Structures of Bones Articulations: Articulations: –contacts with other bones Marks: Marks: –areas of muscle and ligament attachment Foraminae: Foraminae:

Structures of BonesStructures of Bones

• ArticulationsArticulations::– contacts with other bonescontacts with other bones

• MarksMarks: : – areas of muscle and ligament areas of muscle and ligament

attachmentattachment

• ForaminaeForaminae::– openings for nerves and blood vessels openings for nerves and blood vessels

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

3D Peel-Away of Whole Axial SkeletonPLAYPLAY

Figure 7–1a

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton

• The The axial skeletonaxial skeleton::– forms the longitudinal axis of the bodyforms the longitudinal axis of the body– has 80 boneshas 80 bones

Bones of the Axial SkeletonBones of the Axial Skeleton

• The The skullskull::– 8 8 cranial bonescranial bones – 14 14 facial bonesfacial bones

Bones of the Axial SkeletonBones of the Axial Skeleton

• Bones associated with the skull:Bones associated with the skull:– 6 6 auditory ossiclesauditory ossicles – the the hyoid bonehyoid bone

Bones of the Axial SkeletonBones of the Axial Skeleton

• The The vertebral columnvertebral column::– 24 24 vertebraevertebrae– the the sacrum sacrum – the the coccyxcoccyx

Bones of the Axial SkeletonBones of the Axial Skeleton

• The The thoracic cagethoracic cage::– 24 24 ribs ribs – the the sternumsternum

Functions of the Axial Functions of the Axial SkeletonSkeleton

• Supports and protects organs in body Supports and protects organs in body cavitiescavities

• Attaches to muscles of:Attaches to muscles of:– head, neck, and trunkhead, neck, and trunk– respirationrespiration– appendicular skeletonappendicular skeleton

The SkullThe Skull

• The The skullskull protects: protects:– the brainthe brain– entrances to respiratory systementrances to respiratory system– entrance to digestive systementrance to digestive system

The SkullThe Skull

PLAYPLAY The Adult SkullFigure 7–2

The SkullThe Skull

• Has 22 bones:Has 22 bones:– 8 8 cranial bonescranial bones::

•form the braincase or cranium form the braincase or cranium

– 14 14 facial bonesfacial bones::•protect and support entrances to digestive protect and support entrances to digestive

and respiratory tracts and respiratory tracts

Cranial BonesCranial Bones

• Enclose the Enclose the cranial cavitycranial cavity

• Which contains the brain: Which contains the brain: – and its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and and its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and

membranesmembranes

Superficial Facial BonesSuperficial Facial Bones

• MaxillaryMaxillary

• LacrimalLacrimal

• NasalNasal

• Zygomatic Zygomatic

• Mandible Mandible

Deep Facial BonesDeep Facial Bones

• Palatine bonesPalatine bones

• Inferior nasal conchaeInferior nasal conchae

• VomerVomer

SinusesSinuses

• Cavities which decrease the weight Cavities which decrease the weight of the skull: of the skull: – lined with mucus membraneslined with mucus membranes– protect the entrances of the respiratory protect the entrances of the respiratory

systemsystem

SuturesSutures

• The immovable joints of the skull The immovable joints of the skull

Figure 7–3a, b

SuturesSutures

Figure 7–3c

Cranial BonesCranial Bones

• The 8 The 8 cranial bonescranial bones

Figure 7–4a, b

The Cranial BonesThe Cranial Bones

• Occipital boneOccipital bone

• Frontal boneFrontal bone

• SphenoidSphenoid

• EthmoidEthmoid

• Parietal bonesParietal bones

• Temporal bones Temporal bones

Foramina of the Occipital Foramina of the Occipital BoneBone

• Foramen magnumForamen magnum::– connects cranial and spinal cavitiesconnects cranial and spinal cavities

• Jugular foramenJugular foramen::– for jugular veinfor jugular vein

• Hypoglossal canalsHypoglossal canals::– for hypoglossal nervesfor hypoglossal nerves

Functions of the Parietal Functions of the Parietal BonesBones

• Forms part of the superior and lateral Forms part of the superior and lateral surfaces of the craniumsurfaces of the cranium

The The Frontal BoneFrontal Bone

Figure 7–6

Functions of the Frontal Functions of the Frontal BoneBone

• Forms the anterior cranium and Forms the anterior cranium and upper eyesockets upper eyesockets

