Structure Evaluation of the Employment quantitative survey ... · Shipbuilding in Europe Jochen Tholen/Thorsten Ludwig Brussels, 13.09.2005 1 Shipbuilding in Europe Structure Employment

Shipbuilding in EuropeJochen Tholen/Thorsten Ludwig

Brussels, 13.09.20051

Shipbuilding in EuropeShipbuilding in EuropeStructureStructure

EmploymentEmploymentPerspectivesPerspectives

HansHans--Böckler Böckler FoundationFoundation

OttoOtto--BrennerBrenner--FoundationFoundation

RKW RKW TheThe German Center German Center forfor ProductivityProductivity and Innovationand Innovation

Evaluation of Evaluation of thethequantitative quantitative surveysurvey on on European European shipbuildingshipbuilding

Shipbuilding in EuropeShipbuilding in EuropeThorsten LudwigUniversity of BremenInstitute Labour and Economy(IAW)P.O.Box 33 04 40D-28334 BremenGermanyPhone: 0421-218-8978Fax: 0421-218-2680Email: [email protected]

Dr. Jochen Tholen (Project Coordinator)University of BremenInstitute Labour and Economy(IAW)P.O.Box 33 04 40D-28334 BremenGermanyPhone: 0421-218-3286 / 3281Fax: 0421-218-7457Email: [email protected]

Project-Team:

Cooperation Partner: Assisted by:Heino Bade

IG Metall - Coastal Region

Dr. Reinhard Lüken

Committee of E.U. Shipbuilders‘ Associations / CESA

Peter Scherrer / Andrea Husen

European Metalworkers‘ Federation / EMF

Dipl.-Ing. Werner Lundt

VSM German Shipbuilding and Ocean Industries Association


Brussels, 13.09.20052


Brussels, 13.09.20053

Bulgaria:5 yards4.034 empl.

Croatia:9 yards6.929 empl.

Estonia:1 yard1.200 empl.

Finland:6 yards5.565 empl.

Germany:35 yards18.498 empl.

Greece:3 yards3.111 empl.

Italy:22 yards12.033 empl.

Latvia:2 yards1.620 empl.

Lithuania:4 yards3.755 empl.

Norway:18 yards2.272 empl.

Poland:16 yards23.106 empl.

Portugal:5 yards1.937 empl.

Romania:8 yards13.401 empl.

Serbia&Montenegro:1 yard747 empl.

Spain:36 yards10.850 empl.

Sweden:6 yards1.467 empl.

The Netherlands:28 yards10.000 empl.

United Kingdom:17 yards16.224 empl.

Denmark:8 Yards2.902 empl.

France:13 yards15.230 empl.

EU-15: 97.808 employees



Acceding Countries 17.435 employees

Candidate Countries: 6.929 employees

Associated Countries: 2.272 employees

Pre-candidate Countries: 747 employees

Total: 154.872 employeesEU-25

Acceding Countries

Associated Countries/EEA

Candidate Countries

Total direct employmentin European shipbuildingcountries in 2004

Pre-candidateCountries

In the following we will use onlythree categories of European

regions:• EU-15• EU-10 (new members since May 1, 2004)• Others:

– Acceding countries (Bulgaria, Romania)– Candidate country (Croatia)– Associated country/EEA (Norway)– Pre-candidate country (Serbia&Montenegro)


Brussels, 13.09.20054

UK10,5%

France9,8%

Romania8,7%

Italy7,8%

Spain7,0%

Croatia4,5%

Finland3,6%

Bulgaria2,6%

Lithuania2,4%

Greece2,0%

Poland14,9%

Serbia&Montenegro

0,5%

Germany11,9%

Estonia0,8%

The Netherlands6,5%

Denmark1,9%

Norway1,5%

Sweden0,9%

Latvia1,0%

Portugal1,3%

National sharesof the total direct European shipbuilding employment

(in %, total = 154.872 in 238 yards)


Brussels, 13.09.20055

Structure of the total directshipbuilding employment in European countries:

Shares of national shipyards‘ employment (in %) by size of yards

1-199 200-499 500-1999 2000 and moreBulgaria 5,2 94,8Croatia 6,2 62 31,8Denmark 20,7 79,3Estonia 100Finland 3,6 61,7 36,6France 1,6 8,5 89,9Germany 5,5 16,4 49,7 28,4Greece 100Italy 13 2,1 84,8Latvia 19,8 80,2Lithuania 2,9 97,1Norway 65,2 34,8Poland 2,4 7,1 16,5 74Portugal 4,1 95,9Romania 17,6 82,4Serbia&Montenegro 100Spain 16,5 24,7 58,8Sweden 17,5 82,5The NetherlandsUnited Kingdom 3,4 4,2 23,3 69

