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PHYTOTAXONOMY Vol. 11,2011. pp. 120-140
Jr[tudies on Indian lichens during the last 50 years (1960-2010)
K.P. Singh
Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad -, 211002. Email:
[email protected]
Studies on Indian lichens carried out by Indian as well as
foreign lichenologists between 1960 and 2010 are presented in the
present communication. Scientists from 4 organizations, viz.,
Agarkar Research Institute, Pune; Botanical Survey of India; Botany
Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow; and National Botanical
Research Institute, Lucknow have played significant roles in the
present progress of Indian lichenology, The M.S. Swaminathan
Research Foundation, Chennai has carried ont research on applied
aspects of lichens and an, 'All India Co-ordinated Project on
Taxonomy' (AICOPTAX) boosted the lichen research in the country
during the last one decade. It is suggested that explorations in
unexplored and underexplored areas, mutual cooperation among the
lichen specialists of different organizations and revisionary
studies of families would provide a strong base for writing
country's useful lichen flora and also help in evolving
conservation strategies along with sustainable uses of lichens for
humanity.
Key Words: Indian lichens, between 1960 and 2010, a review
Introduction Lichens, one of the important components of
biodiversity, are widely spread in all suitable environmental
habitats, including the continent of Antarctica. These are of
various colours and occur in the form of crustose, foliose and
fruticose types on the ground, bark of trees, stones, boulders,
rocks, poles, over mosses, etc., with greater predominance in
tropical, subtropical and temperate areas. Their diversity varies
according to the altitude and topography of the area.
It is well known that earlier studies on Indian lichens were
carried out by European botanists. The sporadic collections made
from different parts of India were sent to European countries for
study and subsequently published. A detailed account of these
studies has already been presented by D.D. Awasthi (1965) and may
be consulted, if required. Before this important contribution, A.
Singh (1964) brought out a publication, namely, 'Lichens of India'
enumerating therein 947 species. But this publication was not much
in use and attracted adverse remarks from D.D. Awasthi (1965).
During the last 50 years, over 450 research articleslbooks have
been published on various aspects of Indian lichens by Indian
and
foreign lichenologists. Due to limitations of space, it is not
possible to refer to all of them, but efforts have been made to
cover most of the important publications appearing between 1960 and
2010 on Indian lichens in the present communication.
The institutions mainly responsible for the present development
of Indian lichenology are Botany Department, Lucknow University,
Lucknow; Botanical Survey of India; Agarkar Research Institute,
Pune; and National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. Recently,
the M.S. Swarninathan Research Foundation, Chennai has carried out
research on applied aspects of lichens and All India Co-ordinated
Project on Taxonomy (AICOPTAX) boosted the lichen research in the
country during the last one decade. Contributions from the Botany
Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow (LWU)
At this centre, D.D. Awasthi initiated work on lichens for his
doctoral dissertation under the guidance of Prof. S.N. Das Gupta
during nineteen fifties and consolidated all the information on
lichens from Indian subcontinent (India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and
Nepal). After receiving the advanced training in lichenology
(1960-63) under the direction of
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STUDIES ON INDIAN LICHENS DURING THE LAST 50 YEARS (1960-2010)
121
Dr. William A. Weber and with another doctoral degree from
Colorado University, United States of America (U.S.A.), he returned
to India and established a lichen centre in nineteen sixties in the
Botany Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow. During his stay in
U.S.A., he collected classical literature on lichens and visited
many important herbaria in Europe and U.S.A. He published an
account of. the known species of Physcia and Anaptychia based on
collections made from Himalayas and south India (D.D. Awasthi 1960
a & b). Foliose and fruticose lichens collected from Arunachal
Pradesh by Botanical Survey of India parties were als~ enumerated
into 72 species by D.D. Awasthi (1961). During his stay in U.S.A.,
D.D. Awasthi (1963) published some noteworthy additions to the
lichen flora of India and made some new combinations in the genus
Dirinaria (D.D. Awasthi 1964). He also consolidated all the
information on lichens from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Pakistan
and published it in the form of a catalogue listing 1310 species
under 150 genera (D.D. Awasthi 1965). This valuable publication
provided the base for future lichen research in the country.
