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1. Jamal Nazrul Islam, Haradhan Kumar Mohajan,
Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN:
2229-6158 STRESS MANAGEMENT POLICY
ANALYSIS: A PREVENTATIVE APPROACH Jamal
Nazrul Islam Emeritus Professor, Research Centre for
Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of
Chittagong, Bangladesh Haradhan Kumar Mohajan Premier
University, Chittagong, Bangladesh, E-mail:
[email protected] Rajib Datta Department of
Finance, Faculty of Business Studies, Premier University,
Chittagong, Bangladesh. Cell: +8801819895389, E-mail:
[email protected] the present world human
resource is considered as one of the most important
resource. In the era of dynamicbusiness most of the
organizations invest a huge amount of money and spend a
great deal of time and efforts asthough they can properly
utilize and manage this vital resource. Stress is one of the
burning questions that hinder theofficers and workers
performance and productivity. In this paper all experiences
of jobs are discussed whichaffects human minds and
bodies. It has been essentially built the inputs which are
obtained by conducting acomprehensive study covering the
aspects of stress in todays business. An attempt has been
taken to address threemajor key areas related with the types
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and sources of work related stress, impact of stress on
individuals and the wayof managing stress.Keywords:
Stress, Employee Stress, Stress management, Occupational
stress, Reduction of stress, Prevention
ofstress.INTRODUCTIONEvery era in history has been
characterized first to describe the fight or flight
responseby some incapacitating diseases. Plague, as a
series of involuntary physiological andPolio and
Pneumonia were eliminated when biochemical changes that
prepare one to dealthe environmental conditions were
improved with threats of danger (Cannon 1918).or when
the germs or viruses were destroyed Professor Hans Selye
in 1956, first timeor protected through drugs or vaccines. In
introduced before the public the concept ofthe modern
society we have some stress in a medical sense to indicate
thecharacteristic diseases, but normally overloading of
works on human body. Heconsider not being so easy to
eliminate. It found that any problem, real or imagined,leads
to psychosomatic disease or heart could cause the cerebral
cortex (the thinkingdisease and it is a major contributor to
part of the brain) to send an alarm to thedisturbances in
ones emotional, family and hypothalamus (the main switch
for the stresssocial life. It inhibits creativity and personal
response, located in the midbrain) (Selyeeffectiveness and
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it is present as general 1976). The hypothalamus then
stimulates thedissatisfaction that is so obvious in our daily
sympathetic nervous system to make a serieslives. The
name of this condition is stress. of changes in our body and
our heart rate,Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical
breathing rate, muscle tension, metabolism,tension. It is a
form of tension in the body or and blood pressure all
increase (Stress andmind for which there is no release or
outlet. Stress Management 2010). Job stress is theThe
Canadian Centre for Occupational major cause for job
dissatisfaction, whichHealth and Safety (CCOHS) declares
that creates disturbances in the quality of life, so,stress can
worsen when there are high it results unhappiness (Kumar
2011). Thedemands placed on a worker in a particular
theory of preventive stress management injob, but the
worker has little control over organizations was originally
formulated inthose demands. 1977.The modern meaning of
stress was laid by Stress is very much dynamic condition
inDr. Walter B. Cannon, a physiologist at which people
confronted with opportunities,Harvard almost 100 years
ago. He was the constraints or demand related to what one
1IJER | NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 2012Available
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ways of managing stress.really avoid it. But it is
necessary to be ableto manage stress, otherwise chronic
stress, if METHODOLOGYleft untreated, can lead to a
variety of stress This study has been conducted based
onrelated illnesses such as hypertension, heart both primary
and secondary data availabledisease, anxiety, depression,
memory on the relevant field. The primary data
areimpairment, panic attacks, digestive collected through
personal interviews fromdisorders, autoimmune diseases
and chronic some professionals. Research works,fatigue
syndrome (Cooper 1996, Porth 1998, publications and texts
on this relevant fieldGruner 2006, and Provino 2010). are
used for this study. This study is coveredIf anybody is
resulted by stress, he/she feels by 90 respondents broadly
from differentnon-sleeping, remains nervous in much of
fields and categories. Among thethe time, gets sick a lot,
apathy of participate respondents, 70 were married, 20
werein anything, change in the quality of work, unmarried;
70 were male, and 20 wereand remains irritable and
moody. Stress and female. Again among the 90
respondents, 20stress related problems such as anxiety and
were working in financial organization, 5 indepression are
now the foremost reasons for service organization, 40 in
manufacturing,absenteeism from workplace in the United
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and 15 were physician and 10 wereKingdom (UK) costing
the economy at least businessman (table-1). To measure the
2IJER | NOVEMB the importance in managing
stress,sometimes they are lower. Hence stress is a
andnormal part of everyday life and we cannot measuring
the impact of stress onand no one is free from it.
Sometimes stress job,levels are comparatively higher and
identify the prevalence andand turnover (Daniels 2004).
development of indicators for stress,Everyone suffers from
stress on some level measuring the extent of stress,health
care and treatment costs, absenteeism identify the causes
of stress inEuros in the European Union and more than
personal and social life,150 billion dollars in the USA,
mainly for define stress clearly,estimated to be in the
range of 20 billion
2. Jamal Nazrul Islam, Haradhan
Kumar Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6,
01-17 ISSN: 2229-6158desires and for which outcome is
perceived 26 billion in lost working time, whereto be both
uncertain and important. Stress is treatment cost is not
included.associated with constraints and demand. Rahim
(2010) studied on the employees ofTwo conditions are
necessary for potential the banking sector of Pakistan and
expressesstress to become actual stress. There must be that
the banking sector is becominguncertainty over the
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outcome and the increasingly competitive around the
country,outcome must be important. Stress produces which
increasing psychological problems,not only the bad things
all time but also such as stress, strain, anxiety,
depression,produce some positive outcome in some sleep
disorders, etc. He expresses that thespecial events.
