STRUCTURE OF MATTER According to the modern atomic model, protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, and electrons are found outside the nucleus in.

STRUCTURE OF MATTER• According to the modern atomic model,

protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, and electrons are found outside the nucleus in a region called the _____________.

• Protons have a _________ charge.

• Electrons have a ________ charge.

• __________ are neutral, they have no charge.

• Protons and Neutrons are made up of smaller particles called ______. There is an ________ and a _________ held together by particles called ______.

• _______ have more up quarks than down quarks.

• ________ have more down quarks than up quarks.

ELECTRON ENERGY LEVELS• The first energy level,

closest to the nucleus, can hold only ___ electrons (e-).

• The second energy level can hold only ___ e-.

• The third energy level is stable when it has__ e-. (can actually hold 18 in all, but only after the fourth energy level has at least 2)

1 s2

2 s2 p6

3 s2 p6 d10

4 s2 p6 d10 f14

5 s2 p6 d10 f14

6 s2 p6 d10 7 s2 p6

Energy level

orbital

Maximum # of e- the orbital can contain

IONS• _______ atoms (or groups of atoms) are called ions.• An atom becomes charged by either gaining or

losing one or more _________.• An atom that has lost one or more e- is a ________

ion (cation). The atom now has more protons than e-.

• An atom that has gained one or more e- is a ________ ion (anion). The atom now has more e- than protons.

Generally, atoms do not gain or lose protons.An atom will become an ion only by gainingor losing e-. The number of protons (or neutrons) will only change during nuclearfission, nuclear fusion, or radioactive decay.

What charge will an atom have if it loses 3 e-?

What charge will an atom have if it gains 2 e-?

• The smallest unit of any ________ (example: water) that still retains the properties of the substance is a ________. A __________ is any two or more atoms combined by sharing electrons. (non-metals only, even two of the same element)

• A ________ is any two or more __________ elements combined.

• Chemical reactions involve ___________ of atoms, not the destruction or creation of them.

a representation of one ____________ of a substance by showing the ________ of each element in the substance and the _________ of each element in the molecule

Example: H2O is the formula for water because it represents one molecule of water. If you broke the substance down any farther, it would not be water.

If you have a formula like C7H5(NO2)3 , you would have __ carbon atoms, __ hydrogen atoms, __ nitrogen atoms, and __ oxygen atoms. Any time you have atoms inside a parenthesis ( ) with a subscript number after the ( ), you multiply the number after the ( ) by the number of each element inside the ( ) to obtain the total number of atoms for each element inside the ( ).

The group of atoms inside the ( ) is called a _________ ____.

more than one atom has a charge