STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA, PLANT STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA, PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS AND ANIMAL CELLS Dr. Rama Rao Malla Dr. Rama Rao Malla Head, Dept. of Biochemistry Head, Dept. of Biochemistry Institute of Science Institute of Science GITAM University GITAM University 1. 1. Cell Biology by David E.Sadava Cell Biology by David E.Sadava 2. 2. Microbiology by Pelczar Microbiology by Pelczar 3. 3. Plant physiology by Lincoln Taiz & Eduardo Plant physiology by Lincoln Taiz & Eduardo Zeiger Zeiger
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STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA, STRUCTURE OF BACTERIA, PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLSPLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
Dr. Rama Rao MallaDr. Rama Rao MallaHead, Dept. of BiochemistryHead, Dept. of BiochemistryInstitute of ScienceInstitute of ScienceGITAM UniversityGITAM University
1.1. Cell Biology by David E.SadavaCell Biology by David E.Sadava2.2. Microbiology by Pelczar Microbiology by Pelczar 3.3. Plant physiology by Lincoln Taiz & Eduardo ZeigerPlant physiology by Lincoln Taiz & Eduardo Zeiger
CELLSCELLS
• SMALLEST LIVING SMALLEST LIVING UNITUNIT• MOST ARE MOST ARE MICROSCOPICMICROSCOPIC
DISCOVERY OF CELLSDISCOVERY OF CELLS• ROBERT HOOKE (MID-1600S)ROBERT HOOKE (MID-1600S)
• OBSERVED SLIVER OF CORKOBSERVED SLIVER OF CORK• SAW “ROW OF EMPTY BOXES”SAW “ROW OF EMPTY BOXES”• COINED THE TERM CELLCOINED THE TERM CELL
CELL THEORYCELL THEORY
• (1839)THEODOR SCHWANN & MATTHIAS (1839)THEODOR SCHWANN & MATTHIAS SCHLEIDENSCHLEIDEN““ ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLSALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS”
• (50 YRS. LATER) RUDOLF VIRCHOW(50 YRS. LATER) RUDOLF VIRCHOW““ALL CELLS COME FROM CELLSALL CELLS COME FROM CELLS””
PRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORYPRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORY
• ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLSALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS
• SMALLEST LIVING UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION SMALLEST LIVING UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ALL ORGANISMS IS THE CELLOF ALL ORGANISMS IS THE CELL
• ALL CELLS ARISE FROM PREEXISTING CELLSALL CELLS ARISE FROM PREEXISTING CELLS ((THIS PRINCIPLE DISCARDED THE IDEA OF THIS PRINCIPLE DISCARDED THE IDEA OF
SPONTANEOUS GENERATIONSPONTANEOUS GENERATION))
CELL SIZECELL SIZE
CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL CELLSCELLS
• A SURROUNDING MEMBRANEA SURROUNDING MEMBRANE• PROTOPLASM – CELL CONTENTS IN THICK FLUIDPROTOPLASM – CELL CONTENTS IN THICK FLUID• ORGANELLES – STRUCTURES FOR CELL FUNCTIONORGANELLES – STRUCTURES FOR CELL FUNCTION• CONTROL CENTER WITH DNACONTROL CENTER WITH DNA
CELL TYPESCELL TYPES
PROKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTICEUKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• NUCLEUS BOUND BY MEMBRANENUCLEUS BOUND BY MEMBRANE• INCLUDE FUNGI, PROTISTS, PLANT, INCLUDE FUNGI, PROTISTS, PLANT,
AND ANIMAL CELLSAND ANIMAL CELLS• POSSESS MANY ORGANELLESPOSSESS MANY ORGANELLES
Protozoan
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF GENERAL STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL CELLANIMAL CELL
GENERAL STRUCTURE O PLANT GENERAL STRUCTURE O PLANT CELLCELL
ORGANELLES• CELLULAR MACHINERY CELLULAR MACHINERY • TWO GENERAL KINDSTWO GENERAL KINDS
