-
STRUCTURAL AND LUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF MAGNESIUM
BORO-TELLURITE DOPED EUROPIUM AND DYSPROSIUM ION CERAMIC
NUR ZU IRA BINTI BOHARI
A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy (Physics)
Faculty of Science
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
OCTOBER 2015
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ii
To my husband, Muhammad Firdaus Ayob for your love and
encouragement throughout my life
To my parents and parents in-law, for your amazing supports To
all of my professors, and teachers for their strenuous efforts in
molding me into the
educated person that I am today &
My Friends
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iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most
Merciful,
Alhamdulillah, all praises to Allah for the strengths and His
blessing in completing
this thesis.
I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my
supervisor, Prof. Dr.
Rosli Hussin, for his invaluable guidance and constant
encouragement during my
research. Without his guidance and persistent help this
dissertation would not have
been possible. I would also like to extend my thanks to the
other member of my
supervisory committee, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zuhairi Ibrahim for the
assistance he
provided at all levels of the research project. I am thankful to
my friends and all
members of our research group for their great help and
friendship.
My acknowledgement also goes to all the lab assistant of Faculty
of Science,
Department of Physics and Ibnu Sina Institute for their
co-operations. Thanks to
MyBrain15 that finance me since 2011. Also, I would like to
thank Phosphor
Research Group, Physics Department, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia for the
equipment, the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), the Ministry
of Science,
Technology and Innovation (MOSTI) and Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia for their
financial support via Research University Grant Project
Q.J13000.2526.03H97.
A special note of thanks goes to my family and dearest friends
for their
precious friendship. I wish to express my deepest and most
heartfelt gratitude to my
parents for their constant encouragement and love. My special
thanks to go to my
husband for always being there for me with great love and
constant support. This
thesis could not have been done without them. To those who
indirectly contributed in
this research, your kindness means a lot to me.
Thank you very much.
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iv
ABSTRACT
A series of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO samples with 0 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol%
and doped samples with composition of
100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu
3+, 100-
z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy3+
, and 100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy
3+ with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% and 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol% were prepared via
solid-state
reaction method. All the samples were characterized by X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman
spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), field
emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and photoluminescence
spectroscopy. The XRD results of the samples prepared at 650
oC
to 850oC showed that the major phase was Mg(Te2O5) while
MgTe6O13, Mg2(B2O5)
and MgB4O7 were observed as a minor phase. The phases of
Dy(BO2)3, Dy2Te4O11, EuB2O4 and Eu2Te4O11 were observed in the XRD
patterns of doped samples. The EDX analyses confirmed the presence
of boron (B), magnesium (Mg), tellurium (Te), oxygen (O), europium
(Eu) and dysprosium (Dy) elements. In addition, the weight
percentage of boron (B) decreases with the increase of x mol%.
Based on the FESEM images, the xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO samples with
0 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol% prepared at 750
oC consist basically of sub-micron size agglomerates of
irregular
shape. The surface morphology of Eu3+
, Dy3+
and Eu3+
-Dy3+
doped samples is more agglomerated compared to the
30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO samples. The grain sizes of samples doped with
Eu
3+ (1.91 µm), Dy
3+ (1.87 µm) and Eu
3+-Dy
3+ (2.84 µm) are
smaller than the grain size of the undoped sample (2.99 µm).
There were six main regions observed in IR spectra which are due to
the B-O-B (400-590 cm
-1), Te-O-Te
(550 and 610 cm-1
), TeO2 (600-800 cm-1
), TeO3 (757 cm-1
), BO4 (840-1200 cm-1
) and BO3 (1300-1400 cm
-1) vibrations. The observed spectra also show greater bands
for
tellurite network with the increase of x mol%. From the Raman
spectra, the intensity of the peaks due to Te-O-Te, TeO2 and TeO3
groups increases with the increase of x from 0 to 30 mol%. The
luminescence spectra of 100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu
3+ with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% showed that there was an increase in
the emission
intensity which results in the enhancement of the red emission
from the samples. All the spectra of
100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy
3+ samples with 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol%
show the main characteristic emission lines of Dy3+
, which consist of magnetic dipole transition,
4F9/2→
6H15/2 at 484.19 nm (blue), and hypersensitive electric
dipole
transition, 4F9/2→
6H13/2 at 578.44 nm (yellow). The observed emission spectra
of
100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy3+
samples with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% and 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol% exhibit three
strong bands centered at 483.78 nm, 578.97 nm and 616.83 nm which
correspond to the
4F9/2→
6H15/2 (Dy
3+),
4F9/2→
6H13/2 (Dy
3+) and
5D0→
7F2 (Eu
3+) transition respectively. The yellow emission (
4F9/2→
6H13/2) becomes
a dominant peak in the emission spectra compared to the other
emissions. The longest decay time was observed from the transition
in europium and dysprosium ions.