Number of employees


Brussels, 13.09.20056

14.000 employees in 13 yardsin 5 European countries

10.000 employees in 7 yards in 4 European countries

5.500 employees in 4 yardsin 4 European countries6.300 employees in 3

yards in UK

9.200 employees in 8 yards in Italy

9.700 employees in 34 yards in 6 European countries and 4 countries outside Europe

4.000 employees in 2 yards in France

5.500 employees in 5 yard in Spain

2.200 employees in 4 yards in Spain

10.000 employees in 4 yards in France

6.400 employees in 1 yard in Poland

Szczecin New Shipyard:5.000 employees in 1 yard in Poland

Major shipyard-groupsand shipyards in EuropeThese shipyards represent:° 56 % (87.100 employees) of the total shipyardemployment (154.872 employees)° 34 % (80 yards) of the total number of shipyards(238 yards) in 20 European countries


Brussels, 13.09.20057

Major European shipyard-groupsand their locations


Brussels, 13.09.20058

The Survey


Brussels, 13.09.20059

Dispatch of the questionnaires

University of Bremen

CESA EMF

ShipyardManagement Works council/Union

UnionNational shipyard association

60 receivedquestionnaires byunions/work councils

70 receivedquestionnaires

by management


Brussels, 13.09.200510

Shipbuilding in EuropeShipbuilding in EuropeShipyards/employees represented in the suryey

• The survey covers 20 European shipbuilding countries:– 11 EU-15 countries– 4 EU-10 countries– 1 candidate countries (Croatia)– 2 acceding countries (Bulgaria and Romania)– 1 associated country/EEA (Norway)– 1 pre-candidate country (Serbia&Montenegro)

• 109 of 241 shipyards (45%) are represented in thequantitative survey

• These 109 shipyards represent more than 68% of the total shipyards‘ employees (N=105.986 employees)


Brussels, 13.09.200511

Structure of the sampleby number of direct employees

(105.986 employees in 109 yards)

Romania8,1%

Spain8,2%UK

8,3%Italy9,8%

Poland12,4%

France13,6%

Germany15,5%

Bulgaria0,8%

Norway0,4%

Sweden1,3%

Lithuania1,3%

Portugal1,8%

Greece2,4%

Montenegro0,7%

Denmark2,5%

The Netherlands3,3%

Croatia4,4%

Finland5,3%


Brussels, 13.09.200512

Structure of the sample by type of shipyard• Newbuilding of naval vessels: 38 yards

– Submarines: 11 yards– Surface vessels: 33 yards– Auxiliary vessels: 27 yards

• Newbuilding of merchant ships: 65 yards• Newbuilding of merchant and naval ships: 20 yards• Repair: 68 yards

– Repair of naval vessels: 10 yards– Repair of merchant ships: 24 yards– Repair of merchant and naval ships: 34 yards

• Newbuilding of merchant ships and repair of naval/merchant vessels: 36 yards


Brussels, 13.09.200513

Number of shipyards and shipyards‘ direct employment in 20 European countries and representativity of the quantitative survey

Number of Share of Response/

Share of Response/

Shipyards/ Response

Shipyards (in %)

Employees (in %)

Bulgaria - 6 1 16,7 4.034 874 21,7Croatia 19,53 9 7 77,8 6.929 4.624 66,7Denmark 13,12 8 4 50 2.902 2.627 90,5Estonia - 2 0 0 1.200 0 0,0Finland 5,56 6 6 100 5.565 5.565 100,0France 3,22 13 6 20 15.230 14.467 95,0Germany 19 31 19 61,3 18.489 16.396 88,7Greece - 3 2 66,7 3.111 2.511 80,7Italy 11,65 24 12 52 12.033 10.343 86,0Latvia 0,02 2 0 0 1.620 0 0,0Lithuania 0,04 4 1 25 3.755 1.395 37,2Norway - 20 5 25 2.272 425 18,7Poland 11,02 16 5 31,3 23.106 13.116 56,8Portugal 0,03 4 2 50 1.937 1.857 95,9Romania 4,75 7 4 57,1 13.401 8.601 64,2Serbia&Montenegro -

1 1 100 747 747 100,0

Spain 2,94 35 18 54,3 10.850 8.710 80,3Sweden - 6 2 33,3 1.467 1.355 92,4The Netherlands

