Structure and Stratigraphy of Kashmir area

Abdul Jabbar8th Semester

UAJK

STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY OF

SANDAL, SADIQABAD, PIPLI, GHANAIR AND

SANDI AREAS OF DADYAL, DISTRICT MIRPUR, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR,

PAKISTAN

REGIONAL TECTONIC MAP OF NORTHWEST HIMALAYAS. THE RECTANGLE SHOWS THE LOCATION OF THE AREA. (MODIFIED AFTER BAIG AND LAWRENCE 1987; MONALIZA AND AZAM,(2004)

OBJECTIVES

• TO PREPARE THE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF AREA AT 1:50,000 SCALE

• TO PREPARE THE STRUCTURAL MAP OF AREA AT 1:50,000 SCALE

• TO PREPARE STRUCTURAL CROSS SECTIONS

• TO PREPARE π AND β DIAGRAMS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF FOLDS OF THE AREA

STRATIGRAPHY

Formation Age Description

Quaternary alluvium

Recent Consist of silt, gravel and unconsolidated deposits of clay

…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….Mirpur Formation Pleistocene Consist of conglomerates having cobbles and

pebbles of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks

…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….Soan Formation Pliocene Consists of clays, claystone and grey sandstone.

Clays are brown, yellowish grey in colour

Dhok Pathan Formation

Late Miocene Dominantly consists of sandstone, siltstone and clays. Sandstone is grey, fine to medium grained and medium to thick bedded

Nagri Formation Late Miocene Dominantly it consists of greenish grey sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. Sanstone has massive beds and has medium to coarse grained texture. Sandstone alternates with clay and are 70% and 30% respectively.

Chingi Formation Middle to late Miocene

Red to purple, greenish grey, ash grey sandstone and siltstone and purple and reddish brown mudstone. 60% clays and 40% sandstone.

Kamlial Formation Early to middle Miocene

Mainly sandstone, cays and intraformational conglomerates

Murree Formation Early Miocene Mostly clays, shales and sandstone. Sandstone is red to purple red in colour and is fine to medium grained.

Kuldana Formation Middle to Late Eocene

Variegated shales with subordinate sandstone. Shales are arenaceous.

Chorgali Formation Early Eocene Mostly Calcareous shale, limestone and dolomitic limestone

Margalla Hill Limestone

Early Eocene Main nodular fossiliferous limestone with shales

Patala Formation

Late Paleocene Mainly shales interbedded with marl and limestone

Lockhart Formation Early Paleocene Grey to dark grey limestone with subordinate shales

Hangu Formation Early Paleocene

Mainly Laterite, bauxite and fireclay

…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….

Muzaffarabad Formation

Cambrian Mainly Dolomitic limestone with cherty dolomite and chert bands.

…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….Dogra Formation Precambrian Slates

REGIONAL STRATIGRAPHIC TABLE OF KASHMIR BASIN

Formation Age Description

Alluvium Recent Unconsolidated deposits of clay, silt and gravel.

…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….

Mirpur

Formation

Pleistocene Poorly sorted conglomerates consisting of pebbles, cobbles of

igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and clayey matrix.

…………………………….Unconformity…………………………….

Soan

Formation

Pliocene Bentonite clays and conglomerates consisting of fragments of

cherty dolomite, panjal volcanics, granite gneisses, basic dikes/sills

and quartzite veins and compact arenaceous matrix.

Dhok Pathan

Formation

Late

Miocene

Grey, fine to medium grained, medium to thick bedded sandstone

with clay and siltstone. Sandstone 60%and clays 40%.

Nagri

Formation

Late

Miocene

Greenish grey to light grey, massive medium to coarse gained

sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. The sandstone alternate with

clays. The clays are 30-40% and the sandstone is 60-70%.

Chinji

Formation

Middle to

late

Miocene

Red to purple, greenish grey, ash grey sandstone and siltstone,

purple and reddish brown mudstone. Clays are 50-60% and

sandstone is 40-50%.

Kamlial

Formation

Early to

middle

Miocene

Mainly sandstone, clays and intraformational conglomerates

STRATIGRAPHIC TABLE OF THE PROJECT AREA

KAMLIAL FORMATION

KAMLIAL FORMATION

• DOMINANTLY SANDSTONE, SILTSTONE AND MUD STONE

• MEDIUM TO COURSE GRAINED SANDSTONE HAVING CROSS BEDDING.

