Structure, plant species diversity and plant species composition of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest (East Kalimantan, Indonesia) J.W.F. Slik, P. Hovenkamp, M. Iqbal, N. Raes Nationaal Herbarium Nederland Leiden University Branch PO-Box 9514 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands +31-71-5273529 [email protected]
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Structure, plant species diversity and plant species composition of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest (East Kalimantan,
Indonesia)
J.W.F. Slik, P. Hovenkamp, M. Iqbal, N. Raes
Nationaal Herbarium Nederland Leiden University Branch
In this report we summarise the results of our general botanical survey and plot study in the Gunung Lumut Protection forest. Surveys were carried out at three main locations, namely Gunung Lumut itself, the logged lowland area around the base camp and the undisturbed lowland forest on limestone near Rantau Layung. For the plot studies some additional locations were added for comparison (undisturbed lowland forest near Gunung Meratus, undisturbed lowland forest near Mului, and undisturbed coastal forest of Sungai Wain near Balikpapan). We found that i) floristically and structurally, the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest is a typical example of the forests that can be found on the Meratus Mountain Range, ii) the floristic diversity is high, as might be expected for a forest in Southeast Borneo, iii) the environmental heterogeneity of the area (soils and altitude range) contributes strongly to its floristic and structural diversity, and iv) the logged forests within the area are as diverse as the undisturbed forests. We conclude that the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest is one of the last remaining large tracts of relatively undisturbed forest in Southeast Borneo, and it is very important as a representative sample of the forests in this region. When protected effectively, the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest (as a typical example of the Meratus Mountain Range forest) could, together with the Sungai Wain forest (as a typical example of lowland coastal forest), conserve much of the plant diversity in this region for the future.
Introduction
Phytogeographical setting of the Gunung Lumut Forest The Gunung Lumut Protection forest is situated in one of the floristically most diverse regions of Borneo (Fig. 1). In a large floristic study on tree genera from 28 plots from across Borneo (Slik et al. 2003), Kalimantan was found to be a floristically rather homogeneous area that contrasted sharply with tree generic composition in forests from Malaysian Borneo and Brunei (Fig. 2). Based on these results we expect that the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest will be highly diverse in tree genera as well, even though it might show a lot of generic overlap with other forests in Kalimantan. At the species level there might be some surprises since the area is a rather isolated mountain range with peaks up to ca. 1200 m altitude and part of it is formed by limestone outcrops, which are usually associated with high levels of plant endemism.
Figure 1. Average tree family (a) and genera (b) diversity patterns across Borneo based on random draws of
640 individuals from 28 locations across Borneo (Slik et al. 2003).
Figure 2. Floristic relations within Borneo based on (a) Steinhause similarity and (b) Sorensen similarity of
28 locations across Borneo (Slik et al. 2003).
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Gunung Lumut Protection Forest
Research Locations The current study was carried out at four locations within the Gunung Lumut Protection forest (Map1): i) Lowland undisturbed forest in Mului; ii) Undisturbed montane forest on Gunung Lumut; iii) Selectively (mid 80s) and illegally (still going on) logged forest at the Base Camp; and iv) Undisturbed forest on limestone in Rantau Layung. For comparison, two forest sites outside the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest were added: Sungai Wain (an undisturbed lowland coastal forest15 km NW of Balikpapan) and Meratus (an undisturbed lowland forest at the northern end of the Meratus Mountain Range, ca. 80 km west of Balikpapan).
Map 1. Research area with the four locations that were surveyed.
MuluiGunung Lumut
Base Camp
Rantau Layung
Aims of this study Through general surveys of botanical diversity and more structured plot inventories, our aim is to obtain a general picture of the forest structure, floristic diversity and floristic composition of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest and relate these patterns to other nearby forests.
Methods
Botanical surveys At all research locations general botanical surveys were carried out. These surveys included all plant groups, with special emphasis on ferns and lianas. Surveys were planned in such a way that they covered the full range of available micro-habitats at each site. Plants were collected on sight, i.e. whenever a fertile plant was encountered it was collected, labeled, measured (diameter and height), described (growth form, flower and/or fruit characteristics, habitat characteristics, etc.), photographed, and its position determined with GPS. Collected plants were stored in airtight plastic bags with low amounts of 70% alcohol (Schweinfurt method). These collections were later dried and pressed in the Wanariset Herbarium (East Kalimantan) and send to Bogor, Leiden and several other herbaria around the world.