3,71 28 10 35,7 10.000 3.539 35,4

UK - 15 4 26,7 16.224 8.834 54,5Total 94,59 * 241 109 45,2 154.872 105.986 68,4

Number of Employees/ Response

Country Share of European

New-building Orders in

2004 (in %)

Number of Shipyards/

total

Number of Employees/

total


Brussels, 13.09.200514

Shares of employees represented in the survey by country (in %)

100

100

95,9

94,9

92,4

90,5

88,6

82,8

80,7

72

68,4

66,7

64,2

62,1

56,8

37,2

35,4

21,7

18,7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Serbia&Montenegro

Finland

Portugal

France

Sweden

Denmark

Germany

Italy

Greece

Spain

Total

Croatia

Romania

United Kingdom

Poland

Lithuania

The Netherlands

Bulgaria

Norway

Latvia

Estonia


Brussels, 13.09.200515

Results(on the basis of the

questionnaires completedby the yards)


Brussels, 13.09.200516

EU-15: Regional socio-economic impact of the yards (in %)

50,0

60,0

66,6

66,7

75,0

83,3

89,5

100,0

100,0

100,0

100,0

50,0

30,0

33,3

25,0

16,7

10,5

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0

Sweden (2)

The Netherlands (10)

Spain (18)

France (3)

Italy (12)

Finland (6)

Germany (19)

Denmark (4)

Greece (2)

UK (4)

Portugal (2)

%

crucial/very important normal importanceRegional socio-economic impactof the yards

All types of yards in all European regions have a very important socio-economic impact.

The yards are often located in structurally lagging regions (f.e. in UK, Spain, Germany and France). In general in these regions there is a lack of job opportunities.

Especially in The Netherlands and in Norway, where the yards‘ number of employees isabout more or less 150 people, the yards‘ impact on the region is of normal importance.


Brussels, 13.09.200517

Usage of CAD, CAM and CIM

Usage of CAD, CAM and CIM by type of shipyard

83,3

96,9 100

45,5

67,775,7

13,6

29,2 29,7

0

50

100

Repair NB Merchant NB Naval

%

CAD CAM CIM

CAD: Computer Aided Design

CAM: Computer Aided Manufacturing

CIM: Computer IntegratedManufacturing

Computer-aided instruments of production have been widely used by newbuilding yards.

The high level of usage of CAD in repair yards is partly explained by the different tasks of repair yards (conversion etc.).

The usage of CAD, CAM and CIM depends on the vertical range of manufacturing. Thereforethe degree of utilization in repair yards is lesser than in the other types of shipyards.

Naval shipyards provide the biggest range of manufacturing.

The type of shipyard is the contributing factor for the usage of computer-aided instruments.


Brussels, 13.09.200518

Co-operationbetween yardsand scientificinstitutions

Co-operation between yards and scientific institutions by type of shipyard

30,8

43,2

18,2

43,1

35,1

42,4

18,5

13,5

30,3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

NB Merchant NB Naval Repair

%

regularly from time to time rarely


Brussels, 13.09.200519

The highest degree of co-operation with scientific institutions will befound in naval shipyards. 43,2% of the naval shipyards are co-operatingregularly with scientific partners.

There is a positive correlation between the degree of co-operations withscientists and the vertical range of manufacturing.

Co-operations do occur in propulsion, hydro-dynamics and workorganization.

There are regional differences in this question.

Co-operationsbetween yards and suppliers


Brussels, 13.09.200520

How would you characterize the integrated co-operation between the yard and its suppliers?

(vertical co-operation)

Integrated co-operation during the design process (by type of shipyard)

70,367,5 67,3

23,4 21,6

11,16,3 8,1

11,1

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0


%

very intense/intense fairly poor/very poor


Brussels, 13.09.200521

How would you characterize the integrated co-operation between the yard and its suppliers?

(vertical co-operation)Interated co-operation during installation/ mounting/

putting into serv ice (by type of shipyard)

75,1 72,9

65,0

20,3 18,922,2

4,7 2,7 3,2

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0


%

very intense/intense fairly poor/very poor


Brussels, 13.09.200522

Existence of joint workinggroups (yard/ suppliers)

Existence of joint working groups from both, the yard's and the supplie rs' side to deve lop projects/products

(by type of shipyard)

57,862,2

48,4

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70


%


Brussels, 13.09.200523

Joint working groups can be seen as an increased form of co-operation withsuppliers.There is a positive correlation between the existence of joint working groups and the complexity of ships built by the yard.Joint working groups can be found in approximately 50% of the repair yards. In comparison, more than 62% of the naval yards dispose of such working groups.In the field of merchant shipbuilding all yards (100%) involved in buildingpassenger ships (ferries, cruisers) affirm the existence of joint working groups.The level of the existence of joint working groups in Bulgaria and Romania(covered by „Others“) is rather high for the reason as major yards are belongingto Western European shipyard concerns.