• DERIVED FROM MEMBRANESDERIVED FROM MEMBRANES• BACTERIA-LIKE ORGANELLESBACTERIA-LIKE ORGANELLES
PLASMA MEMBRANE• CONTAINS CELL CONTENTSCONTAINS CELL CONTENTS• DOUBLE LAYER OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINSDOUBLE LAYER OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS
• A FEW MOLECULES MOVE FREELYA FEW MOLECULES MOVE FREELY• WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, AMMONIA, OXYGENWATER, CARBON DIOXIDE, AMMONIA, OXYGEN
• CARRIER PROTEINS TRANSPORT SOME MOLECULESCARRIER PROTEINS TRANSPORT SOME MOLECULES• PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN LIPID BILAYERPROTEINS EMBEDDED IN LIPID BILAYER• FLUID MOSAIC MODEL – DESCRIBES FLUID NATURE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL – DESCRIBES FLUID NATURE
OF A LIPID BILAYER WITH PROTEINSOF A LIPID BILAYER WITH PROTEINS
MEMBRANE PROTEINS1. CHANNELS OR TRANSPORTERS1. CHANNELS OR TRANSPORTERS
• MOVE MOLECULES IN ONE DIRECTIONMOVE MOLECULES IN ONE DIRECTION
2. RECEPTORS 2. RECEPTORS • RECOGNIZE CERTAIN CHEMICALSRECOGNIZE CERTAIN CHEMICALS
3. GLYCOPROTEINS 3. GLYCOPROTEINS • IDENTIFY CELL TYPEIDENTIFY CELL TYPE
4. ENZYMES4. ENZYMES • CATALYZE PRODUCTION OF SUBSTANCESCATALYZE PRODUCTION OF SUBSTANCES
CELL WALLS• FOUND IN PLANTS, FUNGI, & MANY PROTISTSFOUND IN PLANTS, FUNGI, & MANY PROTISTS• SURROUNDS PLASMA MEMBRANESURROUNDS PLASMA MEMBRANE
• HAS ENZYMES THAT HAS ENZYMES THAT HELP SYNTHESIS OF HELP SYNTHESIS OF • CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES• LIPIDS LIPIDS
GOLGI APPARATUS• INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIS OF PLANT CELL WALLINVOLVED IN SYNTHESIS OF PLANT CELL WALL• PACKAGING & SHIPPING STATION OF CELLPACKAGING & SHIPPING STATION OF CELL
GOLGI APPARATUS FUNCTION1. MOLECULES LIKE PROTEINS COME IN 1. MOLECULES LIKE PROTEINS COME IN
VESICLESVESICLES
2. VESICLES FUSE WITH GOLGI MEMBRANE2. VESICLES FUSE WITH GOLGI MEMBRANE
3. MOLECULES MAY BE MODIFIED BY GOLGI3. MOLECULES MAY BE MODIFIED BY GOLGI4. MOLECULES PINCHED-OFF IN SEPARATE 4. MOLECULES PINCHED-OFF IN SEPARATE VESICLEVESICLE
• FUNCTIONS FUNCTIONS • AID IN CELL RENEWALAID IN CELL RENEWAL• BREAK DOWN OLD CELL PARTS BREAK DOWN OLD CELL PARTS • DIGESTS INVADERSDIGESTS INVADERS
VACUOLES• MEMBRANE BOUND STORAGE SACSMEMBRANE BOUND STORAGE SACS• MORE COMMON IN PLANTS THAN ANIMALSMORE COMMON IN PLANTS THAN ANIMALS• CONTENTS CONTENTS
• WATERWATER• FOODFOOD• WASTESWASTES
BACTERIA-LIKE ORGANELLES• DERIVED FROM SYMBIOTIC DERIVED FROM SYMBIOTIC
• HAVE THEIR OWN DNAHAVE THEIR OWN DNA• BOUND BY DOUBLE MEMBRANEBOUND BY DOUBLE MEMBRANE
• BREAK DOWN FUEL MOLECULES BREAK DOWN FUEL MOLECULES ((CELLULAR RESPIRATION)CELLULAR RESPIRATION)
• GLUCOSEGLUCOSE• FATTY ACIDSFATTY ACIDS
• RELEASE ENERGYRELEASE ENERGY• ATPATP
CHLOROPLASTS
• DERIVED FORM PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIADERIVED FORM PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA• SOLAR ENERGY CAPTURING ORGANELLESOLAR ENERGY CAPTURING ORGANELLE
• TAKES PLACE IN THE CHLOROPLASTTAKES PLACE IN THE CHLOROPLAST• MAKES CELLULAR FOOD – GLUCOSEMAKES CELLULAR FOOD – GLUCOSE
PHOTOSYNTHPHOTOSYNTHESISESIS
PROKARYOTIC CELLS• FIRST CELL TYPE ON EARTHFIRST CELL TYPE ON EARTH• CELL TYPE OF BACTERIA AND ARCHAEACELL TYPE OF BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
PROKARYOTIC CELLS• NO MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUSNO MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS• NUCLEOID = REGION OF DNA CONCENTRATIONNUCLEOID = REGION OF DNA CONCENTRATION• ORGANELLES NOT BOUND BY MEMBRANESORGANELLES NOT BOUND BY MEMBRANES