Subsequently, through financial assistance provided by Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, University Grants
Commission, New Delhi, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata,
taxonomic investigations on lichens were continued by D.D. Awasthi
and his students (M.R. Agarwal, K.P. Singh, M. Joshi, S.R. Singh,
K. Dange, P. Akhtar, L.R Sharma, D.K. Upreti, R. Tewari, R. Mathur,
G. Awasthi and P. Srivastava) at Lucknow University, Lucknow till
1996.
Collections from Darjee1ing Hills, Meghalaya in Eastern
Himalaya, Western Himalaya, especially from the present
Uttarakhand, Kerala, Nilgiri and Palni Hills in Western Ghats,
Pachmarhi Hills in Madhya Pradesh and Mount Abu in Rajasthan were
made by D.D. Awasthi and his associates from this centre.
The results of these collections in the form of new records for
India, new species, systematic account of the areas and
nomenclature with enumerations were published in national and
international journals. Along with these collections, D.D. Awasthi
also separately maintained his own collections (Herb. Awasthi).
These collections
together with collections available from other institutes paved
the way for revision of many genera such as Alectoria, Bacidia, Ba
dim ia, Bryoria, Brigantiaea, Buel/ia, Catil/aria, Col/ema,
Cetraria, Coccocarpia, Dirinaria, Evernia, Fellhanera, Hypogymnia,
Graph is, Heterodermia, Letrouitia, Lempholemma, Leptogium,
Lobaria, Mycobilimbia, Menegazzia, Ochrolechia, Parmelia sensu
lato, Peltigera, Physcia, Phaeographina, Phaeographis,
Pseudocyphellaria, Pyxine, Ramalina, Rhizocarpon, Sticta, Sulcaria,
Usnea, and others.
The several papers published by botanists from this centre are
as follows: Akhtar (1981), Akhtar & D.D.Awasthi (1980),
D.D.Awasthi (1970,1973, 1975a & b, 1976,1977, 1981a & b,
1982a & b, 1983a &b, 1984,1985,1986,1987, 1988a& b,
1998), D.D.Awasthi & Agarwal (1968a& b, 1969, 1970),
D.D.Awasthi & Akhtar (1977,1979), D.D. Awasthi & G Awasthi
(1985), D.D. ~wasthi & Dange (1978), D.D. Awasthi & Joshi
(1977,1978,1982), D.D. Awasthi & Mathur (1987), D.D. Awasthi
& K.P. Singh (1970,1971, 1972a & b, 1973a, b & c, 1975a
& b, 1977 a &b, 1978), D.D. Awasthi & S.R. Singh(1977a
& b, 1978, 1979), D.D. Awasthi & Srivastava (1989,1993),
D.D. Awasthi & Tewari (1987), D.D. Awasthi & Upreti (1980,
1981, 1985), G. Awasthi (1982, 1986, 1988) G. Awasthi & D.D.
Awasthi (1985), Jpshi & D.D. Awasthi (1982), K.P. Singh &
S.R. Singh (1977), Pant (1990), Pant (nee Awasthi) & D.D.
Awasthi (1989a & b, 2003), Sharma & G Awasthi (1981), S.R.
Singh (1977,1999) S.R. Singh & D.D. Awasthi (1978,1981, 1990)
and Srivastava & D.D. Awasthi (1988).
During the late eighties and early nineties, D.D. Awasthi (1988,
1991) made significant contributions and keyed out all macro and
micro lichen species from Indian subcontinent. Even after
retirement from the University service, he continued to contribute
on lichens. D.D. Awasthi (2000a) wrote "A Handbook of Lichens" and
later Lichenology in Indian Subcontinent - a supplement to "A
Handbook of Lichens" (D.D. Awasthi 2000b) - where he listed over
2000 species. Furth~r, he published a "Compendium of Macrolichens
from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka ", where he dealt with about 970
species (D.D. Awasthi 2007). Recently, he presented an elaborate
review of foliicolous lichens of the
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122 PHYTOTAXONOMY, VOL. 11,2011
world and listed 925 species of 89 genera with their geographic
distribution according to the continents (D.D. Awasthi 2010).
