stress final-nep

8/7/2019 stress final-nep

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Stress, Health ,IllnessStress, Health ,Illness

Behavior and DiseaseBehavior and DiseasePreventionPrevention

NURSING ENHANCEMENT

PROGRAM I


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Bio

Psycho

Socio

Cultural

Spiritual being


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Dimensions of Wellness


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Internal Variables:

1. Biologic genetic makeup

age

developmental level

race

gender


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2. Psychologic or Emotional

Mind-body interaction

3. Cognitive or Intellectual

Cognitive abilities Educational background

Past experiences


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4. Spiritual

Spiritual and religious beliefs and values


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External Variables

Physical environment

Standards of living

Family and cultural beliefs

Social support networks


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Basic Human Needs


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something that is desirable, useful or

necessary


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physiologic and psychologic

conditions that an individual must

meet to achieve a state of health orwell-being


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Self -esteem

Love and belonging

Safety and security

Physiologic

Self-

actualization


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Self actualizationSelf-knowledge Aesthetics

Achievement Openness

Universal knowledge

Self-esteemIndependenceCompetence

Exploration

Roles

Motivation

Learning

Leisure

Spiritual beliefs

Love and BelongingLoving: giving and receivingAffection

Intimacy

Sexual expression

Social interaction

Communication

Human caring

Family community

Safety and security

Psychological comfort Comfortableenvironment

Assistance in meeting needs

PhysiologicOxygenation

Nutrition

Elimination

Rest and comfort

Hygiene

Activity

Sexual procreation


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Needs are universal.

Needs may be met in different ways Needs may be stimulated by external

and internal factor

Priorities may be deferred Needs are interrelated


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Health, Wellness, and Illness


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Smiths 4 models of health

1. Clinical Model2. Role Performance Model

3. Adaptive Model

4. Eudemonistic Model


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Leavell and Clarks

5. Agent-Host-Environment Model

6. Health-Illness Continuum


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1. Clinical Model

People viewed as physiologic systems Health identified by the absence of signs and

symptoms of disease or injury


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2. Role Performance Model

Ability to fulfill societal roles Healthy even if clinically ill if roles

fulfilled


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3. Adaptive Model

Creative processDisease is a failure in adaptation or

maladaption

Extreme good health is flexible

adaptation to the environment


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4. Eudemonistic Model

Comprehensive view of health Condition of actualization or

realization of a persons potential

Illness is a condition that prevents self-

actualization


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state the characterized by soundness or

wholeness of developed human structures

and of bodily and mental functioning(Orem)

is a dynamic state in the life cycle;illness is

an interference in the life cycle (King)


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the ability to maintain homeostasis or

dynamic equilibrium (Walter Cannon)

maintained through prevention of

diseases via environmental health factors

(Florence Nightingale)


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viewed in terms of the individuals ability

to perform 14 components of nursing care

unaided (Henderson)

a state of a process of being becoming an

integrated and whole as a person (Roy)


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reflected by the organization, interaction,

interdependence and integration of the

subsystems of the behavioral system(Johnson)


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the condition in which all parts and

subparts of an individual are in harmony

with the whole system (Neuman)


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Integral model of health

person

health


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Stage 4: Dependent client role

Becomes dependent on theprofessional for help

Stage 5: Recovery or rehabilitation

Relinquish the dependent role

Resume former roles and

responsibilities


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Precursor of Illness1. Heredity. e.g. family history for diabetes

mellitus, hypertension, cancer.

2. Behavioral factors. e.g. cigarette smoking,

alcohol abuse, high animal fat intake.

3. Environmental factors. e.g. overcrowding, poor

sanitation, poor supply of potable water.


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1. Loss of Privacy

2. Altered Autonomy

3. Financial burden4. Altered Life-style

5. Family andsignificant others


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An alteration in body function

resulting in reduction of capacities or

a shortening of the normal life span.


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1. Genetic and Physiological Factors

2. Age

3. Environment

4. Lifestyle


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1. Biologic Agents

2. Inherited Generic Defects

3. Physical Agents4. Chemical Agents

5. Tissue response to irritation/injury (fever, inflammation)

6. Faulty chemical or metabolic process

7. Emotional or physical reaction to stress


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According to Etiologic Factors1. Hereditary

2. Congenital

3. Metabolic

4. Deficiency

5. Traumatic


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According to Etiologic Factors6. Allergic

7. Neoplastic

8. Idiopathic

9. Degenerative

10. Iatrogenic


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According to Duration or Onset

1. Acute Illness - short duration and severe

2. Chronic Illness- Slow onset. Persists, usually

longer than 6 months

3. Sub-Acute- Symptoms are pronounced but moreprolonged than the acute disease.


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Other classification:

1. Organic

2. Functional

3. Occupational

4. Sporadic

5. Venereal

6. Familial

7. Epidemic8. Endemic

9. Pandemic


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Health behavior-maintains health, prevent

disease, or treat health problems

Illness behavior-monitoring and using of

health care facilities

Sick role behavior- undertakes activity to

get well


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Disease. Disturbance of structure or of function of

the body or its constituent parts.

