Structure In all but the most ephemeral groups, members are distributed into different roles, and their behavior when in these roles is regulated by norms that dictate what is and what is not proper conduct. The group structure also includes the relationships that join members to one another in an integrated network that regulates interdependencies and What is group structure? What are norms, how do they develop, and how do they work to regulate behavior? What kinds of roles are common in groups and how do they influence members? How do social networks shape status, attraction, and communication processes
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Structure In all but the most ephemeral groups, members are distributed into different roles, and their behavior when in these roles is regulated by norms.
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Transcript
Structure
In all but the most ephemeral groups, members are distributed into different roles, and their behavior when in these roles is regulated by norms that dictate what is and what is not proper conduct. The group structure also includes the relationships that join members to one another in an integrated network that regulates interdependencies and increases the group’s unity and durability.
What is group structure?
What are norms, how do they develop, and how do they work to regulate behavior?
What kinds of roles are common in groups and how do they influence members?
How do social networks shape status, attraction, and communication processes in groups?
Norms
The Nature Of Social Norms
The Importance of Norms
Roles
The Nature of Social Roles
Role Theories
Group Socialization
Role Stress
Relations
Social Network Analysis
Network Dynamics
Application: SYMLOG
Norms are consensual and often implicit standards that describe what behaviors should and should not be performed in a given context.
■
The nature of social norms
Norms are group standards.
Provide direction and motivation
Organize social interactions
Make others’ responses predictable
Folkways are ubiquitous social standards
Mores are more strictly enforced moral rules
The nature of social norms
Sherif's (1936) autokinetic effect studies
Participants just judged the distance a dot of light moved in a darkened room
Development of Norms
But, unbeknown to the participants, a stationary dot of light will seem to move
It moved about3.5 inches
Autokinetic Effect
What if people make their judgments with others, and state estimates aloud?
Looks like 1 inch
I’d say 2 inches
7.5 inches
Initially, they differ; but over trials, they converge
Person A
Person B
Person C
Alone GroupSession 1
GroupSession 3
GroupSession 2
Ave
rage
dis
tanc
e e
stim
ates
The creation of a norm
Convergence
When Sherif put in a confederate in some groups who made exaggerated distance judgments others (B, C) conformed
Confederate
Person B
Person C
Alone GroupSession 1
GroupSession 3
GroupSession 2
Ave
rage
dis
tanc
e e
stim
ates
New Member, Person D
Even when the confederate was replaced, the norm remained
Person B
Person D
Person C
Group Session 4
GroupSession 1
GroupSession 3
GroupSession 2
Ave
rage
dis
tanc
e e
stim
atesNew
member
Group Judgment
3
Ave
rage
dis
tanc
e es
tim
ates
44 5 6 7 8 93
The exaggerated norm lasted for many “generations” of replacements
Generations
Internalization of norms
• Individuals experience discomfort when the realize they are acting contrary to a norm—especially, an injunctive one. (Milgram’s norm-violation demonstration).
Health and normative influence
• Norms support positive, health promoting actions, but also negative ones, including eating disorders and excessive alcohol consumption.
Pluralistic ignorance
• Members may privately disagree with the norm, but they assume they are the only ones who do, and so the norm remains in place.
The Importance of Norms
Examples
• Laptops in classrooms
• Alcohol use on campuses
• Recycling and waste
• Thin-body norms
• Pop music• Common
courtesy• Online
“behavior”
The Importance of Norms
Facebook Norms
• I should not say anything disrespectful about this person on Facebook.
• I should consider how a post might negatively impact this person’s relationships.
• If I post something that this person deletes, I should not repost it.
• I should NOT post information on Facebook that this person could later use against me.
Norms Roles
The nature of social roles
Role theories
Group socialization
Role stress
Relations
Roles: The types of behaviors expected of individuals who occupy particular positions within the group (e.g., roles in a play)
Independent of individualsFlexible, to an extentStructure interaction, create patterns of action, define responsibilities
Role differentiation: An increase in the number of roles in a group, accompanied by a decrease in the scope of those roles as each one becomes more narrowly defined and specialized
The Nature of Social Roles
Two types of roles emerge with great regularity in groups: Task roles (performance and initiating structure and Relationship roles (strength of bonds among members).
Relationship Role
Task Role
Role Theories
They identified
three types of roles:
task, relational,
and individualisti
c
by observing the interactions of groups at the National Training Laboratories (NTL), an organization devoted to the improvement of groups.
Benne and Sheats (1948) developed their well-known functional theory of roles
Functional Role Theory
Functional Role Theory
Functional Role Theory
Interactionist Role Theory
•Role sending•Role taking•Role enactment
Rooted in a self-presentational
perspective
common in most group settings, but they work out the details of their roles and their demands as they interact with one another
Group members share a basic sense of the requirements of the roles that are
Example: Bechky’s analysis of production teams
Example: Bechky’s analysis of production teams
Deep Role Theory
A Psychodynamic Perspective on Roles
Example: Moxnes “Deep Roles” Theory
Group Socialization
Moreland and Levine's group socialization theory
Group Socialization
Role
so
cia
liza
tion As
newcomers learn their roles they
become more
committed to the group
Role
tra
nsi
tion
s Over time members transition from new member
to full member
Reso
cia
liza
tion The process
is mutual: members
and the group adapt
to each other
(assimilation/ accomodation)
Pro
cess
es
Sta
ges
Typ
es
Tra
nsi
tion
s
Group Socialization: Moreland & Levine
Member B
Member C
Member A
Different individuals take different paths through this process: Three examples are
shown
Role Stress
Roles create stable group relations, but they can also be the
source of group conflict and personal
stress
Roles stress may vary from one
country and culture to another
Norms
The Nature Of Social Norms
The Importance of Norms
RelationsRoles
The Nature of Social Roles
Role Theories
Group Socialization
Role Stress
Social Network Analysis
Network Dynamics
Application: SYMLOG
Creating spatial maps of groups based on structure