• HIGH RATIO OF TOURMALINE

• DISTINGUISHING CHARACTER WOOD FOSSILS AND LEAF IMPRINTS AND COALIFICATION.

• AGE OF THE FORMATION IS EARLY TO MIDDLE MIOCENE

KAMLIAL FORMATION

WOOD FOSSIL IN THE SANDSTONE OF KAMLIALFORMATION. PHOTOGRAPHFACING NORTHWEST.

N

COALIFICATION IN THE SANDSTONE OF KAMLIALFORMATION. PHOTOGRAPHFACING NORTHEAST.

N

CHINJI FORMATION

CHINJI FORMATION

CHINJI FORMATION

• DOMINANTLY SANDSTONE AND CLAY

• SAND-CLAY RATIO IS 40:60 % RESPECTIVELY

• FORMATION SHOWS THE HIGHEST CLAY CONTENT IN THE SIWALIK GROUP

• SANDSTONE IS MEDIUM TO THINLY BEDDED, FINE TO MEDIUM GRAINED, LIGHT GREY, GREY TO ASH GREY IN COLOR

• COLOR OF THE CLAY IS REDDISH BROWN, BRICK RED AND VIOLET

• THE AGE OF THE FORMATION IS MIDDLE TO LATE MIOCENE

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWINGVARIEGATED COLOUR CLAYS OFCHINJI FORMATIONPHOTOGRAPH FACING NORTHEAST.

N

N

NAGRI FORMATION

NAGRI FORMATION

NAGRI FORMATION

• DOMINANTLY SANDSTONE AND CLAY

• SAND-CLAY RATIO IS 70:30% RESPECTIVELY

• MASSIVE BEDS OF SANDSTONE

• SALT AND PEPPER TEXTURE AND CLAY BALLS ARE COMMON IN THE

SANDSTONE OF NAGRI FORMATION

• SANDSTONE OF GREENISH GREY COLOR

• AGE OF FORMATION IS LATE MIOCENE

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING MASSIVE SANDSTONE OF NAGRI FORMATION. PHOTOGRAPH FACING SOUTHEAST.

N

DHOK PATHAN FORMATION


• CONSISTS OF SANDSTONE AND CLAY

• RATIO OF SAND AND CLAY 50:50 RESPECTIVELY

• CYCLIC BEDDING

• FINE TO MEDIUM GRAINED

• MEDIUM TO THICK BEDDED

• CONGLOMERATE LEVELS ARE PRESENT

• FLASER BEDDING

• AGE OF FORMATION IS LATE MIOCENE


THE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING FLASER BEDDING INDHOK PATHAN FORMATION. PHOTOGRAPH FACING SOUTHEAST.

N

SOAN FORMATION

SOAN FORMATION

SOAN FORMATION• MEDIUM TO THICK SANDSTONE WITH EMBEDDED

CONGLOMERATE LEVELS

• SANDSTONE IS RELATIVELY SOFT, FRIABLE AND LOOSE

• CONGLOMERATES ARE POLYMICT

• ROUNDED TO SUB ROUNDED CONGLOMERATES EMBEDDED IN ARENACEOUS MATRIX

• MOSTLY FOUND CONGLOMERATES OF VOLCANICS, PALEOCENE-EOCENE LIMESTONE, QUARTZITE, GRANITE AND GNEISSES

• AGE OF FORMATION IS LATE PLIOCENE TO EARLY PLEISTOCENE

CONGLOMERATES OF SOAN FORMATION. PHOTOGRAPHFACING NORTHEAST

N

MIRPUR FORMATION

MIRPUR FORMATION

MIRPUR FORMATION

• THE FORMATION CONSIST OF CONGLOMERATES.

• THE CLAST ARE WELL ROUNDED AND LOOSELY PACKED WITHIN THE CLAYEY AND SILTY MATRIX.

• THE CLASTS OF QUARTZ, FELDSPAR, LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, PUNJAL VOLCANICS AND GRANITE ARE PRESENT IN MIRPUR FORMATION

• THE AGE OF THE FORMATION IS PLEISTOCENE.

