangerine Orange Cinna- Rhizoma Artemisia Houttu-ymastage Control annual(h) skm skin mon kaempferiae argyi cordatafluffy

24 6.7 3.3 6.7 3.3 3.3 6.7 3.3 3.3

Larva 48 10.0 3.3 6.7 6.7 10.0 10.0 10.0 3.3

72 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 10.0 10.0 10.0 3.3

24 3.3 0 3.3 3.3 0 0 3.3 3.3

Adults 48 10.0 0 3.3 10.0 0 6.7 10.0 6.7

72 10.0 10.0 6.7 10.0 0 6.7 10.0 6.7

Note: Treatment on Apnl 26, 1995 WIth2% concentration and dosage of 0 048p.l/one head msect. The data hsted ill the table are averages ofthree repeat treatments

Summary and Discussion

Seven botanical extracts are used for inhibiting thepopulation formation of Tribolium castaneum and the bestinhibitory impact IS the tangerine skin extract WIth 800ppm

concentration. At the same concentration of 800ppm the

order of mhibitory rates of seven botanical extracts is

tangerine skm extract (93 . 4% ), orange skin extract( 85 . 7% ), petals of annual fluffy (78.1 % ), cinnamon

(76.4% ), Artemisia argyi (74.4 % ), Rhizoma Kaempferiae(67.8%) and Houttuynia cordata (54.3%). As for the five

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Proceedings of the 7th International Working Conference on Stored-product Protection - Volume 1

concentration gradients of the same botanical extract, thebest inhibitory effectiveness is the 800ppm concentration.Within the range of experimental dosage all the extracts of

tangerine skin, orange skin, cinnamon, Artemisia argyi ,Rhizoma Kaempferiae and Houttuynia cordata have differentrepellent impacts on the adults of Tribolium castaneumwhile the effect of repelling the adults is better than thatonthe larvae. It is demonstrated that the extract of petals ofannual fluffy has a attractive effect to the larvae ofTribolium castaneum while displaying a stronger repellingeffect on the adults of Tribolium castaneum. It must bepointed out that the impacts mentioned above would furtherbe investigated so as to demonstrate either reaction

100

~ 90:: 800.~

E 70<8:: 60.9(;3"5 500.00.4- 400I1J

'§ 30C.9 20:E:c 10.5

0

difference of various stages of Tribolium castaneum orexperimental error caused.In the range of experiment dosage the contact-toxicity of

seven botanical extracts to Triboleum castaneum are notdisplayed. It may well be that the repellent impacts ofbotanical extracts of tangerine skin, etc. on the adults ofTribolium castaneum are that extracts can notably inhibitthe population formation of Tribolium castaneum.It is notable that the investigations are only related to

influence of seven botanical extracts on numbers of F1generation of Triboleum castaneum. Thus it is necessaryto further study the effect on growth of the larve, pupation,emergence of adults, and persistent effective period.

petals ofannualfluffy

Fig.l. Inhibitory impacts of seven botanical extracts on population formation of Triboleum castaneum.

~800f'J4006200e ioo050

tangerineskin

orange skin cinnamon Rhizonma Artmsi argyiKaempferiae

Houttuyniacordata

Extracts(ppm)

References

Li Guangcan and Li longshu, 1985. Experiments on theplant aromatic volatile oils for controlling stored graininsects. Journal of Grain Storage, 4,1- 9. (in Chinese)Yao kang and Yang Changju, 1984. Using pheasant pepperseed oil for controlling the broad bean weevil Bruchus

rufimanus. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2, 173 - 180. (inChinese)Zhang Xing and Zhao shan-huan, 1983. Experiments ofsome plant materials controlling rice weevils. Journal ofGrain Storage, 1,1 - 8. (in Chinese)Zhang Xing, Wang xinglin and Hu Zhaonon, Studies onscreening plant materials for inhibiting populationformation of Tribolium castameum (Herbst). (in Chinese)

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