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v
ABSTRAK
Satu siri sampel xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO dengan 0 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol%
dan sampel berdop dengan komposisi
100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu
3+, 100-
z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy3+
, dan 100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy
3+ dengan 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% dan 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol% disediakan
melalui kaedah
tindakbalas keadaan pepejal. Semua sampel dicirikan menggunakan
pembelauan sinar-X (XRD), spektroskopi infra merah transformasi
Fourier, spektroskopi Raman, spektroskopi sinar-X tenaga menyerak
(EDX), mikroskopi pengimbasan elektron pancaran medan (FESEM) dan
spektrokopi fotoluminesens. Keputusan XRD bagi sampel yang
disediakan pada suhu 650
oC hingga 850
oC menunjukkan fasa major
ialah Mg(Te2O5) manakala MgTe6O13, Mg2(B2O5) dan MgB4O7 dilihat
sebagai fasa minor. Fasa Dy(BO2)3, Dy2Te4O11, EuB2O4 dan Eu2Te4O11
dilihat dalam corak XRD bagi sampel berdop. Analisis EDX
mengesahkan kehadiran elemen boron (B), magnesium (Mg), tellurium
(Te), oksigen (O), europium (Eu) dan dysprosium (Dy). Tambahan
pula, peratus berat bagi boron (B) berkurangan dengan peningkatan x
mol%. Berdasarkan imej FESEM, sampel xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO dengan
0 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol% disediakan pada 750
oC terdiri daripada bentuk bergumpal yang tidak tetap
bersaiz mikron. Morfologi permukaan bagi sampel berdopkan
Eu3+
, Dy3+
dan Eu3+
-Dy
3+ adalah lebih bergumpal berbanding sampel 30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO.
Saiz
butiran bagi sampel yang didopkan dengan Eu3+
(1.91µm), Dy3+
(1.87µm) dan Eu3+
-Dy
3+ (2.84µm) adalah lebih kecil berbanding dengan saiz butiran
sampel tidak
berdop (2.99 µm). Terdapat enam kawasan dapat dilihat dalam
spektrum IR yang disebabkan oleh getaran B-O-B (400-590 cm
-1), Te-O-Te (550 and 610 cm
-1), TeO2
(600-800 cm-1
), TeO3 (757 cm-1
), BO4 (840-1200 cm-1
) dan BO3 (1300-1400 cm-1
). Spektrum yang diperhatikan juga menunjukkan jalur yang lebih
besar bagi rangkaian tellurite dengan peningkatan x mol%. Daripada
spektrum Raman, keamatan puncak yang disebabkan oleh kumpulan
Te-O-Te, TeO2 dan TeO3 meningkat dengan peningkatan x daripada 0
kepada 30 mol%. Spektrum luminesens bagi sampel
100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu
3+ dengan 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% menunjukkan wujudnya
peningkatan dalam keamatan pancaran yang menyebabkan peningkatan
pancaran merah pada sampel. Semua spektrum bagi sampel
100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy
3+ dengan 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol% menunjukkan garis pancaran ciri utama
bagi Dy
3+,
yang terhasil daripada peralihan dwikutub magnet 4F9/2→
6H15/2 pada 484.19 nm
(biru), dan peralihan dwikutub elektrik hipersensitif,
4F9/2→
6H13/2 pada 578.44 nm
(kuning). Pancaran spektrum bagi sampel
100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy
3+ dengan 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% dan 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol% mempamerkan tiga
jalur kuat
berpusat di 483.78 nm, 578.97 nm dan 616.83 nm yang masing
masing merujuk kepada peralihan
4F9/2→
6H15/2 (Dy
3+),
4F9/2→
6H13/2 (Dy
3+) dan
5D0→
7F2 (Eu
3+).
Pancaran kuning (4F9/2→
6H13/2) menjadi puncak dominan dalam spektrum pancaran
berbanding pancaran yang lain. Masa pereputan paling lama
berlaku daripada peralihan dalam ion europium dan dysprosium.