Plot layout and measurements At each location we established plots of 10 x 10 m at 50 m intervals along line transects, with the exception of the plots on Gunung Lumut, which were spaced at 50 m altitude intervals. Within each 10 x 10 m plot we measured (height and diameter) and identified all trees with a height taller than 1.3 m. On Gunung Lumut we used a slightly adapted method in which we sampled 50 trees in each plot, whereby we either extended or decreased the size of the plots depending on the surface area needed to collect 50 individuals (sensu Sheil et al. 2003). Within each plot a subplot of 3 x 3 m was established in which all ferns were measured (number of individuals per species and cover estimate). All samples of trees and ferns were collected, and vouchers are present at the Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden University Branch. For each 10 x 10 m plot a number of habitat variables were measured as well. These included: location (GPS-coordinate), altitude above sea level, inclination, topographic position (swamp, river valley, lower slope, middle slope, upper slope, ridge), canopy openness, direct- and diffuse light, leaf area index, signs of disturbance (gaps, skid trails, tree stumps, paths).
Data analyses Forest structure and environmental data. Differences in tree density (split up in diameter classes of 0-2.5 cm, 2.5-5 cm, 5-10 cm and > 10 cm), canopy openness, direct- and diffuse-light, and leaf area index between locations were determined with Kruskal-Wallis tests. Diversity data. Fisher’s-alpha for tree genera was calculated for each plot. Species level data were excluded because these were not sufficiently well identified yet. Differences in Fisher’s-alpha between locations were then determined using Kruskal-Wallis tests. Furthermore, to determine the total increase in genera with number of individuals for each location, we calculated genera-individual curves based on 10 random draws per location (i.e. each location curve is based on the average of 10 random curves from the same location). These individual-genera curves give an indication of the rate of increase in genera with individuals and also show if the maximum number of genera present in the area has been reached or not. For ferns we constructed a species-area curve (increase in species with addition of plots), whereby we only calculated one replicate per curve. Generic compositional data. Differences in floristic composition between locations were determined using Principal Component Analysis based on number of individuals per genus per plot. Data were standardized and log-transformed to reduce the effects of abundant genera on the
analysis. This was done for all locations (including Sungai Wain and Meratus) and for locations in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest only. Altitudinal gradient analyses. To determine the effect of altitude on forest structure, generic diversity and generic composition for the plots on Gunung Lumut, both simple and polynomial regression analysis was applied. Generic composition data was based on the location of the plots on the first axis of a PCA that was based on number of individuals per genus in the Gunung Lumut plots only. All analyses were carried out with Statgraphics for Windows 2.1 (Statistical Graphic Corp., Rockville, USA), except the Principal Component Analyses which were performed using MVSP 3.01 (Kovach Computing Services, Anglesey, UK).
Results
Botanical surveys Map 2 & 3 show the locations of the collections and plots that were made during this study.
Map 2. Collections and plots made in the environs of Gunung Lumut (northern camp) and the Base Camp (southern camp). Red dots indicate the plots, all others are collections made during the botanical survey.
Map 3. Collections and plots made in the environs of Rantau Layung. Red dots indicate the plots, all others
are collections made during the botanical survey.
An overview of collections per plant group made in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest are presented in table 1. In total 239 angiosperms were collected, consisting of 65 families and 143 genera (Appendix 1). Additionally, 278 fern collections were made consisting of at least 181 taxa (Appendix 2). During the plot tree inventories we encountered 59 plant families consisting of 163 genera and 2798 individuals (Appendix 3).