Sometime when people biggest killer is not AIDS or cancer
butremain under pressure they feel to get psychological
problems.something and they work more and harderwhich
increase the total productivity. This OBJECTIVESpaper
will provide the critical view about the The main objective
of the study is tostress and consequences of it which will be
evaluate the stress and the way of managingmore helpful to
manage it and development it in personal and
organizational life. Otherof way to handle more stressful
situation. objectives of this paper are follows:The overall
cost of stress at work has been ER - DECEMBER
2012Available [email protected]
improves performance. 3IJER | NOVEMBER -
DECEMBER 2012Available [email protected]
feels exciting, andcrisis in our lives. But stress is a normal
part is perceived as within our copingthe body. Stress can
be caused by events that abilities,are pleasing as well as
events that create is short-term,endanger, or excite us and
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place demands on motivates, focuses energy,reaction that
frightens, irritate, confuse, 3. Jamal Nazrul Islam,
Haradhan Kumar Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res.,
2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN: 2229-6158opinion of respondents
especially for physicians we used 5 point Likert scale (1-5)
whichindicate more popular to least. Table 1: Sample
distribution. Nature of respondents Married Unmarried
Total Businessman 10 0 10 Employee of service
organization 0 5 5 Manufacturing employees 35 5 40
Physician 10 5 15 Employee of financial organization 15 5
20 Male 55 15 70 Female 15 5 20We emphasized that the
cause-effect of daily life and the effects of stress are
notrelationships is the relation between stress always
negative.and cardiovascular illness. Stress also effects In
small quantities, stress is good; it canthe organization that
is linked to motivate us and help us to become
moreabsenteeism and productivity. productive, but too
much stress or a strong response to stress can be harmful.
Stress canDEFINITION OF STRESS arise from any
situation or thought thatStress can be defined in general
term as makes one feel frustrated, angry, or anxious.people
feel pressures in their own life. The Everyone sees
situations differently and hasstress due to work load can be
defined as different coping skills, so, no two
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personsreluctance to come to work and a feeling of will
respond exactly the same way to aconstant pressure
associated with general particular situation. Situations that
arephysiological, psychological and behavioral considered
stress provoking are known asstress symptoms. Hence
stress is the harmful stressors. Many professionals suggest
thatphysical and emotional responses that there is a
difference between what weoccurs when the requirements
of the job do perceive as positive stress, and distress asnot
match the capabilities, resources, or negative stress. But we
often use the termneeds the worker and he expressed that
job stress to describe negative situations. Thisstress can
lead to poor health and even leads many people to believe
that everyinjury. Stress is increasing due to stress is bad for
us, which is not true actuallyglobalization and economic
crisis, which (Stress and Stress Management 2010).affects
all professions, and as well as Positive stress has the
followingfamilies and societies, almost all countries
characteristics (Stress and Stressof the world (Bharatai and
Newman 1978). Management 2010):Stress is our bodys
physical and emotional
detention in jail, detention of familybodys reaction
will be the same (Greenberg member or partner in jail,
life1990). 4IJER | NOVEMBER - DECEMBER
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2012Available [email protected] pregnancy,
sexual difficulties,depression), sociological
(unemployment, divorce, filing for divorce,death of a loved
one, birth of a child), and relationship break-up, losing
contactphilosophical (use of time, purpose in life). with
loved ones,In any case, regardless of the stressor, the
death of a close family member or aand global economic
crisis. It creates the close friend, the death of a
businessfight or flight response in the brain, the partner,
sick of children or anystress hormone then circulates in the
blood family member, losing healthstream which causes the
heart to speed up, benefits or no health insurance,the
arteries to narrow and blood sugar to personal injury or
illness, change inrise. In our daily life we face different
type health or behavior of family member,of stressors, such
as biological (toxins, heat, loss of a friend,cold),
psychological (threats to self-esteem, can lead to mental
and physical stressor is sufficiently strong (severe burns,
problems. extremes of temperature), death may result.The
reaction of body to stress can bedescribed by following
three stages (Truch Phase 2, Stage of Resistance1980):
Resistance ensues if continued exposure toAlarm Reaction
Stage: the body identifies the stressor is compatible with
adaptation.and first reacts to the stress. In this stage the The
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bodily signs characteristic of the alarmbody first releases
hormones that help in the reaction have virtually
disappeared anddefense against the stressor. resistance rises
above normal.Resistance Stage: the body continues toresist
the stressors as they persist. If the Phase 3, Stage of
Exhaustionstressors continue and there is a consistent
Following long-continued exposure to thestate of
resistance, there is potential to move stressor, to which the
body had becomeinto the third and final stage. adjusted,
eventually adaptation energy isExhaustion Stage: the body
and mind are exhausted. The signs of the alarm reactionno
longer able to make the necessary reappear, but now they
are irreversible, andadjustments to resist the stressors and
there the individual dies (Greenberg 1990).is physical
and/or mental exhaustion. Source of stress vary according
to age,SOURCES OF STRESS place, time, situation etc.
We have listedAt present stress is the number one problem
sources of some of negative stresses asfor working people.