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vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xx
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxi
LIST OF APPENDICES xxiii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Study
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Scope of the Study
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Outline of the Thesis
1
1
5
5
6
6
6
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vii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
2.2.1 Undoped Sample
2.2.2 Doped sample (Eu3+
and Dy3+
)
2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
Spectroscopy
2.3.1 Basic Principle
2.3.2 Borate Ceramic
2.3.3 Tellurite Ceramic
2.4 Raman Spectroscopy
2.4.1 Basic Principle
2.4.2 Borate Ceramic
2.4.3 Tellurite Ceramic
2.5 Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) Spectra
2.6 Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscope (FESEM) Spectra
2.7 Luminescence Spectra
2.7.1 Doped Eu3+
2.7.2 Doped Dy3+
2.7.3 Doped Eu3+
and Dy3+
2.8 Lifetime Spectra
2.8.1 Doped Eu3+
2.8.2 Doped Dy3+
2.8.3 Doped Eu3+
and Dy3+
8
8
10
14
17
17
19
21
22
25
25
27
29
32
35
39
41
43
46
46
47
49
3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sample Preparation
3.2.1 Materials
3.2.2 Preparation of Magnesium Boro-
51
52
52
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viii
Tellurite Ceramic
3.2.3 Preparation of Magnesium Boro-
Tellurite doped with Eu3+
, Dy3+
and
(Eu3+
and Dy3+
) Ceramic
3.3 Sample Characterization
3.3.1 X-Ray Diffractometer
3.3.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
Spectrometer
3.3.3 Raman Spectrometer
3.3.4 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
3.3.5 Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscope (FESEM)
3.3.6 Energy Dispersive X-rays detector
(EDX)
52
56
59
60
61
61
63
64
64
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 X-ray Diffraction Studies
4.3 Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Studies
4.4 Surface Morphology Studies
4.5 Infrared Spectra Studies
4.5.1 Deconvolution IR Spectra of xTeO2
(70-x)B2O3-30MgO Ceramic
(x=30mol%)
4.6 Raman Spectra Studies
4.7 Photoluminescence Studies
4.8 Lifetime Studies
66
66
87
93
97
104
108
114
129
5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Suggestions for Future Work
134
136
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ix
REFERENCES
Appendix
A: Calculation of Ceramic Composition
B: Publications
138
147
151
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x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Raman shift (cm -1
) and possible assignment of the vibrations in
Mg2B2O5 (Li et al., 2012)
26
2.2 Approximate Wavelength the Colors of Visible Spectrum
(Shinde
et al., 2013)
35
2.3 Hypersensitive Transitions of Rare Earths (Shinde et al.,
2013) 37
2.4 Electronic Configurations of Trivalent Rare-Earth Ions
(Kano, 2006)
39
3.1 The preparation samples of magnesium boro-tellurite
using
different solvent, raw materials and composition
53
3.2 Composition of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO 55
3.3 Composition of 100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
58
3.4 Composition of 100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy3+
58
3.5 Composition of 100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy3+
59
4.1 Elemental analysis of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO with 0 ≤ x ≤
70
mol% prepared at 750oC
91
4.2 Elemental analysis of 100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
, 100-
z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy3+
and 100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-
30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy3+
with y, z = 1.5 mol%
93
4.3 Grain size values of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO with 0 ≤ x ≤
70
mol%
94
4.4 Grain size values of (a) undoped, (b)
100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-
30MgO)-yEu3+
; (c) 100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy3+
and (d)
100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy3+
with y, z = 1.5
-
xi
mol% 95
4.5 Peak position and types of the corresponding vibrational
modes
(cm-1
) of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO with 0 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol%
103
4.6 FTIR characteristic band assignment of
30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO,
doped Eu3+
, doped Dy3+
and doped Eu3+
-Dy3+
108
4.7 Raman characteristic band assignment of
xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 0 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol% in the range of 0-1000 cm-1
113
4.8 Raman characteristic band assignment of
30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO,
doped Eu3+
, doped Dy3+
and doped Eu3+
-Dy3+
115
4.9 Excitation characteristics of
100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% prepared at 750oC
118