Plant group Collections Trees 111
Treelets 21 Shrubs 18
Climbers 60 Herbs 21
Epiphytes 7 Saprophytes 1
Pteridophytes (ferns) 278 Table 1. Overview of number of collections per growth form (based on the botanical survey for fertile
plants by P. Hovenkamp, M. Iqbal and N. Raes). Of the higher plants, one was new for East Kalimantan (Aristolochiaceae, Aristolochia nviculilimba), one was new for Borneo (Orchidaceae, Plocoglottis quadrifolia, identified from photograph) and one was new for the Malesian region (Celastraceae, Lophopetalum wallichii). We also found a Bornean endemic family that was previously only known from Northern Borneo (Scyphostegiaceae, Scyphostegia borneensis). Whether we encountered new species is as yet unknown. For the ferns we found one new species for East Kalimantan (Tectaria inopinnata), and two new species for Borneo (Asplenium cf. subnormale and Pneumatopteris brooksii). Some Bornean endemics that were encountered are: Pyrrosia platyphylla, Tectaria inopinnata, Selliguea metacoela and Pyrrosia kinabaluensis. Additionally we found several rare species, a.o. Goniophlebium mehipitense and Pteris holttummii, and possible new species in the genera Hymenophyllum, Grammitis and Selliguea. Specific limestone Pteridophyte flora elements were only occasionally found, and appear to be present in low numbers only.
Forest structure, genus diversity and environmental data Tree densities varied significantly between locations, with rather low densities in the logged forest around the base camp, and very high densities in Sungai Wain, an undisturbed coastal forest near Balikpapan (Table 2). Generic diversity on a per plot basis is especially low on the Gunung Lumut mountain and at Rantau Layung (Table 2).
Table 2. Average generic diversity and tree densities within the plots at each location, split up in several diameter classes. Significant differences within each column are indicated with different characters.
Canopy openness and associated diffuse light levels are especially high in the logged forests around the Base Camp and on Gunung Lumut, possibly due to rather low leaf area indices for these two forests (Table 3).
Table 3. Average canopy openness, direct- and diffuse-light, and leaf area index per plot for the studied locations. Significant differences within each column are indicated with different characters.
Diversity curves
The undisturbed forests on limestone in Rantau Layung and the undisturbed montane forests on Gunung Lumut are among the least diverse forest locations in this study, while the undisturbed forests at the foot of Gunung Meratus and the logged forests around the Base Camp are among the most diverse (Figure 3). Undisturbed lowland forest at the foot of Gunung Lumut (Mului) and the undisturbed coastal forest near Balikpapan (Sungai Wain) score average diversity.
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Figure 3. Genus-individual curves for the studied locations (each curve is the average of 10 replicate
curves).
Ferns show a rather low diversity for the Rantau Layung forest, intermediate diversity for the forest around the Base Camp and very high diversity for Gunung Lumut (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. Species-area curves for ferns based on a single replicate per location.
Floristic patterns
The main floristic difference detected in the PCA that includes all studied forest locations is that of the coastal Sungai Wain forest versus the more inland forests that are located on the Meratus Mountain range (Fig. 5). However, also within these Meratus Mountain Range forests there is a clear geographic gradient detected, i.e. most locations are characterized by specific floristic compositions at the generic level.
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Base Gunung Rantau Mului Meratus Wain Figure 5. Scores of the plots on the first two PCA-axes (based on number of individuals per genus per plot). The two axes combined explain 10.2% of data variance, and clearly separate the Sungai Wain plots from all
other included plots.
Species accumulation
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Within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest all locations are separated rather well based on their generic composition (Fig. 6). Noteworthy here is that the undisturbed lowland forest plots in Mului have a very variable genera composition that spans the whole range found in the other three forest locations along the second PCA axis. Also, the logged forests near the Base Camp overlap considerably with those of the undisturbed forests near Mului, indicating that they closely resemble undisturbed forest.
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Base camp Gunung Rantau Mului Figure 6. Scores of the plots on the first two PCA-axes (based on number of individuals per genus per plot).
The two axes combined explain 8.5% of data variance, and clearly separate the plots from Mului, Rantau Layung and Gunung Lumut.
Altitudinal patterns
The number of trees increases significantly with increasing altitude on Gunung Lumut (Fig. 7). This relation was found to be strongest for treelets, i.e. trees with a diameter between 5 and 10 cm (Table 4). Only for saplings (dbh 0-2.5 cm) we found no significant relation with altitude. None of the environmental and tree diversity measures showed any significant relation with altitude. The floristic composition of the plots, however, changed significantly with altitude (Fig. 8).
Diameter class
Regression type
Correlation coefficient
R2 P
0-2.5 NS 2.5-5 Linear 0.50 25.0 0.046 5-10 Linear 0.67 45.0 0.004 > 10 Linear 0.51 26.0 0.042 All Linear 0.57 32.0 0.023
Table 4. Regression results for tree density against altitude on Gunung Lumut.