Morbidity. Condition of being diseased.

Morbidity Rate. The proportion of disease to health

in a community.

Mortality. Condition or quality of being subject to

death.


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Epidemiology. Study of the patterns of health and

disease, its occurrence and distribution in man, for

the purpose of control and prevention of disease.

Prognosis. Prediction of the course and of a disease,

medical opinion as to the outcome of a disease

process..

Recovery. Implies that the person has no observable

or known after effects from his illness; there is

apparent restoration to the pre-illness state.


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Susceptibility. The degree of resistance the potential

host has against the pathogen.

Etiologic Agent. One that possesses the potential forproducing injury or disease. (e.g. Streptococcus,

Staphylococcus)

Virulence. Relative power or the degree of

pathogenicity of the invading microorganism, the

ability to produce poisons that repel or destroy

phagocytes.


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Symptom. Any disorder of appearance, sensation or function

experienced by the patient indicative of a certain phase of a

disease.

Sign. An objective symptom or objective evidence or physical

manifestation made apparent by special methods of

examination or use of sense.

Syndrome. A set of symptom, the sum of which constituents a

disease.


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Pathology. The branch of medicine which deals with

the cause, nature, treatment and resultant structural

and functional changes of disease.

Diagnosis. Art or act of determining the nature of a

disease, recognition of a diseased state.

Complication. A condition that occurs during or after

the course of an illness.


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1. Primary Prevention Wellness activities

2. Secondary Prevention /HealthMaintenance health maintenance

3. Tertiary Prevention Rehabilitation


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Asepsis

condition in which pathogens are absent or

controlled

2 Types

1. Medical

2. Surgical


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Medical AsepsisSanitizationSanitization reduction of

t e number of

microorganismsDisinfectionDisinfection destruction

of infectious agents onan object

SterilizationSterilization removal ofall microorganisms

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Surgical Asepsis Keep the surgical

environment completely free

of all microorganisms. Sterile technique used for

even minor operation orinjections.

Object is either sterile or notsterile; if unsure then it isnot sterile.


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Bodys Defenses Immunity resistant to pat ogens and t e disease

t ey cause

If defenses are not functioning properly, person will

become susceptible to invasion and infection.

Lines of Defense Skin Normal flora

Staying healthy

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Defenses Against Disease Infection is the

presence of a

pathogen in or on thebody Nonspecific defenses -

mechanisms toprotect us against

pathogens in general

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Nonspecific Defenses

Species resistance

Mechanical barriers

Chemical barriers

Fever

Inflammation

Phagocytosis


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Disease Process Begins with

microorganisms finding

host

Grows with specific

requirements

Proper temperature, pH,

and moisture level

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Damage is caused by: Depleting nutrients

Reproducing themselves

Making body cells the

target of bodys own

defenses

Produce toxins


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Cycle of Infection

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Transmission

Airborne transmission

Blood-borne transmission Ingested transmission

Touching

During pregnancy or birth


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Personal Protective Equipment

Disposable, sterile, exam & utility

gloves Masks and protective eyewear or face

shields

Protective clothing

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Specific Defenses Against Disease

Immunity

Protects the body

against very specificpathogens

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Lymphocytes and

macrophages are the

major cells

Antibodies and

complement are the

major proteinsinvolved in specific

defenses


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Hans Selye: Father of Stress Research Austrian-born,

Canadian physician

Injected ovarian

extracts into rats

attempting to identify

new sex hormone

Discovered triad of

stress effects


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Definition Stress

Non-specific state of physical and

psychological arousal to stressor

Stressor

Any stimulus that triggers stress response


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Three Classification of Stress

EUSTRESS

NEUSTRESS

DISTRESS


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4 Major types of stress1. Frustration blocked goal

2. Conflict two or more incompatible motivations

Approac -approac , approac -avoidance,

avoidance-avoidance

3. C ange aving to adapt

4. Pressure h expectations to behave in certain ways Perform/conform


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Definition

Adaptation

refers to the behavior utilized by an individual I

order to ensure optimal position in health-illness

continuum

change that takes place as a result of the response

to a stressor


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Adaptation Local Adaptation Syndrome

localized response of the body to stress

involves only a specific body part (tissue, organ)instead of the whole body

General Adaptation Syndrome

describes the bodys general response to stress


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Responses to Stress


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Responding to Stress Physiologically

Physiological

Responses

Fight-or-flight

response

Selyes General

Adaptation

Syndrome

STAGE 1

ALARM

STAGE 2

RESISTANCE

STAGE 3

EXHAUSTION


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The Stress Response

(fight or flight response GAS)

Introduced by Walter Cannon

in 1914.

A survival instinct to fight or run.

Meant for physical stressors.


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4Levels of Anxiety

1. Mild-

2. Moderate-

3. Severe-

4. Panic-


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STRESS MANAGEMENT Breathing exercise

Relaxation

Meditation

Psychological counselling


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stress final-nep

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