4.10 Emission characteristics of
100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% prepared at 750 oC
120
4.11 Excitation characteristics of
100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol% prepared at 750oC
122
4.12 Emission characteristics of
100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol%
124
4.13 Excitation characteristics of
100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
yEu3+
-zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% and 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol%
127
4.14 Emission characteristics of
100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
yEu3+
-zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% and 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol%
128
4.15 Decay times for 100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
with 0.2 ≤
y ≤ 2 mol%
131
4.16 Decay times for 100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤
z ≤ 2 mol%
132
4.17 Decay times for 100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% and 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol%
133
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xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Schematic Description of Bragg’s Diffraction Law
(Aditya and Andrew, 2013)
10
2.2 XRD patterns of the samples heat-treated at 5200C for
24 h in the hypermonotectic region of (1-x)TeO2-xB2O3
system (Yardimci et al., 2013)
11
2.3 XRD patterns of (1-x)TeO2-xB2O3 system (0.30 ≤ x ≤
0.40) in transparent phases (Yardimci et al., 2013)
12
2.4 XRD patterns of (1-x)TeO2-xB2O3 system (0.30 ≤ x ≤
0.40) in opaque phases (Yardimci et al., 2013)
13
2.5
X-ray diffractogram patterns of (TeO2)y[(PbO)x
(B2O3)1-x]1-y glasses (Mustafa et al., (2013)
14
2.6 X-ray diffraction pattern of Li2TiO3 doped with Dy3+
and Eu3+
(Kumar and Buddhudu, 2009)
15
2.7 XRD pattern of Li2TiO3 and Dy2Ti2O7 (Cheng et al.,
2014)
15
2.8 XRD profiles of Ca1-x EuxMgSi2O6 (Kunimoto et al.,
2013)
16
2.9 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 18
2.10 FTIR spectra of the (a) undoped (b) doped zinc borate
without sintering and (c) Eu3+
doped zinc borate with
sintering temperature at 400 ºC (Zheng et al., 2009)
19
2.11 FTIR spectra of NaSr1-x B5O9:Eux3+
(x = 0-9 at. %)
phosphors (Dillip et al., 2014)
20
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xiii
2.12 IR Transmittance of the CZT crystals with different Te-
rich volume (Min et al., 2012)
21
2.13 FTIR spectra of xCdO-(1-x)TeO2 with 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.5
mol% doped 1 mol% Mn2+
(Hussin et al., 2009)
22
2.14 Diagram of the Rayleigh and Raman scattering process
(Smith and Dent, 2005)
24
2.15 The experimental and theoretical Raman spectra of
Mg2B2O5 micron-crystal rod (Li et al., 2012)
25
2.16 Raman spectra (at ambient temperature) of
(TeO2)y[(PbO)x(B2O3)1−x]1−y glasses with different
compositions (Mustafa et al., 2013)
27
2.17 Raman spectra of (a) Gd2Ti2O7, Eu2Ti2O7 and
GdEuTi2O7 pyrochlores (Garbout et al., 2013)
28
2.18 Raman spectra of (b) Dy2Ti2O7, Eu2Ti2O7 and
DyEuTi2O7 oxides (Garbout et al., 2013)
29
2.19 EDAX images of (MgCa)2Bi4Ti5O20:Eu3+
(Sailaja et al., 2011)
30
2.20 EDX spectra of Eu3+
: Li2TiO3 ceramics (Kumar and
Budduhudu, 2009)
31
2.21 EDX spectra of Dy3+
: Li2TiO3 ceramics (Kumar and
Budduhudu, 2009)
32
2.22 SEM micrographs of (a) GdEuTi2O7; (b) DyEuTi2O7
powders (magnification: 40X) (Garbout et al., 2013)
33
2.23 SEM micrographs of a) Ca2SiO4:Eu3+
, b) Sr2SiO4:Eu3+
and c) Ba2SiO4:Eu3+
phosphors (Liu et al., 2012)
34
2.24 Schematic Diagram of (a) direct excitation of the
activator and (b) indirect excitation followed by energy
transfer from the sensitizer or host to the activator
(Bamfield and Hutching, 2010)
36
2.25 Positions of the Rare Earth Element (Righini and
Ferrari, 2005)
38
2.26 Excitation and emission spectra of CBTO: 0.15Eu3+
(Cui et al., 2013)
40
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xiv
2.27 Emission spectra of Ca1–yBi2Ta2O9:yEu3+
(0.05 ≤ y ≤
0.25 mol%) (Cui et al., 2013)
41
2.28 Excitation spectra of YPxV1−xO4:Dy3+
with 0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8
mol% (Su et al., 2005)
42
2.29 Emission spectra of YVO4:Dy3+
under 223 nm emission
(Su et al., 2005)
43
2.30 PL emission spectra of Y2O3 phosphor particles
codoped with different Eu3+
and Dy3+
contents with 254
nm excitation (Atabaev et al., 2012)
44
2.31 PL emission spectra of Y2O3 phosphor particles
codoped with different Eu3+
and Dy3+
contents with 350
nm excitation (Atabaev et al., 2012)
45
2.32 Concentration-dependent Eu-doped KNbO3 powders
luminescence decay curves (Fang et al., 2006)
47
2.33 Decay Curve of Sr3Gd2(BO3)4:xDy3+
phosphors (Zhang
et al., 2011)
48
2.34 Decay Curve of BaLa1.75-xWO7:0.25Dy3+
: xEu3+
phosphors (Deng et al., 2014)
50
3.1 a) before heating and b) after heating of xTeO2-(70-
x)B2O3-30MgO ceramic pellets
56
3.2 xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO ceramic in powder form 56