Chart Title
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Figure 7. Relationship between altitude and tree density on the slopes of Gunung Lumut (linear relationship
with a correlation coefficient of 0.57, and R2 of 32%, and p = 0.023).
Chart Title
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Figure 8. Relationship between altitude and generic tree composition on Gunung Lumut, whereby
composition was based on the scores of the plots on the first axis of the PCA (correlation coefficient 0.78, R2 of 60.7% and p = 0.0004).
Fern diversity increased significantly with altitude (Fig. 9), which corresponds to observed fern densities with increasing altitude.
Figure 9. Increase in fern diversity with increasing altitude on Gunung Lumut.
Discussion
The Gunung Lumut Protection Forest in relation to other Bornean forests This study shows that the forests of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest are floristically very similar to the forests at the foot of Gunung Meratus. This is perhaps not so surprising since Gunung Meratus forms the northern extension of the Meratus Mountain Range of which Gunung Lumut is also a part. Floristically, the forests on this mountain range differ considerably from the coastal lowland forests near Balikpapan. This difference is even larger than the difference between undisturbed, logged, montane and limestone forests that were studied in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest. Thus, the coastal Sungai Wain forest and the interior Meratus Range forests complement each other, i.e. for plant conservation it would make good sense to conserve both types of forests. Earlier studies have shown that both Sungai Wain and Meratus form part of a large floristic region that more or less covers the whole of Kalimantan (Slik et al. 2003). The close floristic similarity between the Gunung Lumut area and the Meratus area means that Gunung Lumut Protection Forest also forms a typical example of this floristic region. The plant diversity in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest was comparable to that of Meratus and Sungai Wain, indicating that also in that respect, the Gunung Lumut area forms a typical example for the region, which according to Slik et al. (2003) harbours the largest tree diversity in Borneo. Structurally the forests in the Gunung Lumut area are very similar to the forests at the foot of Gunung Meratus, which in turn differ significantly from the coastal forest near Balikpapan which has much higher stem densities.
Differences within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest Species composition within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest differs considerably, i.e. lowland forest (Mului and Base Camp) could be separated from montane (Gunung Lumut) and limestone (Rabtau Layung) forest. This means that these different locations complement each other floristically, i.e. each location adds to the diversity of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest. The most deviating locations in the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest, both in terms of plant diversity and structure, are Rantau Layung and Gunung Lumut itself. This is probably related to soil properties (Rantau Layung) and altitude (Gunung Lumut). This shows that the environmental heterogeneity of the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest is an important contributor to the floristic diversity of the area. This effect is even stronger for fern composition and diversity, both of which were closely linked with altitude (which is probably a proxy for air humidity). Another finding of this study is that the logged forest (Base Camp) was still very diverse and floristically not very different from undisturbed forest nearby (Mului), even though compositional difference between plots in the logged forest was much lower than in undisturbed forest. This means that although large parts of the Gunung Lumut area have been logged in the past, this has probably had only limited effect on species diversity and composition, i.e. for conservation these logged forests are just as valuable as the undisturbed forests in the Gunung Lumut area.
Conclusions
1. Floristically and structurally the Gunung Lumut Protection forest is a typical example of the forests that can be found on the Meratus Mountain Range.
2. The plant diversity is typical for southeast Borneo, i.e. very high compared to other parts of the island.
3. The environmental heterogeneity (soils and altitude range) of the Gunung Lumut area contributes to the floristic and structural diversity of this protection forest.
4. The logged forests within the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest are as diverse as the undisturbed forests and are also floristically very rich.
Conservation recommendation
The Gunung Lumut area is one of the last remaining large tracts of relatively undisturbed forest in southeast Borneo, and is very important as a representative sample of the forests in this region, which was found to belong to the most diverse plant regions in Borneo. When protected effectively, the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest could, together with the Sungai Wain forest (as a typical example of lowland coastal forest), conserve much of the plant diversity in this region for the future.
References Sheil D, Ducey MJ, Sidiyasa K, Samsoedin I, 2003. A new type of sample unit for the efficient assessment
of diverse tree communities in complex forest landscapes. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 15: 117-135.