However, this centre was closed down in 1996 after the
superannuation of Dr. D.D. Awasthi from the University service. The
huge collections (ca. 40,000 specimens, including collections of
D.D. Awasthi, Herb. Awasthi) of lichens made by his students from
various places in the country have been transferred as permanent
loan to National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (LWG), with
the condition that both will retain their identity as LWU and Herb
Awasthi in future citations. Thus, this centre contributed
sufficient and significant knowledge on lichens in Indian
subcontinent and founded a strong base for future lichen research
in the country. Contributions from the Botanical Survey of India
(BSI)
A central government organization under the Ministry of
Environment and Forests, BSI is concerned with the study of flora
of India and its conservation. It carries out research on all
groups of plants. To study and survey the cryptogamic flora of the
country, a separate cryptogamic unit was established in the year
1961 at Kolkata, Headquarters of Botanical Survey of India. e.G
Dharne & K.N. Roychowdhury initiated lichen studies at this
unit and made some collections from DaIjee1ing Hills and 24
Parganas in West Bengal. The results of these collections have been
published by Dharne & Roychowdhury (1967, 1968), and
Roychowdhury (1971a, b & c, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1979, 1985) in
the form of some new species and many new additions to the species
from the country. Further, Vohra et al. (1982) also made
observations on the cryptogamic flora of Silent Valley where 74
species of lichens were enumerated. The identifications made by
Roychowdhury were not very authentic. However, his collections are
valuable for future research. Later, K.P. Singh joined the
organization during November 1975 and made collections from
Northeastern states like Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,
Meghalaya, Nagaland and collected over 18,000 specimens either
alone or along with his associates (GP. Sinha, P. Bujarbarua, P.K.
Dixit, A. Pinokiyo and T.A.M. Jagadeesh Ram) and established a
lichen herbarium
at Botanical Survey of India, Shillong (ASSAM). Collections from
Sikkim were made by GP. Sinha. Similarly, collections made from
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Orissa, Central India, West Bengal under
various projects are preserved in different herbaria of BSI. At
present, BSI has 4 established lichen herbaria. These are: Central
National Herbarium, Howrah (CAL) with over 8,000 specimens (both
old and new collections), Botanical Survey of India, Shillong
(ASSAM) with over 18,000 specimens, Botanical Survey of India,
Gangtok, Sikkim (BSHC) with about 1,800 specimens and Botanical
Survey of India, Allahabad (BSA) with about 6,500 specimens. These
collections have been worked out partly and results already
published. The publications made by this organization are: Ahti et
al. (2002), K.P. Singh ( 1973, 1977, 1978a & b, 1979a & b,
1980a, b, c & d, 1981a & b, 1984, 1999), K.P. Singh &
Bujarbarua (2002), K.P. Singh & Chandra (2007), K.P. Singh
& D.D. Awasthi (1978,1979), K.P. Singh &' Sinha (1993,1994,
1997a & b, 2010), K.P. Singh & Pinokiyo (2003, 2004, 2008),
K.P. Singh & S.R. Singh (1982, 1984), K.P. Singh &
Swarna1atha (2009), K.P. Singh et al. (1989,2002, 2004a & b,
2005, 2006, 2009), Sinha (1999, 2004a & b), Sinha & Chauhan
(1996,1998,2002), Sinha & Elix (2003), Sinha & K.P.Singh
(1986, 1987, 1989, 1990, 1993,2005), Sinha et al (1994), Jagadeesh
& Sinha (2003a & b, 2005, 2009a, b & c, 2010 a &
b), Jagadeesh et al. (2005a, b & c, 2006a & b, 2007a, &
b, 2008, 2009), Pinokiyo & K.P. Singh (2004, 2006a & b) and
Pinokiyo et al. (2004, 2008) in the form of new species, new
records for India, systematic accounts, diversity of the areas,
etc. Studies on collections from Assam, the family Graphidaceae in
Northeast India, micro lichens of Arunachal Pradesh and micro
lichens of Sikkim are being continued. The valuable contributions
made from the BSI are the 'Lichen Flora of Nagaland' - the first
state lichen flora from the country dealing with 346 species,
'Macrolichens of Sikkim' dealing with 320 species, and a recent
one, 'Indian Lichens: An Annotated Checklist' (K.P. Singh &
Sinha, 2010) with over 2300 species. Genus Awasthiella from Manipur
was also discovered as new to science. The studies on "Foliicolous
lichens of India" and "Lichen flora of
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STUDIES ON INDIAN LICHENS DURING THE LAST 50 YEARS (1960-2010)
123
Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve, West Bengal" have also been sent
for publication. Contributions from Agarkar Research Institute,
Pune(ARI)
Lichen investigations in this institute were initiated by late
P.G. Patwardhan in nineteen seventies with the help ofPL 480
project funded by United States of America under the guidance of
late M.E. Hale of Smithsonian Institution, U.S.A. Collections were
made from Western Ghats, and Andaman & Nicobar Islands. A few
collections were also made from Northeast India under a D.S.T.