It is increasing follows:continuously day by day due to
globalization decreases performance, and time, its
resistance is diminished and, if the feels unpleasant, of
the first exposure to stressor. At the same is perceived as
outside of our coping Phase 1, Alarm Reaction abilities,
The body shows the changes characteristic can be short or
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long-term, causes anxiety or concern, the general
adaptation syndrome as follows: 4. Jamal Nazrul Islam,
Haradhan Kumar Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res.,
2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN: 2229-6158On the other hand
negative stress has the Hans Selye (1976) in his classic
book Thefollowing characteristics (Stress and Stress Stress
of Life briefly described the stressManagement 2010):
reactivity as a three-phase process termed
receiving a promotion at service, co-worker, and
family an starting a new job, External sources of stress
consist of environmental, organizational, job-career,
create stress in our life.Now we have listed sources of some
ofpositive stresses as follows: External Sources of Stress
change in sleeping habits, change in and sleep disturbances.
eating habits, change in finances, not Thoughts: Our brain
interprets and having enough money to pay bills or
perceives situations as stressful, difficult, house rent.
painful, or pleasant and some such situations feeling
unsafe in neighborhood due physiological stressors.
Physiological to crime, being abused or neglected, stressors
are rapid growth of adolescence, military deployment in the
locality, menopause, illness, aging, giving birth, and
accidents, lack of exercise, poor nutrition,
bankruptcy/money problems, divorce, and co-parenting.
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substandard housing, selling a home Physiological:
Situations and circumstances or land for money, affecting
our body can be experienced as unemployment, losing of
job, cannot of the different social roles we occupy, such
find a job or losing job of a friend, as parent, spouse,
caregiver, and employee. changing of job, lack of training
Some social stressors are deadlines, necessary to do a job,
job insecurity, financial problems, job interviews, change in
working hours, change in presentations, disagreements,
demands for living conditions, our time and attention, loss
of a loved one, 5. Jamal Nazrul Islam, Haradhan Kumar
Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6, 01-17
ISSN: 2229-6158 sentence of a close person, death Social
Stressors: We can experience penalty of a close relative or
a friend, multiple stressors arising from the demands strict
deadline, too tight or too loosehousing, and crime etc.
supervision, lack of parity of 5IJER | NOVEMBER -
DECEMBER 2012Available [email protected]
having a high-pressure job, beingand Stress Management
(2010) expresses unemployed or only having a smallthe
four basic sources of stress as follows: range of social
circumstances, e.g.,The Environment: The environmental
rarely leaving the house, fewstressors include weather,
noise, crowding, hobbies,pollution, traffic, unsafe and
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substandard lack of support, time to be listened tocalled
external sources of stress and last two and time for
relaxation,are called internal sources of stress. Stress
taking educational classes or learning misunderstanding
with the a new hobby. coworkers, superiors, subordinates,
colleagues, or an absence of praiseWe realize that stress
comes from the four and being valued by others,basic
sources. Among them first two are conflict in
relationships holiday seasons, and planning to enjoy a
vacation, employment patterns of behavior, pressure to
conform to social or winning prizes or winning a lottery,
having a child, job, marriage, holidays etc., change of
social circumstances, such new model, as bereavement of
spouse, moving buying a suitable home or a car of
marriage ceremony or birthday of external sources can vary
according to the ceremony, following circumstances: d so
on. The source
stress creates positive and negativeorganizations
due to high levels of stress feelings.among them and
majorities were between We can define stress in many
ways based on its area and impact. Though the impact of
6IJER | NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 2012Available
[email protected] it affects directly related to
our mindhas become major problem for employer and body
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that means it has physicalmainly in developing nations.
Sometimes and emotional effects on us, andemployees do
not like to work with their stress is caused by our reaction
to theturnover and finally affecting organizational external
environment,goals and objectives in production. Stress
boring and noisy, smoke filled work CONCEPTUAL
ISSUES environment, cramped offices bitter Is there
anybody who is not familiar with the fumes, the glare of
sun and the term Stress? Definitely the answer will be
burning heat (e.g., in street and no. In the era of super
flexibility and rapid rerolling mills), and high turnover
changing environment we all experience rate in
organization. stress, rather it, is better to say we are
anxious about to stress and the way ofCary Cooper has
developed a concise yet managing stress fall us in stress
too. Beforecomplete list of six sources of work stress
managing stress we should know what it is.(Cooper 1983)
as follows: According to oxford dictionary, stress is 1. Job
Conditions: Quantitative and defined from various points of
view. Among qualitative work overload, people these we
pick up the following two decisions, physical danger,
meanings: technostress. 2. Role Stress: Role ambiguity, sex
bias and sex-role stereotypes. 1. Mental pressure: Pressure
or worry 3. Interpersonal Factors: Poor work caused by the
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problems in someones and social support systems, lack of
life. management concern for the worker, 2. Physical
pressure: Pressure put on political rivalry, jealousy, or
anger. that can damage it or make it loose 4. Career
Development: its shape. Underpromotion, overpromotion,
job security, frustrated ambitions. According to the father
of stress researcher 5. Organizational Structure: Rigid
Professor Hans Selye, Stress is the spice of and
impersonal structure, political life, the absence of stress is
death. battles, inadequate supervision or The famous
author R. S. Schuler defines training, non-participative
decision stress as a dynamic condition which an making.
individual is confronted with an opportunity, 6. Home-
work Interface: Spillover, constraint or demean related to
what ones lack of support from spouse, marital desire and
foe which the outcome is conflict, dual career stress.
perceived to be both uncertain andAt present employers are
critically analyzing important. From these above
discussions wethe stress management issues which give to
can find some of inputs about stresses aslower job
performance of employee follows:originating from
dissatisfaction and high 6. Jamal Nazrul Islam, Haradhan
Kumar Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6,
01-17 ISSN: 2229-6158 authority, working at a long
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stretch, the age boundary of 26-35 years (Imtiaz and lack of
having chance of Ahmad 2009). entertainment policies, and
7. Jamal Nazrul Islam, Haradhan Kumar Mohajan,
Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN:
2229-6158stress is directly related to both the body and
performance then it could be stated asmind of individuals
but from the view point dysfunctional stress. Long-term
stress canof sources we can define it in the following create
some problems such as,ways: cardiovascular diseases,
musculoskeletalDirect Stress: When the sources of stress
disorders (in the back and upper limbs),are directly related
to the person then it is psychological disorders (depression
andcalled direct stress. Suppose, Mr. X and Mr. burnout)
etc.Y are working in the same department of the Certain
Stress: From the view pointsame factory and suddenly Mr.