Slik JWF., AD Poulsen, PS Ashton, CH Cannon, K.A.O. Eichhorn, K. Kartawinata, I. Lanniari, H. Nagamasu, M. Nakagawa, M.G.L. van Nieuwstadt, J. Payne, Purwaningsih, A. Saridan, K. Sidiyasa, R.W. Verburg, C.O. Webb and P. Wilkie, 2003. A Floristic analysis of the lowland dipterocarp forests of Borneo. Journal of Biogeography 10: 1517-1531.
Appendix 1. Collection list of Niels Raes (Angiosperms).
Collector Nr. Family Genus Raes, N. 639 Acanthaceae Ptyssiglottis sp. Raes, N. 518 Actinidiaceae Saurauia sp. Raes, N. 529 Actinidiaceae Saurauia sp. Raes, N. 542 Actinidiaceae Saurauia sp. Raes, N. 691 Actinidiaceae Saurauia sp. Raes, N. 549 Anacardiaceae Buchanania sessifolia Blume Raes, N. 505 Annonaceae Artabotrys suaveolens (Blume) Blume Raes, N. 501 Annonaceae Dasymaschalon sp. Raes, N. 592 Annonaceae Enicosanthum fuscum (King) Airy Shaw Raes, N. 546 Annonaceae Enicosanthum paradoxum Becc. Raes, N. 651 Annonaceae Friesodielsia sp. Raes, N. 665 Annonaceae Goniothalamus macrophyllus (Blume) Hook.f. & Thomson Raes, N. 728 Annonaceae Goniothalamus sp. Raes, N. 706b Annonaceae Meiogyne cylindrocarpa (Burck) Heusden Raes, N. 618 Annonaceae Orophea sp. Raes, N. 551 Annonaceae Popowia pisocarpa Endl. Raes, N. 579 Annonaceae Popowia sp. Raes, N. 706a Annonaceae Popowia sp. Raes, N. 654 Annonaceae Sageraea sp. Raes, N. 577 Annonaceae Uvaria sp. Raes, N. 655 Annonaceae Uvaria sp. Raes, N. 682 Annonaceae Uvaria sp. Raes, N. 724 Araceae Anadendrum sp. Raes, N. 637 Araceae Arisaema sp. Raes, N. 548 Araliaceae Aralia sp. Raes, N. 643 Araliaceae Schefflera sp. Raes, N. 702 Araucariaceae Agathis borneensis Warb. Raes, N. 593 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia naviculilimba Ding Hou Raes, N. 709 Asclepiadaceae Dischidia sp. Raes, N. 636 Balsaminaceae Impatiens sp. Raes, N. 536 Begoniaceae Begonia sp. Raes, N. 638 Begoniaceae Begonia sp. Raes, N. 540 Burmanniaceae Burmannia lutescens Becc. Raes, N. 616 Campanulaceae Laurentia longiflora (L.) Wimm. Raes, N. 506 Celastraceae Arnicratea grahami (Wight) N.Hallé Raes, N. 726 Celastraceae Lophopetalum wallichii Kurz Raes, N. 558 Celastraceae Salacia macrophylla Blume Raes, N. 591 Chloranthaceae Chloranthus officinalis Blume Raes, N. 731 Chloranthaceae Chloranthus officinalis Blume Raes, N. 698 Commelinaceae Amischotolype sp. Raes, N. 590 Connaraceae Connarus odoratus Hook.f. Raes, N. 737 Cucurbitaceae Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng Raes, N. 715 Cucurbitaceae Zehneria mucronata (Blume) Miq. Raes, N. 586 Dichapetalaceae Dichapetalum sp. Raes, N. 675 Dipterocarpaceae Hopea sp. Raes, N. 630 Ebenaceae Diospyros sp. Raes, N. 652 Ebenaceae Diospyros sp.