project. P.G. Patwardhan and his associates (C.R. Kulkarni, M.B.
Nagarkar, U. Makhija, P. Sethy, Bharati Adawadkar) mostly worked on
the rnicrolichen genera belonging to tropical and subtropical
groups like Pyrenocarpous, Graphidaceous and Thelotremataceous
lichens. Genera like Arthothelium, Astrothelium, Cryptothecia,
Laurera, Porina, Trypethelium, etc., were also revised. The
publications made by this organization are: Adawadkar & Makhija
(2004, 2005, 2006a & b, 2007), Chitale & Makhija (2008),
Chitale et al. (2007,2009), Dube & Makhija (2008), Dube et al.
(2005), Kulkarni (1977), Makhija &Adawadkar
(1999,2001,2002,2003, 2005a & b, 2007), Makhija &
Patwardhan (1985, 1987a & b, 1988a & b, 1990, 1993, 1994,
1995, 1997, 1998), Makhija et al. (1992a & b, 1994,
1999,2004,2005, 2006,2009), Nagatkar (1990), Nagatkar &
Patwardhan (1981, 1982), Nagarkar et al. (1986,1987, 1988),
Patwardhan (1983), Patwardhan & Badhe (1971,1972, 1973 a, b
& c), Patwardhan & Kulkarni (1976, 1977a & b),
Patwardhan & Makhija (1980a & b, 1981a, b & c),
Patwardhan & Nagarkar (1979, 1980, 1982), Patwardhan &
Prabhu (1977), Patwardhan & Rairkar (1979), Patwardhan et at.
(1977, 1985), Prabhu et al. (1983), Sethy & Patwardhan (1987),
Sethy et al. (1987) and Sharma & Makhija (2009 a & b). The
flora of Maharashtra has been worked out by Makhija and her
associates (A. Dube and G. Chitale) under AICOPTAX Project. The
publications made from the area are mentioned above.
In vitro culture of lichens: The Agarkar Research Institute has
also established a tissue culture laboratory for lichens where B.C.
Behera is engaged on such research. His group is trying to
standardize a lichen culture methodology for the desirable
secondary metabolites. Different species have been screened for the
scavenging of super oxide, anti-tyrosinase and anti-xanthine
oxidase activities. Dr. Behera and his group has also standardized
the in vitro culture methodologies for the lichen species
Arthothelium awasthii, Graphis guimarana, G nakanishiana, G
schizograpta, Heterodermia podocarpa, Parmotrema tinctorum and
Usnea ghattensis. They have successfully cultured in vitro
producing lichen substances as these occur in natural thalli. For
the sarne species, the growth optimizing parameters were also
standardized in vitro cultures. The publications made by B.C.
Behera and his associates on above aspects are: Behera &
Makhija (2001,2002), Behera et al. (2000,2004, 2005a & b,
2006a, b & c) and Verma et at. (2008). Contributions from the
National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow (NBRI)
National Botanic Garden of yester years or National Botanical
Research Institute of today is a well known organization for its
researches on plants in the country. In this institute,
lichenological investigations were initiated during nineteen
sixties. The lichen herbarium, a part of general herbarium,
comprises over 80,000 specimens collected from various parts of the
country. Of these, about 50% belong to Lucknow University centre
and were collected by students of D.D. Awasthi from various places
in the country. A. Singh primarily worked on foliicolous and
pyrenocarpous lichens Of Andaman & Nicobar Islands (A. Singh
1969, 1970a, b & c, 1971,1973,1978,1979: A. Singh & Upreti
1987) and from West Bengal (A. Singh & Roychowdhury 1982). A.