3.3 Flow diagram of the Sample Preparation Procedure 57
3.4 X-Ray Diffractometer 60
3.5 Perkin-Elmer Spectrum One FT-IR Spectrometer 61
3.6 Raman Spectrometer 62
3.7 Raman Accessory Kit 62
3.8 Fluorescence spectrophotometer 63
3.9 Sample holder Jasco Fluorescence spectrometer 63
3.10 FESEM instrument 65
3.11 The SUPRA 55VP with EDX detectors 65
4.1 X-ray diffraction pattern of 30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO
using methanol as solvent prepared at 500ºC
68
4.2 X-ray diffraction pattern of 60TeO2-10B2O3-30MgO
-
xv
using H2O as solvent prepared at 650ºC 69
4.3 X-ray diffraction pattern of 30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO
using (MgCO3)4.Mg(OH)2.5H2O) as raw material
prepared at 650ºC
70
4.4 X-ray diffraction pattern of 30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO
prepared at 750ºC
71
4.5 (a) X-ray diffraction pattern of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol% prepared at 650oC
74
4.5 (b) X-ray diffraction pattern of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 40 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol% prepared at 650oC
75
4.6 (a) X-ray diffraction pattern of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol% prepared at 700oC
76
4.6 (b) X-ray diffraction pattern of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 40 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol% prepared at 700oC
77
4.7 (a) X-ray diffraction pattern of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol% prepared at 750oC
78
4.7 (b) X-ray diffraction pattern of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 40 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol% prepared at 750oC
79
4.8 (a) X-ray diffraction pattern of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 0≤ x ≤ 30 mol% prepared at 800oC
80
4.8 (b) X-ray diffraction pattern of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 40 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol% prepared at 800oC
81
4.9 (a) X-ray diffraction pattern of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 0 ≤ x ≤ 30 mol% prepared at 850oC
82
4.9 (b) X-ray diffraction pattern of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO with 40 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol% prepared at 850oC
83
4.10 X-ray diffraction pattern of (a) 30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO,
(b) pure B2O3, (c) pure TeO2 and (d) TeO2-B2O3
prepared at 750oC
85
4.11 X-ray diffraction pattern of (a) 30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO
(b) 100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
, (c) 100-
z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy3+
and (d) 100-y-
z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy3+
with y, z = 1.5
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xvi
mol% prepared at 750 oC 86
4.12 (a) EDX spectrum (a) x = 0, (b) x = 10 mol% and (c) x =
20 mol% of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO
88
4.12 (b) EDX spectrum (d) x = 30, (e) x = 40 mol% and (f) x
= 50 mol% of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO
89
4.12 (c) EDX spectrum (g) x = 60 and (h) x = 70 mol% of
xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO
90
4.13 EDX spectrum of (a)100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
yEu3+
; (b) 100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-zDy3+
and
(c) 100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy3+
with
y, z = 1.5 mol%
92
4.14 (a): FESEM images (a) x = 0, (b) x = 10 mol%, (c) x =
20 mol% and (d) x = 30 mol% of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO prepared at 750oC (magnification: 50X)
95
4.14 (b): FESEM images (e) x = 40, (f) x = 50 mol%, (g) x =
60 mol% and (h) x = 70 mol% of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-
30MgO prepared at 750oC (Magnification: 50X)
96
4.15 FESEM images of (a) undoped, (b) 100-y(30TeO2-
40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
; (c) 100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-
30MgO)-zDy3+
and (d) 100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-
30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy3+
with y, z = 1.5 mol%
(magnification: 5K X)
97
4.16 (a): FTIR spectra of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO with 0 ≤
x ≤ 30 mol% at 750oC range 4000 – 1400 cm
-1
99
4.16 (b): FTIR spectra of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO with 40
≤ x ≤ 70 mol% at 750oC range 4000 – 1400 cm
-1
100
4.17 (a) FTIR spectra of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO with
0≤x≤30 mol% at 750oC range 1400 – 400 cm
-1
101
4.17 (b): FTIR spectra of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO with 40
≤ x ≤ 70 mol% at 750oC range 1400 – 400 cm
-1
102
4.18 Deconvoluted IR spectra of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO
with x = 30 mol%
104
