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Strings and the Geometry of Particle Physics Cumrun Vafa April 22.2009 A conference in honor of the 80 th Birthday of Sir Michael Atiyah
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Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Jun 20, 2020

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Page 1: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Strings and the Geometry of Particle Physics

Cumrun VafaApril 22.2009

A conference in honor of the80th Birthday ofSir Michael Atiyah

Page 2: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

BThis talk is based on the work of many physicists.

The more recent material I will present on F‐theoryis based on work I have done with my student Jonathan Heckman, and some of them include additional colleagues (Chris Beasley, Alireza Tavanfar,Vincent Bouchard, Jihye Seo, Miranda Cheng,Sergio Cecotti).  Related work includes the workof Wijnholt and Donagi as well as Tatar etal.

Page 3: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Here I aim to draw a geometric picture of particle physics usingmodern ideas of theoretical physics as has been discovered in thecontext of string theory.  I will start with a series of experimentalfacts and discuss how we can embed them in string theory and what this exercise teaches us. 

I will start with the main experimental fact, that has been knownfor a long time:  The existence of gravitational force.  Combiningthis fact with the modern age discovery of quantum theory leadsto the natural question of how to understand quantum gravity.

This is precisely the unique defining property of string theory: It is currently our only consistent framework of a quantum theory ofgravity.

Page 4: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Another important fact of nature is that gauge symmetryis an important principle of physics and is the underlyingexplanation of all forces in nature (with the exception ofgravitational force).  In particular we know that the gaugesymmetry realized at energy scales  which are presentlyprobed in accelerators is:

SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)

We ask how gauge symmetries are realized in string theory.It turns out we have a multitude of ways of doing this:

Page 5: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 6: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Another way gauge theory arises in string theory is by havingA‐D‐E singularities:

Page 7: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 8: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 9: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 10: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Depending on what is the locus of the A‐D‐E singularity we obtain different theories in 4 dimensions.  In the context ofF‐theory this locus is:

Page 11: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 12: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Grand Unification of Gauge Forces

The idea that we can potentially combine the three gaugegroups into one, is an old idea, dating back to the work ofGeorgi and Glashow, and similar models by Pati and Salam:

SU(3) £ SU(2) £ U(1) ½ SU(5)

Page 13: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

If the couplings of SU(3) and SU(2) and U(1) wereequal, we could have imagined a simpler structurewith a simple group being responsible for the gaugeforces:

Page 14: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

It is well known that the parameters that we measure inphysics depends on scale.  This is due to quantum corrections.This in particular applies to the coupling constants  

Thus even though we start with fixed classical value for thecouplings, in the quantum theory they vary.  This is welcomeas it is not true that at the energy scales available in labscoupling constants are equal.

Page 15: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 16: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 17: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

It is relatively simple to implement the idea of gauge symmetrybreaking in string theory:  We simply consider a configuration in the internal compact geometry of string theory where the gauge bundle is non‐trivial (either by having non‐trivial holonomiesor field strengths), leaving a reduced symmetry group at lower scales.

Page 18: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

There are two specific ways this idea has been implemented:

In the context of heterotic strings, it is natural to break the GUTgroup SU(5) by having a U(1) gauge bundle which is flat butwith non‐trivial holonomy.  This requires the assumption thatthe compactification manifold has in particular a non‐trivialfundamental group.

My main focus in this talk is on F‐theory.  In the context of F‐theory it is natural to consider non‐trivial U(1)bundle with curvature.

Page 19: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

In this context it is thus natural to identify the unificationscale to be smaller than the scale at which the gauge bundle `breaks’ the gauge symmetry to smaller group.In other words the scale of unification of forces is a distancescale where we cannot distinguish the internal gauge bundle from that of a trivial SU(5) bundle.