ANGULAR UNCONFORMITY BETWEEN SOAN FORMATION AND MIRPUR FORMATIONPHOTOGRAPH FACINGSOUTHWEST

N

QUATERNARY ALLUVIUM

QUATERNARY ALLUVIUM

• CONSIST OF SILT, GRAVEL AND UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS OF CLAY

• LOOSE, LESS CEMENTED AND POORLY SORTED

• THE AREA ARE COVERED WITH VEGETATION OR UNDER CULTIVATION

THE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING RECENT

ALLUVIUM

STRUCTURE

FOLDS

1. DONGI SYNCLINE

2. SANDI ANTICLINE

3. RAJDHANI SYNCLINE

4. SADIQABAD SYNCLINE

5. PHERAN DINPUR

ANTICLINE

1. CHILLAYAR FAULT

2. BHALAWAL FAULT

FAULTS

DONGI SYNCLINE

DONGI SYNCLINE

DONGI SYNCLINE

DONGI SYNCLINE

DONGI SYNCLINE

STRUCTURAL DATA OF DONGI SYNCLINE

Attitude of Bedding Trend and Plunge of Fold axis

Attitude of Axial Plane

InterlimbAngle

Type ofFold

Northeastern Limb Southwestern Limb

N50ᵒW/35ᵒSW N40ᵒW/25ᵒNE 2ᵒ/138ᵒ N42ᵒW/86ᵒNE 120ᵒ Open Fold

P1

P2

N

W E

S

THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF DONGI SYNCLINE

SANDI ANTICLINE

SANDI ANTICLINE

SANDI ANTICLINE

SANDI ANTICLINE

SANDI ANTICLINE

STRUCTURAL DATA OF SANDI ANTICLINE



InterlimbAngle

Type of Fold


N28ᵒW/31ᵒNE N30ᵒW/25ᵒSW 0ᵒ/153ᵒ N61ᵒW/88ᵒNE 124ᵒ Gentle Fold

N60ᵒW/31ᵒNE N65ᵒW/32ᵒSW 2ᵒ/117ᵒ N63ᵒW/89ᵒNE 117ᵒ Open Fold

N

AP

P1

P2

S

EWπ circle

L1

L2

THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF SANDI ANTICLINE

P1

P2

N

W E

S

π ci

rcle

THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF SANDI ANTICLINE

RAJDHANI SYNCLINE

RAJDHANI SYNCLINE

RAJDHANI SYNCLINE

RAJDHANI SYNCLINE

RAJDHANI SYNCLINE

STRUCTURAL DATA OF RAJDHANI SYNCLINE



Interlimb Angle

Type of Fold


N28ᵒW/46ᵒSW N60ᵒW/27ᵒNE 10ᵒ/322ᵒ N40ᵒW/80ᵒNE 107ᵒ Open Fold

N56ᵒW/21ᵒSW N60ᵒW/26ᵒNE 2ᵒ/306ᵒ N58ᵒW/88ᵒNE 133ᵒ Gentle Fold

P1

P2

N

EW

S

π circ

le

THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF RAJDHANI SYNCLINE

N

EW

S

P1

P2

π ci

rcle

THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF RAJDHANI SYNCLINE

SADIQABAD SYNCLINE

SADIQABAD SYNCLINE

SADIQABAD SYNCLINE

SADIQABAD SYNCLINE

SADIQABAD SYNCLINE

SADIQABAD SYNCLINE

STRUCTURAL DATA OF SADIQABAD SYNCLINE



Interlimb Angle

Type of Fold




THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF SADIQABAD SYNCLINE

P1P2

N

EW

S

π circle

P1

P2

N

W E

S

π circl

e

THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF SADIQABAD SYNCLINE

PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE






STRUCTURAL DATA OF PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE



Interlimb Angle

Type of Fold


N80ᵒW/10ᵒNE N60ᵒW/15ᵒSW 2ᵒ/287ᵒ N73ᵒW/56ᵒNE 155ᵒ GentleFold

N70ᵒW/18ᵒNE N60ᵒW/20ᵒSW 2ᵒ/297ᵒ N63ᵒW/88ᵒNE 152ᵒ GentleFold

P1

P2

N

W E

S

π ci

rcle

THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE

P1

P2

N

EW

S

π ci

rcle

THE π AND β DIAGRAM OF PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE

FAULTS

FAULTS

• CHILLAYAR FAULT

• BHALAWAL FAULT

CHILLAYAR FAULT

CHILLAYAR FAULT

CHILLAYAR FAULT