4.19 (a) FTIR spectra of 30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO, doped
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xvii
Eu3+
, doped Dy3+
and doped Eu3+
-Dy3+
range 4000 –
1400 cm-1
106
4.19 (b): FTIR spectra of 30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO, doped
Eu3+
, doped Dy3+
and doped Eu3+
-Dy3+
range 1400 –
400 cm-1
107
4.20 (a) Raman spectra of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO with 0
≤ x ≤ 30 mol%
110
4.20 (b): Raman spectra of xTeO2-(70-x)B2O3-30MgO with
40 ≤ x ≤ 70 mol%
111
4.21 Raman spectra of 30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO, doped Eu3+
,
doped Dy3+
and doped Eu3+
-Dy3+
112
4.22 Excitation spectra of 100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
yEu3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% prepared at 750oC
117
4.23 Emission spectra of 100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
yEu3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% prepared at 750 oC
119
4.24 Energy level of Eu3+
in 100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-
30MgO)-yEu3+
119
4.25 Excitation spectra of 100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol% prepared at 750oC
122
4.26 Emission spectra of 100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol% prepared at 750oC
124
4.27 Energy level of Dy3+
in 100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-
30MgO)-zDy3+
125
4.28 Excitation spectra of 100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
yEu3+
-zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% and 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2
mol%
127
4.29 Emission spectra of 100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
yEu3+
-zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% and 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2
mol%
128
4.30 Energy level of Eu3+
and Dy3+
in 100-y-z(30TeO2-
40B2O3-30MgO)-yEu3+
-zDy3+
129
4.31 Lifetime spectra of 100-y(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
yEu3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol%
131
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xviii
4.32 Lifetime spectra of 100-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2 mol%
132
4.33 Lifetime spectra of 100-y-z(30TeO2-40B2O3-30MgO)-
yEu3+
-zDy3+
with 0.2 ≤ y ≤ 2 mol% and 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 2
mol%
133
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xix
LIST OF SYMBOLS
m - Mili
µ - Mikro
n - Nano
τ - Decay time
n - Diffraction order
θ - Diffracted angle of the X-ray beam
λ - Wavelength
S - Spin angular momentum
L - Orbital angular momentum
J - Total angular momentum
dhkl - Interplanar spacing of the crystal planes
f - Frequency
c - Speed of light
h - Planck’s constant
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xx
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
B2O3 - Borate
B - Boron
H3BO3 - Boric Acid
Ce3+
- Cerium ion
CL - Cathodoluminescence
CTB - Charge transfer band
CTS - Charge transfer state
Dy3+
- Dysprosium ion
Dy2O3 - Dysprosium oxide
EDX - Energy Dispersive X-Ray
EL - Electroluminescence
Eu3+
- Europium ion
Eu2O3 - Europium oxide
Er3+
- Erbium ion
H2O - Water
FESEM - Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope
FTIR - Fourier Transform Infrared
Gd - Gadolinium
HAB - Host absorption band
IR - Infrared
KBr - Kalium bromide
La3+
- Lanthanum ion
Lu3+
- Lutetium ion
LED - Light Emitting Diode
Mg - Magnesium
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xxi
MgO - Magnesium Oxide
(MgCO3)4.Mg(OH)2.
5H2O
- Magnesium Carbonate Hydroxide
Pentahydrate
NAT - Sodium aluminum tellurite
NBO - Non Bridging Oxide
O - Oxygen
PbO - Plumbum Oxide
PL - Photoluminescence
Pr3+
- Praseodymium ion
RE - Rare Earth
SEM - Scanning electron microscope
Sc3+
- Scandium ion
Te - Tellurium
Tb - Terbium
TeO2 - Tellurium Oxide
UV - Ultraviolet
XRD - X-ray Diffraction
Y3+
- Yttrium ion
Yb3+
- Ytterbium ion
-
xxii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A
B
Samples Calculation
Publications
147
151
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1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the pertinent introduction covering the
brief description
and a review of the materials studied. It includes the problem
statement, objectives of
study, scope of study, significance of study and the outline of
the thesis.
1.2 Background of Study
Ceramic is defined as inorganic nonmetallic material and the
atomic structure
of ceramic can be crystalline, non-crystalline or partially
crystalline. Typically,
ceramics are very hard, brittle, high melting point materials
with low electrical and
thermal conductivity, good chemical and thermal stability, and
high compressive
strengths (Barsoum, 1997 and Minh et al., 1995). Also, the
ceramic can be fabricated
at lower cost and in much speedy processes in a large variety of
sizes and shapes
(Lupei et al., 2005; Mohr et al., 2008).