Page 20: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

The dictionary for F‐theory thus far is the following:

The section of the elliptic fourfold = fano 3‐fold

The locus where elliptic fiber degenerates = brane

The Kodaira‐type of the singularity=gauge theory on the brane

This is very encouraging:  We can `cook up’ whatevergauge group we desire geometrically!

Page 21: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

In addition to gauge fields, there are also matter fields.Quarks and Leptons transform as some representationsof the gauge group SU(3) x SU(2) x U(1) and are sectionsof an associated vector bundle:

Quar ks : (uL ; dL ) : (3; 2; 16 ); uR : (3; 1; 2

3 ); dR : (3; 1; ¡ 13 );

Leptons : (eL ; º L ) : (1; 2; ¡ 12 ); eR : (1; 1; ¡ 1); º R : (1; 1; 0);

Looks a little complicated!

Matter Fields

Page 22: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Another evidence for unification of forces (and in my opiniona much stronger evidence) is that the matter representationsdramatically simplify by going to a unifying gauge group:

Page 23: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

In fact by going to an even bigger unifying group thematter representations also unify:

Page 24: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

How do we get matter fields from string theory?

Branes

Page 25: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

The same idea also works in the context of singularities:Intersecting singularities give rise to matter which liveson the intersection locus:

Page 26: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 27: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 28: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Block diagonal elements of U(n+m) lead to connectionsof the U(n)xU(m) .  The block off diagonal elements, becomethe matter field in 

The generalization of this story to other local Higgs bundlesis simple:  We have a codimension 2 locus where two singularities meet and give rise to a more singular locus, i.e.,a bigger local gauge group, which is locally Higgsed.

Page 29: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 30: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Matter

So for F‐theory matter resides on the loci of colliding elliptic singularities.

Page 31: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

It is relatively easy to get matter fields in the fundamental representations, or even the rank 2 representations of classical groups.

Page 32: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

But how about the one of special interest for particle physics,namely  the spinor of SO(10)?

Exceptional singularities are needed for particle physics!

Page 33: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

How many matter fields to we get?

Page 34: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

How many does the particle phenomenology suggest?

3 copies of the same representation, i.e. in the SO(10) context

This repetitive structure of nature is very hard to explain from the viewpoint of particle theory in 4d.  It is very satisfyingthat string theory offers an elegant explanation of this repetition.

Page 35: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Interactions

In addition to having a matter content we also needinteractions.  Of course there are interactions of matterfields  with gauge fields, which simply follows from the factthat connections enter the  covariant  derivatives  in the kinetic terms of the matter field Lagrangian.  However, we need more:  How does matter receive its mass?For this to happen we need quadratic terms involving matterfields:

Page 36: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Instead we need to introduce an additional matterfield (the Higgs field) and consider the cubic term:

Page 37: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 38: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Yukawa Couplings in String Theory

For F‐theory the interaction arises as a further enhancement ofthe singularity.  Namely instead of just two singularities meeting on a curve to give matter fields, we have three singularities meetingpairwise on curves and all three meeting at a point.  So we havean interesting hierarchy of structure:

Gravity in                10d = 4+6Gauge theory           8d = 4+4Matter                       6d = 4+2Interaction                4d = 4+0

Page 39: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Cubic Interactions

Page 40: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 41: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 42: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Lie bracket on                   induces Yukawa on

Page 43: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 44: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

Mathematics of Yukawa Coupling as a Local Obstruction Theory

The geometry of the interactions is captured by obstruction theory of a YM‐Higgs bundle geometry characterized by the action:

Page 45: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 46: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

We start with a  background 

Page 47: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 48: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

An unexpected mass hierarchy:

Page 49: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

So to a good approximation we have one massive and twomassless generations.  Can we explain this bizarre fact?

Page 50: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory

This rank one matrix can be organized as follows:

Page 51: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 52: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 53: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory
Page 54: Strings Physics - School of Mathematicsv1ranick/vafa.pdf · 2009-05-31 · This Btalk is based on the work of many physicists. The more recent material I will present on F‐theory