• Contains Contains frontal sinusesfrontal sinuses

The The Temporal BonesTemporal Bones

Figure 7–7

The The SphenoidSphenoid

Figure 7–8

The The EthmoidEthmoid

Figure 7–9

The Maxillary BonesThe Maxillary Bones

• The largest facial bonesThe largest facial bones

Figure 7–10a

The Palatine BonesThe Palatine Bones

Figure 7–10b,c

The Small Bones of the Face The Small Bones of the Face

Figure 7–11

Functions of the Inferior Functions of the Inferior Nasal ConchaeNasal Conchae

• To create air turbulence in the nasal To create air turbulence in the nasal cavitycavity

• To increase the epithelial surface To increase the epithelial surface areaarea

• To warm and humidify inhaled airTo warm and humidify inhaled air

The The MandibleMandible

Figure 7–12a,b

The The Hyoid BoneHyoid Bone

Figure 7–12c

The Orbital ComplexThe Orbital Complex

• Portions of 7 cranial and facial Portions of 7 cranial and facial bones bones

Figure 7–13

The Nasal ComplexThe Nasal Complex

• Bones of the Bones of the nasal cavitiesnasal cavities and and paranasal sinusesparanasal sinuses

Figure 7–14

Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses

• Air-filled chambers connected to the Air-filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities:nasal cavities:– lighten skull boneslighten skull bones– provide mucous epithelium (flushes provide mucous epithelium (flushes

nasal cavities)nasal cavities)

The Vertebral ColumnThe Vertebral Column

• The spine or The spine or vertebral columnvertebral column::– protects the spinal cordprotects the spinal cord– supports the head and bodysupports the head and body

Regions and Curves of the Regions and Curves of the Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column

• 26 bones: 26 bones: – 24 24 vertebraevertebrae, the , the

sacrum,sacrum, and and coccyxcoccyx

PLAYPLAY The Vertebral ColumnFigure 7–16

Vertebrae of the Vertebrae of the Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column• The neck:The neck:

– 7 7 cervical vertebraecervical vertebrae

• The upper back:The upper back:– 12 12 thoracic vertebraethoracic vertebrae– each articulate with one or more pairs of each articulate with one or more pairs of

ribsribs

• The lower back:The lower back:– 5 5 lumbar vertebraelumbar vertebrae

The Sacrum and CoccyxThe Sacrum and Coccyx

• The 5th lumbar vertebra articulates The 5th lumbar vertebra articulates with the with the sacrumsacrum

• The sacrum articulates with the The sacrum articulates with the coccyxcoccyx

4 Curvatures of the 4 Curvatures of the Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column

1.1. Cervical curveCervical curve

2.2. Thoracic curveThoracic curve

3.3. Lumbar curveLumbar curve

4.4. Sacral curveSacral curve

Primary CurvesPrimary Curves

• ThoracicThoracic and and sacral curvessacral curves::– are called are called primary curvesprimary curves (present (present

during fetal development)during fetal development)– or or accommodation curvesaccommodation curves

(accommodate internal organs)(accommodate internal organs)

Secondary CurvesSecondary Curves

• LumbarLumbar and and cervical curvescervical curves::– are called are called secondary curvessecondary curves (appear (appear

after birth)after birth)– or or compensation curvescompensation curves (shift body (shift body

weight for upright posture)weight for upright posture)

Structure of a VertebraStructure of a Vertebra

Figure 7–17a,b

The 3 Parts of a VertebraThe 3 Parts of a Vertebra

• The The vertebral bodyvertebral body ( (centrumcentrum):):– transfers weight along the spinetransfers weight along the spine

• The The vertebral archvertebral arch::– posterior margin of posterior margin of vertebral foramenvertebral foramen

• The The articular processesarticular processes::– lateral projections between laminae and lateral projections between laminae and

pediclespedicles

The The Vertebral ArchVertebral Arch

• PediclesPedicles::– walls of the vertebral archwalls of the vertebral arch

• LaminaeLaminae::– roof of the vertebral archroof of the vertebral arch

• Spinous processSpinous process::– projection where vertebral laminae fuseprojection where vertebral laminae fuse

• Transverse processTransverse process::– projection where laminae join pediclesprojection where laminae join pedicles