X loses his certainty, when the result of stress is knownjob,
then stress for Mr. X is considered as to individuals then it
is called certain stress.direct stress. For example, the peak
period of productionIndirect Stress: When the sources of
stress is generally temporary stress and known tois not
directly related the person then it is all. Certain stress is less
harmful andcalled indirect stress. In the previous produce
very constructive result andexample the incident of losing
job of Mr. X sometimes does not produce higher
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result.creates a stress for Mr. Y who is still in that
Uncertain Stress: When the length of timejob. The losing of
job of peer group (Mr. X) as well as result of stress is not
perceived byof Mr. Y or the fear of losing his (Mr. Y) job
the stressors is called uncertain stress.could be a cause of
stress. It is of course the Generally uncertain stress is
harmful andimpact of direct stress is more than that of
produces negative result or hinders theindirect stress. group
performance.Short-term Stress: From the view point of
Stress is a universal experience in the life ofduration of
time, when the stress affects for each person and every
employee evena limited period of time then it is called
executives and managers cannot avoid it. Itshort-term stress
i.e., in a production- is estimated that in the world about
100oriented factory in the peak period of million workdays
are being lost due to stressproduction (generally 3 to 6
months) or at and nearly 50% to 75% disease are related
tothe end of the month in accounts department stress
(Bashir 2007).of a company workers face a short-
termstress. Some of the short-term stresses are
OCCUPATIONAL STRESSshort temper, headache,
shortness of breath, Occupational stress was formally
identifiedsleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating, in
1989, when the Commonwealthupset stomach, apathy, and
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job Commission for the Safety,
Rehabilitationdissatisfaction. and Compensation of
CommonwealthLong-term or Perpetual Stress: When the
Employees initiated several researchstress affects for a long
period of time then it projects. Occupational stress can be
definedcould be called long-term or perpetual as the
harmful physical and emotionalstress. From the view point
of outcome responses that occur when the
requirementsfunctional stress when the result of stress is of
the job do not match the capabilities,positive or stress
improves someones resources, or needs of the worker,
which canperformance in the job. Some stresses lead to
poor health and even injury (Rehmansupport the goals of
organizations and 2008). Sources of occupational stress
haveimprove the performance; these are been categorized
by Cooper and Marshal role in the organization, 7IJER |
NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 2012Available
[email protected] intrinsic to the
job,destructive or hinder someones lfunctional,
constructive form of stress. (1976) as follows:When the
consequences of stress is
Minds of most of the people run withor accidents,
absenteeism, staff turnover, a tremendous velocity with
onelowered performance, and the associated, thought after
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another. Mind velocityoften hidden, costs of training
replacement is high during emotions of hurry,staff and the
added burden placed on the impatience and desperation.
High 8IJER | NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 2012Available
[email protected] When people around us life
juniorsexpressed that job stress creates negative do not
behave according to therelationship with the satisfaction of
the expectation, and failed to give theemployees. results
which expected leads toWork-related stress has growing
interest interpersonal conflicts and it causeacross Europe in
recent years due to pain, guilt and deep impression for
adramatically globalization of the economy, long time.
Someone does not agreeuse of new information and
communications with the view and opposes, does
nottechnology, growing diversity in the keep his promise
and is cheated withworkplace (Landsbergis 2003). respect
to money, supply of goods,Organizations suffer business
loss through and quality of goods.lost working days due to
work related illness Some people always feel urgency
inscale household survey indicated that 19.5 the work life,
they are alwaysmillion working days were lost in the
United fighting to beat deadlines and haveKingdom (UK)
during 1995 due to work- the habit of doing anything at
therelated illness, such as, musculoskeletal, eleventh hour,
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which leads to tensionstress, anxiety and depression (Jones
et al. and stress.1998). Heller et al. (2002) and Rode (2004)
home-work interface. ill-health outcomes, such as
cardiovascularHere intrinsic to the job will include
diseases (Kivimki et al. 2002),physical aspects of the
working musculoskeletal disorders, particularly
backenvironment, such as noise and lighting, and problems
(Hoogendoorn et al. 2000) andpsychosocial aspects, such
as workload. neck-shoulder-arm-wrist-hand
problemsOccupational stress has been defined by (Arins et
al. 2001), as well as absence frommany researchers (Cox
1978, Cummings work (Houtman et al. 1999). When
peopleand Cooper 1979, Quick and Quick 1984) as are in a
state of stress, they often feela negatively perceived quality
which, as a concerned, less vigilant and less efficient
inresult of inadequate coping with sources of performing
works (Barling et al. 2004).stress at work, has negative
mental and When stress reactions persist over a
longerphysical health consequences. period of time, they
may develop into moreIn a recent survey of employees,
more than permanent, less reversible health outcomes,80%
said that they feel stress on the job, such as chronic fatigue,
burnout,about 70% expressed a need to learn how to
musculoskeletal problems or cardiovascularmanage stress
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and 45% felt their co-workers disease.needed help in
managing stress. The Our study has identified some
differentorganization should consider that types of stresses
which are related to theOccupational Stress Indicator (OSI),
to work term as work-related stresses aswhether to improve
for preventing stress follows:(Cooper et al. 1988). The
results of a large- organizational structure and climate,
Houtman (2007) expresses that stress has and also been
associated with a number of other career development,
staff (Clarke and Cooper 2000). relationships at work,
colleagues of absent or under-performing 8. Jamal Nazrul
Islam, Haradhan Kumar Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco.