Existence of joint working groups in different fields (by type of shipyard)

37,5

69,6

31,1

42,2

60,9

27,9

18,8 17,411,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

NB Merchant (n=65) NB Naval (n=23) Repair (n=66)

%

Design&Construction Manufacturing / Installation Process logistic

The highest proportions in the fields of design/construction and manufacturing/installation are in the naval sector.

Joint working groups (yards/suppliers) in different fields


Brussels, 13.09.200524

Co-operations of yards in Western Europe with yards in

CEE and Western Europe


Brussels, 13.09.200525

Co-operations of yards in Western Europe with yards in other regions

• Only for yards in Western Europe the survey providesa sufficient number of cases.

• The partner yards in Central and Eastern Europe arelocated above all in Poland, Romania and Bulgaria.

• Concerning the type of shipbuilding (newbuilding orrepair) there are no differences.

• There are different types of co-operations: sub-contracting, Foreign Direct Investment, horizontal co-operations between equal partners. The following slides cannot distinguish between these different types.


Brussels, 13.09.200526

Co-operations of yards in Western Europe with yards in Central and Eastern Europe –

CEE (EU-10, AccedingCountries, Croatia,

Serbia&Montenegro)


Brussels, 13.09.200527

EU-15: Are there any co-operations with yards in CEE?

47,9

18,9

33,3

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0


%

Nearly 50% of the yards building merchant ships in the EU-15 co-operate with yards Eastern Europe.

Only one third of the repair yards co-operate with Eastern European partner yards.

Compared with the group of NB Merchant, co-operation of Western European naval yards with Eastern Europe is underdeveloped.


Brussels, 13.09.200528

EU-15: Activities involved in co-operations with CEE

21,7 22,218,8

30,4

11,1

25

95,7100 100

21,7

11,16,3

17,4

11,1

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

NB Merchant (23) NB Naval (9) Repair (16)

%

Construction

Equipment

Hull/Steel

Design

joint purchase

Marketing

R&D

Co-operation of EU-15 yards is dominated by the field of buidling hulls and sections.


Brussels, 13.09.200529

EU-15: Which are the main problems with regard to the co-operations with yards in CEE?

39,1

33,331,3

4,3

52,2

22,2

37,5

26,1

11,112,5

43,5

22,2

37,5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60


%Quality

Incorrectimplemetation ofconstruction plansTime of delivery

Language

Mentality

Time of delivery seems to be the greatest problem during theco-operation with Eastern European yards.

Even the quality of products and the partners‘ different mentalities are among the main problems.


Brussels, 13.09.200530

Co-operations between yardswithin Western Europe


Brussels, 13.09.200531

EU-15: Co-operations between yards within Western Europe

52,1

100,0

39,6

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

90,0

100,0


%

The highest degree of co-operation (100%) among Western European yards can be found in the naval sector.

In the sector of merchant ships only nearly 50% of the yardswork together with partner yards in other Western European countries, in the repair sector even lesser.


Brussels, 13.09.200532

EU-15: Co-operations between yards within Western Europe

32,0

47,4 47,4

20,0

47,4

36,8

32,0

36,8

47,4

64,0

57,9 57,9

44,0

31,6

36,836,0

47,4

36,8

60,0

52,6

42,1

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0


%

Construction

Equipment

Hull/Steel

Design

Joint purchase

Marketing

R&D

Compared to the co-operations of EU-15 yards with Eastern Europe, all fields of the yards‘ activities are covered by theco-operations within Western Europe.

Above all design, R&D and construction are the main fieldsof co-operation.


Brussels, 13.09.200533

EU-15: Which are the main problems with regard to the co-operations with yards in Western Europe?

4,0

10,5

5,3

12,015,8

10,5

4,0 5,3

10,58,0

5,3 5,3

48,0

36,8

31,6

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0


%

Quality

Incorrectimplementation ofconstruction plansTime of delivery

Language

Mentality


Brussels, 13.09.200534

Compared to the problems of co-operation between EU-15 yards and Eastern Europe, technical problems are of no importance related to the co-operationwithin Western Europe.