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2
Ceramics are of tremendous interest primarily because of their
wide range of
applications especially in high temperature environment. They
are also extensively
used in fuel technology, oxygen sensor (Ciacchi et al., 1994),
magnets ceramics
(Valenzuela, 2005), all electronic equipments including
integrated-chips, capacitors
and digital alarms (Miller et al., 2002), telecommunication
(Bhargava, 2005),
ceramic crystal-glass (Carter and Norton, 2007). Ceramic
insulators are widely used
in the electrical power transmission system (Chowdhury, 2010),
ceramic
superconductors (David and Bruce, 1992) and other
pharmaceuticals industries (Rice
et al., 2002).
Ceramic materials can be classified into four main groups
(Rajendran, 2004)
that were the amorphous ceramics, which are generally referred
to as glasses,
crystalline ceramics, which are single phase materials like
alumina, or mixtures of
such materials, bonded ceramics, where individual crystals are
bonded together by a
glassy matrix, such as clay products and the cements, these are
crystalline, and also
amorphous materials.
Recently ceramic material has been study for luminescent
material
applications. Ceramics have the potential to become good
luminescence material due
to its opaque characteristic which enhances the absorption
efficiency of rare earth
ions (Yang et al., 2008). Sailaja and Reddy (2011) introduced
the luminescence
properties of Eu3+
(MgCa)2Bi4Ti5O20 and Tb3+
(MgCa)2Bi4Ti5O20 ceramic has shown a
strong red and green emission. Ceramics can be incorporate with
high concentrations
of dopant ions such as rare earth and transition metal ions. The
ceramic doped also
have attracted much for their applications such as cathode ray
tubes, lamps, X-ray
detectors, electroluminescence, laser materials and fluorescent
tubes (Yan et al.,
2007 and Sastri et al., 2003).
Borate has been the subject of intensive investigations because
of their
technological and scientific importance. It offers promising
choice especially for
thermoluminescence applications due to its high sensitivity, low
cost and easy
-
3
preparation (Krongh-Moe, 1969). Borate crystals have been used
as optical materials
for second harmonic generation and fluorescence. The
spectroscopy of borates doped
with Eu3+
, Pr3+
and Er3+
has been studied (Ambrosi et al., 1994; Thulasiramudu et
al., 2007; Pozza et al., 1996). Borate has been incorporated
with various types of
modifier metal oxide in order to obtain the desired physical and
chemical properties
(Yano et al., 2003). In terms of luminescence, borate doped rare
earth has more
attention because it has high luminescence, great color
coordinate and low thermal
degradation (Wang et al., 2008).
Over the past years, the use of tellurite as a host material was
focused in
fundamental research and in an optical device fabrication as
TeO2 host show
relatively low phonon energy. The tellurite have lower operating
temperature and
mostly prepared by solid state reaction method with heating
temperature of 800-
1000oC (Kumar et al., 2002; Lin et al., 2006 and Zambelli,
2004). On the other hand,
TeO2 have been extensively studied due to good properties such
as high refractive
indices, good transparency, low melting point and high
dielectric constant which are
essential for good UV and IR transmission. Hence, TeO2 is then
very attractive and
interesting for a range of different applications (Mallawany et
al., 1992; Babu et al.,
2007). The addition of TeO2 into the samples may result in
strong modifications of
the structure as compared to that of the pure B2O3.
Many papers worked based on the silicate and aluminate system
with higher
operating temperature (Srivasta, 2009; Kuang, 2005 and Aitasalo,
2004). For the host
materials, borate and tellurite also known as boro-tellurite
prepared in ceramic have
not been reported yet. Ceramic based on boro-tellurite host
matrices doped with rare
earth have applications in lasers, optical amplifier, photo
sensitivity, optical storage,
and bio-ceramics materials (Mallawany, 1992; Babu et al., 2007;
Joshi et al., 2008;
Sudhakar, 2008; Rada et al., 2008; Konijnendijk, 1975; Bhargava
et al., 1987;
Pascuta et al., 2008).
-
4
Meanwhile, adding of alkali oxide (magnesium oxide) into the
host can
increase the stability and chemical strength of the samples
(Duverger et al., 1997).
Also, an addition of alkali oxide has a strong influence on the
luminescence
properties (Dayang et al., 2010). Magnesium oxide doping has
effectively
inhibit grain growth in ceramics and it can improve the fracture
toughness (Hussin
et al., 2009). Also, magnesium oxide is well-known for its
luminescent properties
which are being utilized in sensors (Li et al., 2003). This
oxide also can be as a
network former (Doweidar et al., 2012).