Raes, N. 699 Ebenaceae Diospyros sp. Raes, N. 578 Euphorbiaceae Raes, N. 589 Euphorbiaceae Raes, N. 667 Euphorbiaceae Antidesma leucopodum Miq. Raes, N. 620 Euphorbiaceae Antidesma montanum Blume var. montanum Raes, N. 666 Euphorbiaceae Antidesma montanum Blume var. montanum Raes, N. 524 Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea odoratissima Elmer Raes, N. 576 Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Müll.Arg. Raes, N. 641 Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Müll.Arg. Raes, N. 653 Euphorbiaceae Baccaurea tetrandra (Baill.) Müll.Arg. Raes, N. 608 Euphorbiaceae Croton argyratus Blume Raes, N. 657 Euphorbiaceae Croton argyratus Blume Raes, N. 541 Euphorbiaceae Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurus. Raes, N. 553 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion pubicapsa Airy Shaw Raes, N. 684 Euphorbiaceae Glochidion sericeum (Blume) Zoll. & Moritzi Raes, N. 660 Euphorbiaceae Homalanthus populneus (Geiseler) Pax Raes, N. 615 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga motleyana (Müll.Arg.) Müll.Arg. Raes, N. 633 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus dispar (Blume) Müll.Arg. Raes, N. 532 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus lackeyi Elmer Raes, N. 545 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus peltatus (Geiseler) Müll.Arg. Raes, N. 644 Euphorbiaceae Omphalea sargentii Merr. Raes, N. 732 Euphorbiaceae Phyllanthus pachyphyllus Müll.Arg. Raes, N. 574 Euphorbiaceae Sauropus rhamnoides Blume Raes, N. 710 Gesneriaceae Aeschynanthus sp. Raes, N. 503 Guttiferae Cratoxylum sumatranum (Jack) Blume Raes, N. 510 Icacinaceae Iodes velutina King var. subvillosa Sleumer Raes, N. 712 Lauraceae Alseodaphne elmeri Merr. Raes, N. 533 Lauraceae Cinnamomum sp. Raes, N. 661 Lauraceae Litsea sp. Raes, N. 670 Lauraceae Litsea sp. Raes, N. 681 Lauraceae Phoebe sp. Raes, N. 602 Leguminosae Indet. Raes, N. 547 Leguminosae-caes Bauhinia kockiana Korth. var. kockiana Raes, N. 568 Leguminosae-caes Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. var. acuminata K.Larsen & S.S.Larsen Raes, N. 690 Leguminosae-caes Bauhinia semibifida Roxb. var. semibifida Raes, N. 562 Leguminosae-caes Caesalpinia latisiliqua (Cav.) Hattink Raes, N. 603 Leguminosae-mim Archidendron clypearia (Jack) I.C.Nielsen var. casai (Blanco) I.C.Nielsen Raes, N. 607 Leguminosae-mim Archidendron havilandii (Ridl.) I.C.Nielsen Raes, N. 569 Leguminosae-pap Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. var. strigosum Meeuwen Raes, N. 560 Leguminosae-pap Fordia splendidissima (Blume ex Miq.) Buijsen Raes, N. 595 Leguminosae-pap Fordia splendidissima (Blume ex Miq.) Buijsen Raes, N. 686 Leguminosae-pap Kunstleria sarawakensis Ridd.-Numan & Kornet Raes, N. 566 Leguminosae-pap Mucuna toppongii Merr. Raes, N. 631 Liliaceae Dracaena sp. Raes, N. 663 Marantaceae Donax canniformis K.Schum. Raes, N. 626 Melastomataceae Raes, N. 701 Melastomataceae Blastus sp. Raes, N. 720 Melastomataceae Diplectria sp. Raes, N. 717 Melastomataceae Macrolenes sp. Raes, N. 563 Melastomataceae Medinilla decurrens Cogn.