Only the existing different mentalities of the partners seems to be problematic.

The West-East difficulties primarily refers to hard facts.

The West-West difficulties primarily refers to soft facts (mentality).

Thesis• If there is a strategic co-operation (horizontal co-operation)

between equal partners, this kind of co-operation is the casebetween yards in Western Europe – this kind of co-operationis going far beyond the simple outsourcing.

• Co-operations between EU-15 and Eastern European yardsare much more determined by outsourcing processes (steelwork, hulls, sections).

• Co-operations between EU-15 and Eastern European yardsare very often characterized by corporate-internal co-operations: These partner yards belong to one shipyardgroup (f.e. Damen, Aker Yards, AP Moeller).

• Significantly less co-operations (in their different shapings) do exist between legally and economically independent yards in Western and Eastern Europe.


Brussels, 13.09.200535

The EU enlargement will havea positive effect on...


Brussels, 13.09.200536

The EU enlargement will have a positive effect on ...

7,8

15,6

20,3

21,9

32,8

11,1

22,2

19,4

30,6

41,7

11,3

17,7

21

30,6

33,9

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Order book

Competitiveness

Wage level

Staff qualification

Co-operation with yardsin different EU

countries

%


The EU enlargement will have a positive effect on...

5,1

12,7

7,6

15,2

25,3

33,3

83,3

83,3

83,3

66,7

29,4

17,6

52,9

47,1

70,6

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0

Orderbook

Competitiveness

Wage level

Staff qualification

Co-operation with yards in differentEU countries

EU-15 EU-10 Others


Brussels, 13.09.200537

The impact of the EU enlargement in different fields of the yards

• From the yards‘ point of view, the co-operationbetween the EU yards will improve after the EU-Enlargement.

• Divided by regions, especially Eastern European yards are expecting an increasing of the wage leveland staff qualification.

• In the case of the wage level, above all Western European yards are expecting a decrease(management is defining this as a positive effect, workers´ representatives as a negative one).


Brussels, 13.09.200538

The expectations of the yardsconcerning the EU‘s

involvement in different fields


Brussels, 13.09.200539

EU's involvement is very important/important in the following fields...

79,5

78,2

54,4

74,3

75,7

69,2

57,7

50,0

37,2

100,0

66,7

83,4

83,4

83,4

83,3

66,6

66,7

66,7

82,4

64,7

70,6

70,5

59,2

58,8

53,0

47,0

43,5

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0

Leve l Playing Fie ld

Legislation/Transport policy

Ship financing

R&D

Innovation

Inte llectual property protection

Industry structure

European Defense Identity

Language training

EU-15 (n=79) EU-10 (n=6) Others (n=17)


Brussels, 13.09.200540

The expectations of the yards concerningthe EU‘s involvement in different fields

• From the yards‘ point of view EU‘s involvement is mostimportant to establish a level playing field.

• Obviously EU`s involvement in language training ismore often expected by yards in Eastern Europe. WithinEU-15 only 38% of the yards see involvement in thisfield as important (lingua franca=English).

• Even in the cases of ‚shipfinancing‘ and ‚rethinking theindustry structure‘, Eastern European yards considerEU‘s involvement more important than Western European yards.

• Only 60% of the naval shipyards are expecting the EU‘s involvement for the creation of an „European DefenseIdentity“.


Brussels, 13.09.200541

Working conditions


Brussels, 13.09.200542

Did you experience difficulties in recruiting white/blue collar workers?(percentage of yards that answered with "Yes")

41,3

31,7

24,327,0 27,0

30,2

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

45,0

blue collar white collar blue collar white collar blue collar white collar


%

Did you experience difficulties in recruiting white/blue collar workers?(percentage of yards that answered with "Yes")

35,0

66,7

37,5

55,0

33,3

18,8

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

EU-15 (n=80) EU-10 (n=6) Others (n=16)

%

blue collar white collar

EU-15: Did you experience difficulties in recruiting white/blue collar workers?(percentage of yards that answered with "Yes")

21,1

25,0

25,0

30,0

33,3

50,0

66,7

75,0

100,0

42,1

18,8

75,0

50,0

50,0

33,3

75,0

50,00,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0

Germany (19)

Spain (15)

UK (4)

The Netherlands (10)

Finland (6)

Portugal (2)

France (3)

Italy (12)

Sweden (2)

Denmark (4)

Greece (2)

% (Yes)

blue collar white collar

Difficulties in recruiting qualified blue and white collar workers could be found in all types and regions of European shipbuilding.