Singh (1980) also compiled the lichenological progress made between
the years 1966 and 1977. The detailed accounts of genus
Anthracothecium and allied genera were also published by A. Singh
(1982 a & b, 1983, 1984, 1985 a, b & c, 1986, 1987) and A.
Singh & Upreti (1999). Species of Endocarpon and
Pleurotheliopsis were worked out jointly with Upreti (A. Singh
& Upreti 1984, 1986). A. Singh & Upreti (1991) and A. Singh
et al (1999) also documented the lichens growing on historical
Indian monuments. Dr. Upreti after joining the
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124 PHYTOTAXONOMY, VOL. 11,2011
organization also worked jointly with Ajay Singh on genera
Opegrapha, Pannentaria and Porina (Upreti & A. Singh, 1987a, b,
c, d, e & f, 1988 a & b), alone on genus Pyrenula (Upreti
1990, 1991 a & b, 1992, 1993 a, 1998), and on other genera and
general systematics (Upreti, 1985 a & b, 1987, 1988, 1993b,
1994,1996,1997 a & b, 1999; Upreti et.aI2002, 2003, 2004, 2005
a & b, 2006, 2007 a & b, 2009). Further, the genera
Diploschistes (Pant & Upreti, 1993), Stereocaulon (Pant &
Upreti, 1999), Arthopyrenia (Upreti & Pant, 1993), Lecanora
(Upreti & Chatterjee, 1997, 1998), Porpidia, Aspicilia and
Tephromela (Upreti & Chatterjee 2002 a,b & c) and
ecological studies (Upreti & Chatterjee 1999 a&b, 2000)
were also worked out at the same institute. Some other publications
like Ahti & Upreti (2004), Ahti et al. (2007), Upreti &
Aptroot (1996), Upreti & Budel (1990), Upreti & Negi
(1998), Upreti & Divakar (2003, 2008,2010) were also published.
Under AlCOPTAX and other funded projects, D.K. Upreti and his
associates (P.K. Divakar, S. Nayaka, V. Yadav, Y. Joshi and
others), in the preceding one decade, have made extensive
collections from Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakahand, Madhya Pradesh,
Jammu & Kashmir and contributed jointly numerous publications
(Bajpai et al. 2007; Divakar & Upreti 2002, 2003 a & b,
2005 b, 2006; Divakar et.al. 2001,2002,2003; Dubey et al.
2007,2010; Joshi & Upreti 2006, 2007 a & b, 2008; Josh et
a12007, 2008 a & b, 2009; Kumar & Upreti 2008; Nayaka &
Upreti 2002, 2004, 2005, 2007; Nayaka et al. 2001,2002 a & b,
2003, 2006 a & b ; Sheikh et al. 2006 a & b; Shukla &
Upreti 2007; Shukla et al. 2005, Srivastava et al. 2004, 2006;
Tiwari & Upreti 2007 a & b, 2008; Upreti & Nayaka 2006
a & b) on various aspects ofIndian lichens dealing with new
species, new records for India, revisionary, ecological, pollution
and systematic studies. Among these, Pannelioid Lichens in India
(Divakar & Upreti 2005a) has been published in the book form.