Raes, N. 625 Melastomataceae Medinilla sp. Raes, N. 733 Melastomataceae Medinilla sp. Raes, N. 557 Melastomataceae Memecylon oleaefolium Blume Raes, N. 537 Melastomataceae Memecylon sp. Raes, N. 552 Melastomataceae Memecylon sp. Raes, N. 646 Melastomataceae Memecylon sp. Raes, N. 708 Melastomataceae Pachycentria sp. Raes, N. 725 Melastomataceae Phyllagathis sp. Raes, N. 697 Melastomataceae Pternandra azurea (Blume) Burkill Raes, N. 588 Melastomataceae Pternandra sp. Raes, N. 705 Melastomataceae Sonerila sp. Raes, N. 711 Melastomataceae Sonerila sp. Raes, N. 587 Meliaceae Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms Raes, N. 664 Meliaceae Aglaia simplicifolia (Bedd.) Harms Raes, N. 561 Meliaceae Aglaia sp. Raes, N. 621 Meliaceae Aglaia sp. Raes, N. 622 Meliaceae Aglaia sp. Raes, N. 645 Meliaceae Aglaia sp. Raes, N. 647 Meliaceae Aglaia sp. Raes, N. 662 Meliaceae Aglaia sp. Raes, N. 673 Meliaceae Aglaia sp. Raes, N. 718 Meliaceae Aglaia sp. Raes, N. 721 Meliaceae Aglaia sp. Raes, N. 530 Meliaceae Aglaia tomentosa Teijsm. & Binn. Raes, N. 567 Meliaceae Chisocheton macranthus (Merr.) Airy Shaw Raes, N. 601 Meliaceae Dysoxylum sp. Raes, N. 619 Meliaceae Dysoxylum sp. Raes, N. 730 Meliaceae Lansium domesticum Jack Raes, N. 500 Menispermaceae Coscinium fenestratum Colebr. Raes, N. 677 Menispermaceae Coscinium fenestratum Colebr. Raes, N. 570 Menispermaceae Parabaena megalocarpa Merr. Raes, N. 713 Menispermaceae Stephania corymbosa Miq. Raes, N. 695 Moraceae Raes, N. 580 Moraceae Ficus deltoidea Jack Raes, N. 658 Moraceae Ficus gul Lauterb. & K.Schum. Raes, N. 519 Moraceae Ficus heteropleura Blume Raes, N. 556 Moraceae Ficus heteropleura Blume Raes, N. 723 Moraceae Ficus pellucida-punctata Griff. Raes, N. 692 Moraceae Ficus punctata Thunb. Raes, N. 687 Moraceae Ficus uniglandulosa Wall. Raes, N. 606 Moraceae Poikilospermum sp. Raes, N. 642 Moraceae Poikilospermum sp. Raes, N. 511 Myristicaceae Myristica elliptica Hook.f. & Thomson var. elliptica Hook.f. & Thomson Raes, N. 531 Myrsinaceae Ardisia sp. Raes, N. 585 Myrsinaceae Ardisia sp. Raes, N. 680 Myrsinaceae Ardisia sp. Raes, N. 716 Myrsinaceae Embelia sp. Raes, N. 513 Myrsinaceae Maesa sp. Raes, N. 573 Myrtaceae Syzygium sp. Raes, N. 596 Myrtaceae Syzygium sp.
Raes, N. 656 Myrtaceae Syzygium sp. Raes, N. 679 Myrtaceae Syzygium sp. Raes, N. 521 Orchidaceae Apostasia wallichii R.Br. Raes, N. 525 Orchidaceae Eulophia spectabilis (Dennst.) Suresh Raes, N. 520 Orchidaceae Phalaenopsis modesta J.J.Sm. Raes, N. 597 Palmae Calamus sp. Raes, N. 543 Palmae Caryota sp. Raes, N. 617 Passifloraceae Adenia macrophylla (Blume) Koord. var. macrophylla Raes, N. 517 Passifloraceae Passiflora foetida L. Raes, N. 649 Piperaceae Piper sp. Raes, N. 624 Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum adenotus Miq. Raes, N. 650 Polygalaceae Xanthophyllum flavescens Roxb. Raes, N. 598 Proteaceae Helicia sp. Raes, N. 668 Proteaceae Helicia sp. Raes, N. 714 Pteridophyta Lygodium borneense Alderw. Raes, N. 572 Rhamnaceae Ziziphus sp. Raes, N. 565 Rosaceae Rubus moluccanus L. Raes, N. 512 Rubiaceae Acranthera sp. Raes, N. 523 Rubiaceae Ixora sp. Raes, N. 527 Rubiaceae Ixora sp. Raes, N. 554 Rubiaceae Lasianthus sp. Raes, N. 559 Rubiaceae Lasianthus sp. Raes, N. 514 Rubiaceae Mussaenda sp. Raes, N. 612 Rubiaceae Myrioneuron cyaneum Hallier f. Raes, N. 613 Rubiaceae Myrmeconauclea strigosa (Korth.) Merr. Raes, N. 635 Rubiaceae Ophiorrhiza