Above all the problems seems to be higher in the merchant ships sector.

Especially in the countries where the shipbuilding industry has a bad image, the problems in recruiting are comparatively higher.


Brussels, 13.09.200543

Average rate of absence (health, accident) in 2003

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

France

Finlan

dTh

e Neth

erlan

dsGerm

any

Italy

Denmark

Norway

Portug

al

Spain

Poland

Roman

iaCroa

tia

Serbia&

Monten

gero

Sweden UK

%



Brussels, 13.09.200544

Working times


Brussels, 13.09.200545

Comparison: Contractual and real working times (all types of yards) in 2003

1.505

1.567

1.585

1.657

1.723

1.754

1.775

1.776

1.778

1.786

1.788

1.816

1.838

1.922

1.979

2.012

2.027

2.184

1.568

1.606

1.460

1.558

1.752

1.853

1.843

1.662

1.322

1.744

1.886

1.585

2.018

1.879

1.736

1.649

1.649

-300 200 700 1.200 1.700 2.200

Finland (7)

France (3)

The Netherlands (9)

Denmark (3)

Spain (16)

Norway (4)

Sweden (2)

Romania (4)

Bulgaria (1)

Germany (18)

Greece (2)

Portugal (2)

UK (4)

Croatia (7)

Italy (12)

Poland (4)

Lithuania (1)

Montenegro (1)

real workingtimes

contractualworking times


Brussels, 13.09.200546

Comparison: contractual/real working timesin 2003 by country (all types of yards)

contractual working

times

real working

times

Real minus contractual

working timesFinland (7) 1.505 1.568 63France (3) 1.567 1.606 39The Netherlands (9) 1.585 1.460 -126Denmark (3) 1.657 1.558 -99Spain (16) 1.723 1.752 29Norway (4) 1.754 1.853 99Sweden (2) 1.775 1.843 68Romania (4) 1.776 1.662 -114Bulgaria (1) 1.778 1.322 -456Germany (18) 1.786 1.744 -42Greece (2) 1.788 1.886 98Portugal (2) 1.816 1.585 -232UK (4) 1.838 2.018 180Croatia (7) 1.922 1.879 -43Italy (12) 1.979 1.736 -242Poland (4) 2.012 1.649 -363Lithuania (1) 2.027 1.649 -378Montenegro (1) 2.184


Brussels, 13.09.200547

Income and costs


Brussels, 13.09.200548


Brussels, 13.09.200549

Comparison: Average income and costs of a skilled blue collar worker in 2003 (in EURO)

964

2.500

3.173

5.021

7.449

8.730

17.089

21.435

22.106

22.734

26.307

27.056

27.800

28.927

29.250

32.167

34.559

38.243

3.984

9.717

14.591

15.609

29.244

34.007

29.524

39.700

37.094

38.900

40.611

32.438

39.681

46.810

40.540

0 5.000 10.000 15.000 20.000 25.000 30.000 35.000 40.000 45.000 50.000

M ontenegro (1)

Romania (4)

Bulgaria (1)

Lithuania (1)

Poland (5)

Croatia (6)

Portugal (2)

Spain (15)

Italy (11)

Greece (2)

France (3)

Finland (7)

Sweden (1)

The Netherlands (9)

UK (4)

Norway (3)

Germany (17)

Denmark (3)

€

Average costsAverage income

Comparison of income and costs of a blue collar worker in 2003

• The systems of financing the health system, unemployment insurance etc. are very different in thedifferent countries (from tax-financed systems to non-wage-labour-costs systems).

• F.e.: The labour costs in The Netherlands and Denmark are nearly equal, but the share of (gross) income in Denmark (94,3%) is much more higherthan in The Netherlands (71,2%).

• The comparison of income and costs staysincomplete, because there are no information on productivity of the single yards.


Brussels, 13.09.200550

Existence of European Works Councils


Brussels, 13.09.200551

Is a European Works Council covering your yard? (N=109; in % of the number of yards)

Yes9%

No89%

No answer2%

In nine out of 109 yards an EWC is existing, covering three European conglomerates:

Damen, Aker, Thyssen Krupp Marine Systems Shipbuilding in Europe

Jochen Tholen/Thorsten LudwigBrussels, 13.09.2005

52

Structure Evaluation of the Employment quantitative survey ... · Shipbuilding in Europe Jochen Tholen/Thorsten Ludwig Brussels, 13.09.2005 1 Shipbuilding in Europe Structure Employment

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