Res., 2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN: 2229-6158
previous experience. shoots up stress in the
mind.Occupational stress risks have been The World
Health Organization (WHO)increasing for many years, but
at the end of predicts that by 2020, depression will be
thethe last decade it increases alarm due to second most
long term condition worldwide.global financial crisis and
globalization. By Everyone is affected by stress
differently.the end of the 1990s in many countries there
The strength of an individual plays anhas been a
combination of increasing and important role in making the
end result. Thestabilizing job demands, together with
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environment and situation, age, ability,decreasing job
sovereignty which would attitude the mentality to adopt
etc. are alsohave resulted in an increasingly stressful
important factor over here. In facing stresssituation within
countries. High and the support from environment and
situationincreasing quantitative demands, combined
dramatically produce constructive result.with low or
decreasing control over work The way of finding the best to
avoid, copepace, increase stress-related outcomes. Some
with or face the situation is a mostcountries showed an
increase in stress- considerable factor. Generally
beforerelated health problems at work, but it was adoption
with the situation generally it isalso observed that workers
who developed needed to find out the types of stress and
inhealth problems had left the labor market on which way
the individual wants with copelong-term absence, or were
receiving with or face the way of perceiving the
goalsdisability pensions (Houtman 2007). and situations as
well as the conflicts theFinally we can express that job
stress is preparation and planning, classification
andconsidered rising and has become challenge
justification of the way, identifying variousfor the employer
and because high level alternative and implement the best
ways orstress is results in low productivity, methods or
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processes to face could be aincreased absenteeism and
collection to better way to face stress.other employee
problems like alcoholism, 9IJER | NOVEMBER -
DECEMBER 2012Available [email protected]
adoption process, and making loss. Such competition the
environment or situation, ladder of success in my way,
even by the individual strength and competitive mood and
some want to personality, win the competition and climb
the Todays business always in Unrealistic target leads
to Whether the stress with constructive or tremendous
increase in the stress destructive it depends what types of
stresses level. Modern executive punish they are. Certain
stress usually products themselves by creating deadlines
constructive result where the uncertain stress without
bothering about health, usually produces destructive result.
It is an wealth, family or peace of mind. important factor to
consider in case of Such unrealistic targets make one
finding out the result of stress what type of miss out the
quality. Due to fear of stress it is but the result of stress
depends on failure ones stress levels go high. some factors
like; 9. Jamal Nazrul Islam, Haradhan Kumar Mohajan,
Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN:
2229-6158 velocity of mind leads to fatigue of drug abuse,
hypertension and host of the mind due to constant alertness
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cardiovascular problems (Meneze 2005). and loss of
concentration. Modern man suffers from worry of too many
THE AFFECT OF STRESS tasks to be done
simultaneously, Previously described various types of
which leads to stress. stresses could end with different
results.
psychological or psychodynamicmade on it
changes in body functions, such ashappiness and causes
stress in two different puberty pregnancy,
menopause,people depending upon how they react it.
ageing etc., andBodys non-specific response to any
demand excess of harmful diet, such asexternal
environment. The manner in which taking of too much
caffeine, alcoholwe perceive and understand the changes or
etc.,the particular events some event can bring 10. Jamal
Nazrul Islam, Haradhan Kumar Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int.
J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN: 2229-6158Stress is
caused by our reaction to the the lack of a sense personal
agency i.e., one can influence events or the 10IJER |
NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 2012Available
[email protected] genetic disorder results in
chemical deception and deception of others, imbalances in
the body, an absence of truth i.e., self- lack of spiritual
development, vitamins, minerals, starch etc., poor diet,
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such as deficiency of violation of personal or religious
dwarf, blindness, lack of hearing, moral code,
contravention of hair fall and other problems of limbs
accepted group practice, or violation of body, of laws
(sin), lack of physical fitness, such as not having the
skill of knowledge tofinancial problems, noise,
disappointments cope with certain situations, such ascould
be sources of stress. We can divide the spiritual
development.sources of stress into two categories: The
need for individual spiritualPhysiological or Biological.
The causes of development has long been recognized
bysome stresses lie in the biological make up religion. It is
only during the last 30 yearsof our body, or the interaction
of our body that psychology has acknowledged thewith the
food we eat or environment we live existence of a spiritual
side to the individual.in. Some examples of the biological
causes Some spiritual causes of stress are asof stress
include: follows: being one is capable of achieving
farPregnancy can also generate stress, some of too much-
setting standards andthe untoward incidents like critical
illness of expectations too high and thereforedeath of a
relative can also cause stress in falling short of them,
andindividuals. Time, pressure, competition, lack of self-
awareness,marriage or divorce can cause stress.
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encountering situations that evokeToo much travel,
entering into a new stressful feelings which
wereenvironment, like new colony, new job experienced in
childhood,generates stress. The social institutions of inner
conflicts that have not beenones life can be stressful.
However, major addressed, but repressed (pushed outlife
changes are the greatest contributors of of conscious
awareness),stress for most people. . On one side stress
provides the problem.means to express talents and energies
and The term psychodynamic refers topursue happiness
on the other side it can subconscious thoughts and feelings,
whichalso cause exhaustion and illness, either often arise
from childhood experiences. Thephysical or psychological.