Dr. Divakar is now engaged on molecular studies, particularly on
Parmelioid taxa in Spain. Contributions from M.S. Swaminathan
Research Foundation (MSSRF), Chennai
This organization initiated research on lichens in 1993, where
GN. Hariharan and his group (p. Balaji, P. Bharath, R. Valarrnathi
and others) are carrying
out investigations on bioprospecting of lichen secondary
compounds, and on ecological, molecular and biotechnological
aspects. The organization has a small lichen herbarium with
specimens collected from parts of East Coast and Western Ghats. The
important publications from this organization are: Balaji &
Hariharan (2004, 2005, 2007), Balaji et al. (2006a & b, 2007),
Hariharan & Balaji (2002a & b, 2005), Mohan & Hariharan
(1999), Prashant et al. (2008), Suryanarayanan et al. (2005),
Valarmathi & Hariharan (2007), Nanayakkara et al. (2005) and
Valarmathi et al. (2008). This group has also developed
lifkey-lichens - a software to identify one hundred Indian lichen
species based on field characters. The important contributions made
from this organization are the standardized molecular protocols and
isolation and characterization of genes responsible (Valarmathai et
al. 2009) for secondary compound production (DnPKS from Dirinaria
applanata). All India Coordinated Project on Taxonomy
(AICOPTAX)
An All India Coordinated Project on Taxonomy (AICOPTAX),
formulated and funded by the Ministry of Environment and Forests
(MoEF), New Delhi at various centres since 1999, also boosted the
lichen research in the country. Collections made from different
parts of the country were investigated in coordinating and
collaborating units, and published in different journals. These are
reflected in studies made at different lichen centres; in addition,
A. Dube, A. Pinokiyo, G Chitale, P.K. Dixit, R. Srivastava, S.
Joshi, S. Nayaka, T.A.M. Jagadeesh Ram and Vandana Yadav were
trained in lichen research under the project. Some Sporadic
Publications
Some sporadic publications made by other Indian workers also
deserve to be mentioned. The important ones are by: Badhe (1976a)
on lichens from Pachmarhi region in Madhya Pradesh; Chatterjee et
al. (1995, 1996a & b) on Indian monuments, Kumar (2000), Kumar
& Sequiera (1997, 1999,2001,2003) on South Indian lichens; Rout
et al. (2005) on lichens from Assam area; Muthu Kumar et al. (1998a
& b, 1999a & b), Muthu Kumar & Tarar
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STUDIES ON INDIAN LICHENS DURING THE LAST 50 YEARS (1960-2010)
125
(1999, 2000a, b, c & d) on lichens from Central India and
Prasher et al (2008) on lichens from Gangotri and Gomukh in Western
Himalaya. Muthu Kumar and Tarar (2006) again published an account
of 160 species of lichens from Me1ghat (Vidarbha) and Pachmarhi
Hills in Central India. However, this account and accompanying
discussion are based mainly on old concept of genera and thus have
little significance in the present day context. A contribution
entitled 'Biology of Lichens' in the honour of D.D. Awasthi for his
pioneering work on Indian lichens was also edited and published by
Mukerji et al. (1999), where 16 articles, mostly on Indian lichens,
were contributed by various workers. Prasad & Manoharachary
(1992) also presented their research findings on the lichens from
Andhra Pradesh. Interestingly, the lichens from Schirmacher Oasis
in Antarctica have also been studied by Indian workers. Lichen
specialists participating in different Indian Antarctic expeditions
also made collections and published their results. Recently, Olech
& Singh (2010) consolidated all the information and prepared an
account of 57 species of lichens reported from Schirmacher Oasis
area in Antarctica. It was published by National Centre for
Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Vascodegama, Goa.
A little work on lichen ecology in India was also carried out by
Negi & Gadgil (1996b). They studied the distribution pattern of
macro lichens in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve and listed about 76
species. Negi (1996a, 2001, 2003) also wrote articles on
significance of Indian lichens.
In addition to above publications made by several Indian
workers, foreign lichenologists have also contributed many papers
on Indian lichens, particularly from Himalayan region in the last
fifty years. These contributions were based either on collections
made through expeditions/systematic collections by individual
workers, or on collected material worked out during revisionary
studies of many genera. Some significant contributions made by
foreign lichenologists are enumerated below. Asahina (1966) studied
the species of Usnea and Cladonia from Himalaya and published his
interesting findings. Some other contributions are: Hale (1965,
1972, 1976 a, b, c & d, 1980 a & b, 1987,
1990), Hale & Kurokawa (1964), Hale & Patwardhan (1974)
on the species of Parmelia sensu lato; Kurokawa (1962, 1973, 1980)
on the species of Anaptychia and Cetrariopsis; Lamb (1965, 1968,
1977) onSterocaulon; Degelius (1974) on Collema; Thor (1998) on
Chiodecton; Essilinger (1977) on brown Parmelia; Aptroot (1991,
2009), Aptroot et al. (2008) on Pyrenulaceae and Stirtonia; Ahti
(2007), Ahti et ai.(2007), Ahti & Upreti (2004) on Cladonia
species; Arvidsson (1982) on Coccocarpia; Culberson & Culberson
(1968) on Cetre/ia and Piatismatia; Eega & Torrente (1993) on
Bactrospora; Ertz (2009) on Opegrapha; Filson (1981) on Cladia;
Frey (1977) on Lasallia; Harris (1995) on Pyrenolichens; Hawksworth
(1970,1971); on Alectoria TheIl et al. (1995) on Allocetraria;
Henssen & Thor (1998) on genera Chiodecton, Erythrodecton.