Doped rare earth (RE) ions have attracted research interests in
the field of
luminescence. Many researchers have been carried out in order to
investigate the
potential of doped rare earth ion especially Eu3+
and Dy3+
-doped boro tellurite. Eu3+
-
doped are commonly used as red emitting materials for field
emission technology
and LEDs, which exhibit higher luminescence efficiency compared
with other
luminous materials (Oikawa and Fujihara, 2005). Meanwhile,
luminescence materials
doped with Dy3+
have drawn much interest because of its white emission. Dy3+
is
known as a good activator due to the two dominated band in the
emission spectra and
its position depends strongly on the crystal field of the
lattice used. Hence,
luminescence materials doped with Dy3+
can produce white emission by adjusting the
yellow to blue intensity ratio value, which can be used as
potential white phosphors
(Hussin et al., 2009). Doped materials have potential
applications for phosphors,
display monitor, x-ray imaging, and scintillators (Blasse and
Grabmaier, 1994).
Moreover, the luminescence properties of the ceramic could be
improved by doping
with rare earth (RE) ions as an activator.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doping_(semiconductor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_growthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_materialshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture_toughness
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5
1.3 Problem Statement
Currently, a great deal of research has been focused on rare
earth (RE) doped
boro-tellurite glasses owing to their extensive applications
(Maheshvaran et al., 2011;
Selvaraju et al., 2011). But, the investigation on the
luminescence properties of rare
earth doped boro-tellurite ceramic is not many. In the meantime,
there was limited
structural information regarding effect in the boro-tellurite as
the host that can be
reasoned to find a good luminescence material. Thus, in this
study, magnesium boro
tellurite doped Eu3+
and Dy3+
present to synthesize the ceramic materials by using
solid state reaction method. The investigation of structural
features was important in
order to study the structures changes in the undoped and doped
samples. Also, the
luminescence emission and decay curve induced by addition of
rare earth dopant
were characterized for developing a new luminescence
material.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are as follows:
i. To synthesize magnesium boro-tellurite ceramic and magnesium
boro-
tellurite doped with Eu3+
and Dy3+
ceramic
ii. To determine the crystalline phases of magnesium
boro-tellurite ceramic and
magnesium boro-tellurite doped with Eu3+
and Dy3+
ceramic
iii. To determine the structural properties of ceramic in term
of their vibrational
band, elemental analysis and surface morphology using the IR and
Raman,
EDX and FESEM spectroscopy.
iv. To determine the luminescence excitation, emission and decay
curve of
magnesium boro-tellurite doped with various dopant of Eu3+
and Dy3+
-
6
1.5 Scope of the Study
In order to achieve the objectives of the study, magnesium
boro-tellurite
ceramic and magnesium boro-tellurite ceramic doped with Eu3+
and Dy3+
ions have
been prepared using solid state reaction method. The crystalline
phase of the obtained
ceramics was determined using x-ray diffraction (XRD). The
surface morphology of
the ceramics was measured using Field Emission Scanning Electron
Microscope. The
presence of elemental composition in the prepared samples was
measured using
Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX). Also, the vibrations mode of the
prepared sample
was measured using FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The luminescence
spectra and
decay curves of the doped ceramics was measured using
photoluminescence
spectroscopy.
1.6 Significance of the Study
In this research, the significance of the study is to develop a
new
luminescence material that can show an enhancement of the
luminescence
characteristic and have a long decay time. So, this new material
can produce a high
potential application in solid-state lighting devices.
1.7 Outline of the Thesis
Chapter 1 gives a brief description related to the magnesium
boro-tellurite
ceramic and magnesium boro-tellurite doped Eu3+
and Dy3+
ceramic. Chapter 2
provides an overview of the work done on the magnesium
boro-tellurite ceramic with
-
7
emphasis on its structural and luminescence properties. Chapter
3 presents some
background materials on the theoretical aspect of the thesis. It
also discusses about
the mechanism of luminescence and the principles of X-Ray
Diffractogram (XRD),
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman properties. Chapter
4 describes in
detail the preparation of the magnesium boro-tellurite ceramic
and magnesium boro-
tellurite doped Eu3+
and Dy3+
ceramic. Chapter 5 presents the result, analysis and
discussion for experiments on XRD, surface morphology, elemental
composition of
the samples, IR and Raman, luminescence and lifetime. The last
chapter, Chapter 6
contains the conclusion of the study and suggestions for future
work.
-
138
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