It is concerned way in which we learned to cope inwith an
individuals perceptual and childhood is by using defense
mechanismscognitive characteristics. that involved a degree
of self deception. WeThe factors that contribute to the
experience still use these defenses today. Examples ofof
stress are many and varied. It is found psychodynamic
causes of stress include:that both positive and negative
events in
absence of a relationship with God, stressors
(Cannon 1918). Stress associated and lack of forgiveness.
with positive events, helps us respond effectively in times
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of trauma. It alsoCONSEQUENCES AND SYMPTOMS
increases our performance or efficiency inOF STRESS
ordinary times. On the other hand distress As stated earlier
stress is caused by or tends to block our performance,
createreaction to the external events and bring health
problems, increase anxiety andabout changes in our
response and our depression, and reduce optimal
efficiencygeneral behavior. It is important to learn (Selye
1976). The presence of stress can behow to know when our
stress levels are out divided into three different categories;
i)of control. Stress affects the mind, body, and
Physiological, ii) Behavioral and iii)behavior in many
ways, and everyone Psychological. Now we describe these
threeexperiences stress differently. symptoms as follows
(table-2):The stress response, also called the fight orflight
response, first described by Cannon,refers to the
physiological and emotional Table 2: The three categories
of symptoms of stress. Physiological Symptoms Behavioral
Symptoms Psychological Symptoms Perspiration
Impulsive behavior Physical trauma Eating disorders
Eating more or less Moodiness Irritability Easily
distracted Anxiety Headaches Depression/Isolation
Agitation, inability to relax Hair loss Speech problems
Overestimation of danger Loss of sex drive Lower
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energy levels Fear and tension Illness /sleeplessness
Memory problems Insomnia and nervous Crying for no
apparent Irritability or short- tone of voice reason
tempered Tiredness and tiring Sleeping too much or too
Depression easily little Inability or difficulty Increased
heartbeat and Change in personality concentrating blood
pressure Laughing in a high pitch Dissatisfactions Tense,
muscle ache and Grinding of teeth Seeing only the
negative pain Irritable/Aggressive Strenuous exercise
Trembling Increasing smoking and Metabolic
disturbances Nervous ticks use of drugs and alcohol
Panicky Dryness of throat and Being accident-prone
Feeling overwhelmed mouth Susceptibility to illness
Poor judgment Urinating frequently Loss of appetite or
over Constant worrying Sleeping problems eating
Underestimation of ability Diarrhea, Indigestion and
Burnout to cope frequent urination Nervous habits (nail
Underestimation of help Vomiting, Nausea etc. biting,
pacing) available Butterflies in stomach Increased errors
Depression or general 11IJER | NOVEMBER -
DECEMBER 2012Available
[email protected]. Jamal Nazrul Islam,
Haradhan Kumar Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res.,
2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN: 2229-6158 failure to recognize
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and experience changes brought on by stress hormones in
choice, and response to certain situational or event
team spirit. recognize stress which could
becomeThough stress is caused by our reaction to
unhealthy.external environment, it should be reminded
Approximately 1 in 3 European workers isthat a positive
attitude can dramatically affected by work-related stress
according toreduce the stress. So in case of managing
European surveys. It has been estimated thatstress at first
we have to develop a positive work related stress cost
Member States atoutlook that plays an important role.
Stress least 20 billion euro per annum.can be managed if
we understand the In 2001 in a report of the American
Institutereasons which cause stress and the level of of
Stress (AIS) expressed that job-relatedstress. We should
also try to estimate if we stress costs the US industry $300
billion percould bring about any change in annum. due to
absenteeism (1 millionenvironment that can subsequently
reduce workers are absent on an average workdaystress.
Both the individual and because of stress-related
complaints),organizational cooperation is necessary to
diminished productivity, employee turnover,manage stress.
direct medical costs, compensation claims and legal and
insurance fees. In the USA inIMPACT OF WOR
7/28/2019 Stress Mgt Uk Rto
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cooperation between team members, more junior
employees felt they had and to hide stress were perhaps
unable to Senior executives recognized that working
relationship, team performance, everyone. individual
work performance, stress is compared at some point by
12. Jamal Nazrul Islam, Haradhan Kumar Mohajan, Rajib
Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN: 2229-6158
Premenstrual tension Productivity unhappiness Pain in
the neck and Turnover Worries and catastrophic lower
back Absenteeism thoughts Stomach ulcers Lack of
Anxious, racing, or Heart problems concentration/ability
to ruminating thoughts Breathlessness and think rationally
Sense of loneliness or hyperventilating Organization and
planning isolation Palpitations and chest deteriorate
discomfort Reduced self-esteem Sweaty palms Using
alcohol, cigarettes, Minor illness (allergies or drugs to
relax skin disorder, migraine) Serious illness (arthritis
cancer, diabetes).The impact of excessive stress on team
work series diagnosable conditions wereis also harmful,
and it can damage: seen as mental health problem, while
Most companies did not view stress stressor in their lives, 3
in 4 employees as a mental health problem. Only 12IJER |
NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 2012Available
[email protected] STRESS IN 2003
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survey examining attitudes in theEUROPE AND THE
USA workplace found stress about the economy,A 2001
report from the UKs Mental Health increase in emotional
ailments includingFoundation, Burn out or Burning
Bright? substance abuse and depression, incidents
ofdetermine the following two reasons to among
coworkers. In 1 in 4 employees inincrease stress (Ingram
and Pilla 2007): the USA view their jobs as the number one
take corrective action if necessary. coach wherever
you may be and take aBesides this we can apply the
following tips minute walk. Those who began walking
fourto get rid of from stress which provided by times a
week, the scientists found, reportedDr. Peret Jaret: feeling
less distressed and sleeping better.Do Nothing: At least
once during the day, Tests showed that their blood pressure
wastake five or ten minutes to sit quietly and do more
likely to hold steady when they do notnothing. Focus on the
sounds around you, have an hour to spar. Do not sweat
it.your emotions and any tension in your neck, Taking five
or ten minute walks whenevershoulders, arm, chest, etc.