sp. Raes, N. 550 Rubiaceae Pleiocarpidia sp. Raes, N. 623 Rubiaceae Pleiocarpidia sp. Raes, N. 672 Rubiaceae Pleiocarpidia sp. Raes, N. 627 Rubiaceae Praravinia sp. Raes, N. 727 Rubiaceae Praravinia sp. Raes, N. 544 Rubiaceae Prismatomeris sp. Raes, N. 594 Rubiaceae Prismatomeris sp. Raes, N. 502 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. Raes, N. 534 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. Raes, N. 555 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. Raes, N. 605 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. Raes, N. 671 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. Raes, N. 674 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. Raes, N. 683 Rubiaceae Psychotria sp. Raes, N. 648 Rubiaceae Tarenna sp. Raes, N. 509 Rubiaceae Uncaria lanosa Wall. var. glabrata (Blume) Ridsdale Raes, N. 508 Rubiaceae Uncaria longiflora (Poir.) Merr. Raes, N. 507 Rubiaceae Uncaria nervosa Elmer Raes, N. 535 Rubiaceae Urophyllum sp. Raes, N. 583 Rubiaceae Urophyllum sp. Raes, N. 584 Rubiaceae Urophyllum sp. Raes, N. 736 Sabiaceae Meliosma sp. Raes, N. 538 Santalaceae Scleropyrum sp. Raes, N. 504 Sapindaceae Guioa pterorhachis Welzen
Raes, N. 609 Sapindaceae Guioa pterorhachis Welzen Raes, N. 539 Sapindaceae Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Raes, N. 632 Sapindaceae Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Raes, N. 678 Sapindaceae Lepisanthes fruticosa (Roxb.) Leenh. Raes, N. 688 Scyphostegiaceae Scyphostegia borneensis Stapf Raes, N. 581 Smilacaceae Smilax sp. Raes, N. 582 Smilacaceae Smilax sp. Raes, N. 599 Smilacaceae Smilax sp. Raes, N. 694 Solanaceae Solanum sp. Raes, N. 696 Sonneratiaceae Duabanga moluccana Blume Raes, N. 628 Sterculiaceae Sterculia sp. Raes, N. 722 Sterculiaceae Sterculia sp. Raes, N. 704 Symplocaceae Symplocos crassipes C.B.Clarke var. ernae (Brand) Noot. Raes, N. 703 Symplocaceae Symplocos henschelii Benth. ex C.B.Clarke var. henscheli Raes, N. 604 Theaceae Adinandra sp. Raes, N. 707 Theaceae Camellia lanceolata (Blume) Seem. Raes, N. 735 Thymelaeaceae Phaleria octandra (L.) Baill. Raes, N. 526 Tiliaceae Microcos sp. Raes, N. 700 Tiliaceae Microcos sp. Raes, N. 719 Urticaceae Astrothalamus sp. Raes, N. 614 Urticaceae Leucosyke capitellata Wedd. Raes, N. 634 Urticaceae Pilea sp. Raes, N. 693 Urticaceae Pipturus argenteus (G.Forst.) Wedd. Raes, N. 610 Urticaceae Villebrunea sp. Raes, N. 659 Verbenaceae Callicarpa sp. Raes, N. 571 Verbenaceae Clerodendron sp. Raes, N. 611 Verbenaceae Clerodendron sp. Raes, N. 729 Verbenaceae Petraeovitex sp. Raes, N. 575 Verbenaceae Vitex sp. Raes, N. 629 Violaceae Rinorea sp. Raes, N. 522 Vitaceae Ampelocissus sp. Raes, N. 685 Vitaceae Ampelocissus sp. Raes, N. 515 Vitaceae Cayratia sp. Raes, N. 676 Vitaceae Cayratia sp. Raes, N. 516 Vitaceae Cissus sp. Raes, N. 669 Vitaceae Cissus sp. Raes, N. 600 Vitaceae Leea indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Raes, N. 528 Vitaceae Leea sp. Raes, N. 734 Vitaceae Leea sp. Raes, N. 689 Vitaceae Pterisanthes sp. Raes, N. 564 Vitaceae Tetrastigma sp. Raes, N. 640 Vitaceae Tetrastigma sp.
Appendix 2. Collection list of Ferns and Fern Allies. Collectors: Peter Hovenkamp (PH); Muhammad Iqbal (MIQ); Niels Raes (RAES); Ambriansyah (AA).
Appendix 3. Collections made by Ferry Slik based on 53 plot (53 x 100 m2 or 0.53 ha) inventories of trees taller than 1.3 m, spread across the Gunung Lumut Protection Forest.