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STRESS AT WORK
Professor Mare Teichmann
Copyright 2010 Mare Teichmann, Tallinn University of Technology, Institute of Industrial Psychology. All rights reserved
STRESS OUTLINEOUTLINE•• Stress at workStress at work• Fight and flight reaction•• Definiton of work realated stressDefiniton of work realated stress•• StimulusStimulus--response stress reactionresponse stress reaction•• Karasek Model of StressKarasek Model of Stress
• Estonian Occupational Stress Study• Organizational Health Framework• Psycho-Social Risk Factors Indicator (OHI-2)• Coping with stress• Stages of stress and the first aid • Coping strategies: Goal setting, Problem solving, Correction of A-type
behavior (workaholic), Internality, Personality balance, Social support, Work / life balance, Role conflict solving, Self-management: time management, personal financial resources management, emotional management, Self-esteem, Quality of life
Stress at work28% European employees (Cooper, 2002)
20% US employees (RoperASW poll , 2002)
87% Estonians,14% manifest the chronical stress(Saar Poll Ltd., 2002)
38% Estonian employees (Estonian Ministry of Social Affairs ,2002)
Estonian employees manifest stress at work significantly more frequently than European and the US employees.
Stress Stress is a pattern of “stone age” reactions is a pattern of “stone age” reactions that occurs in response to stressor that occurs in response to stressor exposures exposures (stimulus) (stimulus) and prepares the human and prepares the human organism for fight or flight i.e. for physical organism for fight or flight i.e. for physical activity activity (reaction or response)(reaction or response)..
Fight or Flight Reaction
FightFight
Flight Flight
This was adequate when stone-age man was facing a pack of wolves, but not so today when workers arestruggeling to adjust to rotation shifts, highly monotonous and fragmented tasks, or overdemanding tasks and customers.
or
StressWork related stress Work related stress can be defined as a pattern can be defined as a pattern
of of emotional, cognitive, behavioural and emotional, cognitive, behavioural and physiological physiological reactions to adverse and reactions to adverse and noxious aspects of noxious aspects of work content, work work content, work organisation and work environment organisation and work environment (European (European Commission, 1999)Commission, 1999)
* Digital teaching Tools (in Estonian):Occupational stress http://www.pekonsult.ee/digi/stress.htmCoping with stress http://www.pekonsult.ee/digi/toimetulek.htm
Stages of stress and the first aid
1. stage: Honeymoon
2. stage: Oil and waterSatisfaction êEffectiveness êRole behavior êSleep disorders éIrritability éDepressive thoughts éLearned helplessness éMicro-traumatic behavior éSmoking, alcohol, drug abuse éShopping éOvereating é
4. stage: Disease
3. stage: Chronic symptoms
Coping strategiesGoal setting
Problem solvingCorrection of A-type behavior (workaholic)Internality
Personality balanceSocial support
Work / life balanceRole conflict solving
Self -management: time management, personal financial resources management, emotional management
Is Estonian managers’ WLC a stable construct in the dimension of time?
Sample 1 (N=163)
1996
Sample 2(N=164)
2002
Sample 3 (N=309)
2004
Work Locus of Control
47.1 45.9 p = .01 45.1 p = .001
*
Work locus of control lower scores represents internality
We took the mean score from Sample 1 as a standard and compared it with the corresponding mean scores for each other samples to see if there was significant difference.
Mean Scores and Difference Between the Samples of Estonian Managers’
* Source: Teichmann, M. (2006). Professionals' work locus of control and quality of life. International Journal of Psychology, 43(3-4), 812??
Role conflict is a conflict among the roles corresponding to two or more statuses.
Role conflict is a special form of social conflict that takes place when one is forced to take on two different and incompatible roles at the same time.
For example: For example: conflict between the mother’s role and conflict between the mother’s role and work role (the role of nice colleague)work role (the role of nice colleague)
Self-esteemStatus syndromeStatus syndromeSocial status is the position or rank of a person or group
within the society This is myREFERENCE GROUP
I am here
COMPARSION
For example: They do not accept me if I do not have similar car or mobile phone etc.!I can’t identify myself with my reference group if do not have …..
Quality of life
Quality of Life Domains:1. Physical health2. Psychological well -being3. Level of independence4. Social relations5. Environment6. Spirituality / religion / personal beliefs
World Health Organization (WHO) defines quality quality in lifein life as an individual´s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which thei live and in reaction to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns (WHO, 1997).
1. Health2.2. Individual development through learningIndividual development through learning3.3. Employment and quality of working lifeEmployment and quality of working life4.4. Time and leisureTime and leisure5.5. Command over goods and servicesCommand over goods and services6.6. Physical environmentPhysical environment7.7. Personal safety and administration of justicePersonal safety and administration of justice8.8. Social opportunity and inequalitySocial opportunity and inequality
List of social concerns common to most OECD countries, (OECD, 1973)
EU Working Condition Survey1. Relations at work2.2. Skills and prospectsSkills and prospects3.3. Management and leadershipManagement and leadership4.4. Work pressureWork pressure5.5. Autonomy and flexibilityAutonomy and flexibility6.6. RewardsRewards7.7. Pride and working conditionsPride and working conditionsQWL is related toQWL is related to
QoL in generalQoL in generaleconomic measureseconomic measures
stress, health and wellbeing stress, health and wellbeing