Doing nothing you are under pressure may be just ascan be
considered as a real struggle. Just effective.sitting quietly
slows the heart rate and Breathe Easy: For five minutes,
slow yourreduces blood pressure, countering two of
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breathing down to about six-belly breaths athe most
obvious effects of stress. minute. In other words, inhale for
about fiveLaugh Out Loud: Keep something handy minutes
to relax your entire body. Start bythat makes you laugh. It
could be a testing by your toes; then consciously
relaxcollection of your favorite comic strips or a them.
Move on to the muscles in your feet,funny voice mail from,
say, your child or a and then your calves, upper legs, but
tocks,friend. You could even take a few moments moving
upward until you end by scrunching up and then relaxing
the muscles in your 13IJER | NOVEMBER - DECEMBER
2012Available [email protected]
implementation and evaluation the forgiveness. outcomes,
and Hit the Road: Get from your desk, the choose the
best, Laskin who studies healing power of
generation of
alternatives, around with us grudges, anger, hurt says
goal selection, comes from negative emotions we carry
problem identification, under stress. A lot of stress we
experience 13. Jamal Nazrul Islam, Haradhan Kumar
Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6, 01-17
ISSN: 2229-6158believe that todays workers have more
on- to think about watching your favoritethe-job stress than
a generation ago. television comedy. Tune In: In a study at
Monash University inREDUCTION OF STRESS
7/28/2019 Stress Mgt Uk Rto
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Melborne, Australia, two groups of studentsThe emotional
and physical disorders that were told to prepare an oral
presentation.have been linked to stress including Some
worked in silence; others listened todepression, anxiety,
heart attacks, stroke, Pachelbels Caron in D Major
stresshypertension, immune system disturbances caused the
silent workers blood pressurethat increase susceptibility to
infections, a and heart rates to climb. Not so thehost of viral
linked disorders ranging from volunteers in the musical
group whosethe common cold to herpes to certain
measurements remained steadier. They alsocancers, as well
as autoimmune diseases like reported feelings much less
stress.rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis Think
Happy: Focus on someone or(Stress and Stress
Management 2010). something you care deeply about
forHence we need to control the stresses which anywhere
from 15 seconds to five minutes.are harmful to our mind
and body. Or picture a scene from a peaceful vacation
phrase that makes you feel positive aboutIndividual
Approaches to Reduce Stress you and the world can work.
It sounds likePlanned life could reduce or prevent advice
from a greeting card, but thinkingnegative stress. To
manage stress we can happy calming thoughts can
7/28/2019 Stress Mgt Uk Rto
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counteract thefollow the sequences as follows:
psychological changes that occur when
All employees must evaluate risks to stress
management workshops, health and safety and whenever
managing pressure to increase possible employers should
performance workshop. implement avoidance and control
measures. The preventive strategies 14IJER | NOVEMBER
- DECEMBER 2012Available
[email protected] Arranges health related
seminars, establish wellness programs. representatives
who could thenThe following guidelines could help the
develop stress policies and makeorganization in
maintaining a negative- other useful
recommendations.stress-free environment: improve
organizational that could actively involve the staff,
communication, and trade unions and other increased
employee involvement, could set up stress working parties
redesigning job, management workshop, employer
Instead of just offering staffs stress use of realistic goal
setting, training and development, suffering from stress.
selection of job replacement, staffs know that to do if they
are personnel, stress policy or guidelines so that The
organization should have a Key personnel like
managements andOrganization plays an important role in
7/28/2019 Stress Mgt Uk Rto
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personnel officers receive training toreducing stress. For
better use of these recognize stress related problemshuman
resource to pick up the best result such as high
absenteeism, highmanagement must consider these areas as
turnover.follows: In stressful occupations such as
thethem. Move on to the muscles in your feet, police force,
social and healthand then your calves, upper legs, but tocks,
services, Power Supply Company,moving upward until you
end by scrunching crime reporter in press media,up and
then relaxing the muscles in your journalism, Nursing
(specially inface. If you start your day feeling tense, public
medical hospital), workers inchances are you will feel tense
all day, says overheated, sound-polluted, juststress expert
Gueth. If you take your covered area (like steel mill,
cementtroubles to bed with you, they are likely to industry)
sweeper, night guard, thedisrupt your sleep and then can
mean even employer should minimize the risksmore
tension. and treat personnel who have suffered from
violence at work withOrganizational Approaches to Reduce
due care.Stress Company should carry out thetroubles to
bed with you, they are likely to activities including;
timelydisturb your sleep, and that can mean relax
inspection, investigate hazards andeven you from more
tension. complaints, receive information fromRise Relaxed:
7/28/2019 Stress Mgt Uk Rto
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Right before bed, and after the workers regarding health
andthe alarm goes off in the morning, take five safety, and
keeping consultancy withminutes to relax your entire body.