etc.; Hertel (1977) on Lecidea; J0rgelU\son (1973,1975, 2001, 2004)
on genera Fuscopannaria. Pannaria and Leptogium (Mallotiwn group);
Kalb (2004) and Kalb et al.(2004a, 2004b) on genera Diorygma and
Ramboldia; Krog (1976) on Lethariella; Lucking (2008,2009), Lucking
et al. (2009) on Graphis and Folliicolous lichens; Schubert &
Klement (1960) on North and Central Indian lichens; Tehler (1993)
on Schismatomma; Verseghy (1962) on Ochrolechia; Vezda (1968,1972),
Vezda & Poelt (1974), Vezda & Wirth (1976) on Thelopsis.
Dimerella. Gyaladiopsis and other genera; Yoshimura (1971) on
Lobaria; Yoshimura et al.(1997) on Anzia species, etc. These
publications have some information about Indian lichen species.
Presence or absence of acids/secondary metabolites within lichen
thalli and sometimes in ascocarps plays an important role in lichen
taxonomy. For identification of a species, it has now become
essential to study chemistry of lichen species along with other
morphological and anatomical characters. There was a school of
chemistry at the Chemistry Department, Delhi University during
nineteen fifties to eighties where Prof. T.R. Seshadri and his
associates carried out valuable research on lichen compounds,
particularly on material of Indian lichens. A few publications of
this group that are available in literature are mentioned here.
These are: Khanna & Seshadri
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126 PHYTOTAXONOMY, VOL. 11,2011
(1968), Agarwal et al.(1961), Aiyar et a1 (1972), Chandrasekar
et a1 (1965), Murty Y.K. & Venkateswara1a, V (1969), Rao et al.
(1965, 1966, 1967), Rao & Seshadri (1967,1968), Ramakrishna
& Subramanian (1964,1965, 1966a & b), Subramanian &
Ramakrishna (1964, 1967), Neelakantan (1965), Nee1akantan & Rao
(1967), etc. Badhe (1976b), Badhe & Patwardhan (1972) also
carried out studies on amino acids of various Indian lichen
species. Apart from this, chemistry has also been studied ofIndian
material in revisionary work made by several foreign
lichenologists. A fair discussion of chemistry of lichens has
already been made by A. Singh (1980).
The above publications indicate that an appreciable amount of
information on Indian lichen flora has been added in the last fifty
years. But at the same time, the way new species and new records
for the country are being discovered, it is suggested that more
explorations are needed in unexplored and under explored areas of
the country. The coasta,l areas, parts in Northeastern states,
Rajasthan areas, Alpine regions, many islands in the Andaman and
Nicobar group of islands are still unexplored lichenologically.
Further, a co-operation among the country's lichen specialists is
also needed to exchange material on loan for revisionary work of
genera and families taken up by different organizations. This will
help in correct identification and determination of the status of
taxa. This will finally create a base for writing a valuable lichen
flora of India. This can be initiated at a later date as joint
venture by the specialist scientists of different organizations in
the country. It will also help in evolving the conservation
strategies of the group as a whole and sustainable use of many
species of Indian lichens for humanity. Acknowledgements
The facilities provided by Director, Botanical Survey ofIndia,
Kolkata is gratefully acknowledged. The help rendered by Dr. G.P.
Sinha in preparation of this manuscript is acknowledged. The author
is also thankful to Dr. G.N. Hariharan, Dr. D.K. Upreti and Dr. U.
Makhija for providing information about their laboratories and
copies of reprints.
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