• IT IS A THRUST FAULT WHICH IS NORTHWEST-SOUTHEAST TRENDING AND SOUTHWEST DIPPING

• THE NAGRI FORMATION IS IN THE HANGING WALL BLOCK, WHEREAS THE DHOK PATHAN FORMATION IS IN THE FOOTWALL BLOCK

• IT TRUNCATES WITH THE JHELUM FAULT

• THE ATTITUDE OF FAULT PLANE IN THE PROJECT AREA IS N40°W/37°SW

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING TILTING OF TREES ALONGTHE CHILLAYAR FAULTPHOTOGRAPH FACING SOUTHEAST.

N

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING CRUSHED MATERIAL ALONGTHE CHILLAYAR FAULTPHOTOGRAPH FACING NORTHEAST.

N

CHILLAYAR FAULT

CHILLAYAR FAULT

CHILLAYAR FAULT

BHALAWAL FAULT

BHALAWAL FAULT

BHALAWAL FAULT

BHALAWAL FAULT

BHALAWAL FAULT

BHALAWAL FAULT

• THE BHALAWAL FAULT IS A NORTHWEST - SOUTHEAST TRENDING AND NORTHEAST DIPPING.

• THIS FAULT IS A THRUST FAULT.

• THE CHINJI FORMATION IS IN THE HANGING WALL BLOCK, WHEREAS THE NAGRI FORMATION IS IN THE FOOTWALL BLOCK

• IT TRUNCATES WITH JHELUM FAULT

• THE ATTITUDE OF FAULT PLANE IN THE PROJECT AREA IS N42°W/28°NE.

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING BRECCIATED MATERIAL ALONG THE BHALAWAL FAULT.PHOTOGRAPH FACINGNORTHEAST.

N

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING DRAG FOLD ALONG THE BHALAWAL FAULT.PHOTOGRAPH FACINGNORTHEAST.

N

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING CRUSHED MATERIAL ALONG THE BHALAWAL FAULT.PHOTOGRAPH FACINGSOUTHEAST.

N

SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

CROSS BEDDING

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWINGCROSS BEDDING IN NAGRI FORMATIONPHOTOGRAPH FACINGNORTHEAST.

N

RIP UPS

PHOTOGRAPH SHOWINGRIP UPS AT THE BOTTOM OF THE SANDSTONE BEDSOF NAGRI FORMATION.PHOTOGRAPH FACINGNORTHEAST.

N

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION• THE PROJECT AREA IS BOUNDED BY HIMALAYAN FRONTAL THRUST

IN THE EAST AND NORTHEAST, THE SALT RANGE THRUST RUNS TO THE SOUTH OF PROJECT AREA AND IN NORTH THE AREA IS BOUNDED BY HAZARA KASHMIR SYNTAXIS.

• THE ROCK SEQUENCE IS SEDIMENTARY IN NATURE AND RANGES IN AGE FROM LATE MIOCENE TO RECENT.

• THE AREA IS HIGHLY DEFORMED INTO FOLDS AND FAULTS.

• THE MAJOR FOLDS OF THE AREA ARE DONGI SYNCLINE, SANDI ANTICLINE, RAJDHANI SYNCLINE, SADIQABAD SYNCLINE AND PHERAN DINPUR ANTICLINE.

• THESE ARE OPEN TO GENTLE IN NATURE. THESE FOLDS ARE NORTHWEST-SOUTHEAST TRENDING AND MOSTLY SOUTHWEST VERGENT.

• THE MAJOR FAULTS OF THE AREA ARE CHILLAYAR FAULT AND BHALAWAL FAULT.

• BOTH OF THESE ARE THRUST FAULTS AND SHOW STRONG DEFORMATION.

• THE OBSERVED SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES IN THE STUDY AREA ARE CROSS BEDDING AND RIP UPS. THESE SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES ARE USED TO DETERMINE THE YOUNGING DIRECTION OF THE STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS.

CONCLUSION

THANKS

Structure and Stratigraphy of Kashmir area

Documents

photograph

hanging wall

photograph

pheran dinpur

pheran dinpur

dhok pathan

reddish brown

ash grey sandstone