Start by the worker about any safety issues.tensing your
toed; then consciously relax 14. Jamal Nazrul Islam,
Haradhan Kumar Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res.,
2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN: 2229-6158face. If you start your
day feeling tense, and compliance facilities plays anchances
are you will feel tense all day, say important role in
reducing stress.stress experts Gueth. If you take your
taking exercise, especially walking important to
leave time for sleep and for is the easiest and most effective
restful, relaxing activities, such as reading a means of
reducing stress favorite meditation can also be a good
effort or art for meaning and enjoyment. We can to bring
down the stress levels, choose a balance diet in our daily
life. It is 15. Jamal Nazrul Islam, Haradhan Kumar
Mohajan, Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6, 01-17
ISSN: 2229-6158Other Approaches to Reduce Stress
schedule meaningful and enjoyable activitiesOther
techniques to escape from the stress which makes a
significant difference inare as follows: reducing stress. We
can enjoy music, sports spending time to relax or reading
a We can prevent stress by taking care of our good book, or
7/28/2019 Stress Mgt Uk Rto
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listening to music or health, such as eating well, getting
enough playing an instrument. sleep, exercising regularly,
and avoidingA widely recognized proactive stress alcohol
or drug. These healthy habits are notmanagement method is
to maintain a healthy easy to maintain, but they really pay
off.physical state through regular exercise, a Those who are
non-pious or not serious innutritional diet and good sleep.
Another well prayer they can participate in religion
orrecognized proactive method of combating spiritual
activities to prevent stress.stress is to maintain a strong
mental state We have to seek out people who arethrough
stay intellectually stimulated encouraging and supportive,
rather than(mental exercise), gain stability from critical and
pressuring. It is very helpful torelationships
(family/friends), practice have relationships with people we
feelrelaxation/meditation and participate in comfortable
with. The common supportreligion. systems usually
include, friends, familyMcKeown (2005) expresses that
prevention members, peer support, professionals andand
careful management of psychological members of ones
religious or spiritualillnesses will ease the strain on the
economy, group. If our feelings are very stressful,
thenhealth care systems and individual well we do not keep
them bottled up but we canbeing. share them with others
7/28/2019 Stress Mgt Uk Rto
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who are very helpful and benevolent. We always talk in
mindHOW CAN WE PREVENT STRESS? with positive
sides if we feel stress for someIf we eliminate some of the
avoidable stress works, which prevent us from stress.in our
life, it frees us up to enjoy ourselves Laughter is the best
medicine to preventmore and to accomplish more of our
goals. stress and we can spend few minutes of eachWe
have to be aware of situations that day with
amusement.caused stress us in the past. For example, ifwe
notice that we become irritable whenever ANALYSIS OF
FINDINGSwe catch the bus at rush hour, we have to try
From the study of all respondents views wecatching it at a
less busy time. We can found that most of the sources of
stress are 15IJER | NOVEMBER - DECEMBER
2012Available [email protected]
developing
communication skills ourselves and remind ourselves of
these with honest, direct, and respectful features when we
feel negatively about ways and ourselves. taking good
food and nutrition, by being critical of themselves and what
avoiding foods with high fat, sugar, they are
accomplishing. It can be helpful to caffeine, salt etc.,
identify some positive features about effecting time
management, such as schedule time for relaxation each day
to taking a mental health day and refresh the mind and
7/28/2019 Stress Mgt Uk Rto
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body from the tensions spend time with friends, of the day.
Some people increase their stress or taking a walk.
Everyone must
16. Jamal Nazrul Islam, Haradhan Kumar Mohajan,
Rajib Datta, Int. J. Eco. Res., 2012, v3i6, 01-17 ISSN:
2229-6158organizational workload and family related
Barling, J. et al. (ed.) (2004), The Handbook of
Workproblems. 70% of respondents told that their Stress,
Sage, California. Bashir, A. (2007), Employees Stress and
Its Impactstress mainly comes from workload and a on
Their Performance, First Proceedings oflittle bit from
family, 30% told their stress International Conference on
Business andmainly from family related problems and
Technology, 17 December 2007, Iqramoderately from
organizational workload, in University, Islamabad: 156-
161.organizational level 70% of women told that Bharatai,
T.A. and Newman, J.E. (1978), Job Stress, Employee
Health and Organizationalthey feel stress due to social
insecurity, Effectiveness, Personnel Psychology, 31:among
the 40 respondents of organizational 665-669.level 75%
think that due to over control and Cannon W.B. (1918),
Bodily Changes in Pain,excessive supervision they feel
stress. From Hunger, Fear, and Rage: An Account ofthe
study we found that most of the stress Recent Researches
7/28/2019 Stress Mgt Uk Rto
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into the Function of Emotional Excitement, New York:
D.we can minimize by individual approaches. Appleton &
Co.In this study we observed all physicians told Clarke,
S.G. and Cooper, C.L. (2000), The Risk7 ways to control
the stress and among the 7 Management of Occupational
Stress, Health,ways we found Do Nothing is the most Risk
& Society, 2(2): 173-187.popular one and 80% suggest it as
the first Cooper, C.L. (1983), Identifying Stressors at
Work: Recent Research Developments, Journal ofchoice
and scored 4.0 point in the five point Psychosomatic
Research, 27: 369-376.scale, Laugh Out and Rise Relaxed
stood the Cooper, C.L. (1996) The Handbook of Stress,2nd
and 3rd position with 3.5 and 3.0 scale Medicine and
Health, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.point respectively.
Cooper, C.L. and Marshall, J. (1976), Occupational
Sources of Stress: A Review of the Literature Relating to
Coronary HeartCONCLUDING REMARKS Disease and
Mental Ill-health, Journal ofThe study indicates that
nobody can be free Occupational Psychology, 49: 11-
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Sloan, S.J. and Williams, S. (1988),little bit or more.
Managing stress is a Occupational Stress Indicator
Managementcollaborative effort especially within an
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London, MacMillan.organization that helps individual to
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solving in a structured and Cybernetic Framework for the
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