©Developing Environmental Law Champions, Train-the-Trainers (TTT) Program 2016. All rights reserved by ADB and IUCNAEL. Presented by Rose-Liza Eisma-Osorio University of Cebu 1 STRENGTHENING CAPACITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC: DEVELOPING ENVIRONMENTAL LAW CHAMPIONS Cebu City, 22-26 August 2016 Session 11: Case Study of Trans-boundary Haze Pollution in ASEAN Countries ©Developing Environmental Law Champions, Train-the-Trainers (TTT) Program 2016. All rights reserved by ADB and IUCNAEL.
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©DevelopingEnvironmentalLawChampions,Train-the-Trainers(TTT)Program2016.AllrightsreservedbyADBandIUCNAEL.
PresentedbyRose-LizaEisma-OsorioUniversityofCebu
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STRENGTHENINGCAPACITYFORENVIRONMENTALLAWINTHEASIA-PACIFIC:DEVELOPINGENVIRONMENTALLAWCHAMPIONS
CebuCity,22-26August2016Session11:CaseStudyofTrans-boundaryHazePollutioninASEANCountries
©DevelopingEnvironmentalLawChampions,Train-the-Trainers(TTT)Program2016.AllrightsreservedbyADBandIUCNAEL.
©DevelopingEnvironmentalLawChampions,Train-the-Trainers(TTT)Program2016.AllrightsreservedbyADBandIUCNAEL.
ObjectiveofthisCaseStudy(1)Toexamine:– The(in)effectivenessof domesticlawsandregionallegalarrangementsuchastheASEANAgreementonTransboundaryHazePollution– PossiblepoliticalandlegalsettlementtotheissueoftransboundaryhazepollutionASEANCountries;– Possibleappropriateremediesornonlegalresponsestothevictimstatescausedbytheforestfiresfromtheirneighbouring countries.
(2)Tounderstand:–Howtousethecomparativelawcase-studiesforanalysingthestrengthsandweaknessesoftheAgreement
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BACKGROUND• Theuseoffiresforlandclearingby‘traditionalfarmers’isacommonpracticein
Asia,buttheynevercausetrans-boundaryhazepollutioninthepast.• Theuseoffiresforlandclearinghasbecomeabigregionalproblemin
SoutheastAsiawhenthebig/industrialpalm-oilplantationstartedoperatinginearly1980’s.
• Every dry season ‘April to August’, Indonesia emits toxic haze in its owndomestic boundary and its neighbours, namely: Malaysia, Singapore & BruneiDarussalam.
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BACKGROUNDvRegionalResponsestothetrans-boundaryhazepollution:ASEANAGREEMENTONTRANSBOUNDARYHAZEPOLLUTION
StatusofsignatureandratificationØ Signedon10June2002inKualaLumpur;Enteredintoforceon25November2003
ØAll10ASEANarepartiestotheAgreement (8membersexceptPhilippinesandIndonesiaratifiedtheAgreementaround2003-2006)– Philippines:ratifiedon1Feb2010,depositwithapprovalbyASEANSecretaryon4March2010
– Indonesiaratifiedon14Oct2014,depositwithapprovalbyASEANSecretaryon20Jan2015
Source:http://haze.asean.org/status-of-ratification/••
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BACKGROUNDØMajorobligationsofPartiesare:– tocooperateindevelopingandimplementingmeasurestoprevent,monitor,andmitigatetransboundaryhazepollutionbycontrollingsourcesoflandand/orforestfires,developmentofmonitoring,assessmentandearlywarningsystems,exchangeofinformationandtechnology,andtheprovisionofmutualassistance;
– (ii)torespondpromptlytoarequestforrelevantinformationsoughtbyaStateorStatesthatareormaybeaffectedbysuchtransboundaryhazepollution,withaviewtominimising theconsequenceofthetransboundaryhazepollution;
– (iii)totakelegal,administrativeand/orothermeasurestoimplementtheirobligationsundertheAgreement
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Big’firesinASEAN1982-831987
1991-19921994-1995,1997-1999March2000
2002RiauandWestKalimantaninJune2004
September-Octoberof2006.6
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MostFirescameFromConcessionAreasofLargePlantationsinIndonesia
©DevelopingEnvironmentalLawChampions,Train-the-Trainers(TTT)Program2016.AllrightsreservedbyADBandIUCNAEL.
2013Fires9
Kalimantan,Indonesia:FireLocationsSeptember14,2015
Source:NOAA
2015Fires
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IndonesiaExportsHazetoMalaysia
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ToSingapore
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SuspectedHazeinCebuCity(October24,2015)
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EMB-7DirectorWilliamCuñado saidthatwiththenewambientairmonitoringresult,itisnowuptoeachindividualtowhetherornottousethemask,butsaidEMB-7continuestorecommendtheuseofN95dustmaskandgogglesespeciallyamongthosewithheartorlungdiseasesandchildren.http://www.cebudailynews.inquirer.net/72228/haze-no-moreOctober27,2015
©DevelopingEnvironmentalLawChampions,Train-the-Trainers(TTT)Program2016.AllrightsreservedbyADBandIUCNAEL.
Bagtasa's carefulanalysisofsatelliteimagesshowedthatthehazefromIndonesiafiresdidindeedreachthePhilippines—acrossVisayas andMindanao,infact—butwastoothintobewidelynoticeableinmostareasexceptCebu."Duetothelocationof(Kabayan)anditsslownorthwestmovement,itcreatedapathwayforacoupleofdaysforthehazetoreachpartsofthePhilippines,“hesaid.
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http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/539618/scitech/weather/why-only-in-cebu-mysterious-haze-explained#sthash.M6F0Ebl0.dpuf,October5,2015
©DevelopingEnvironmentalLawChampions,Train-the-Trainers(TTT)Program2016.AllrightsreservedbyADBandIUCNAEL.
WhatisHAZEPOLLUTION?
• Hazepollution,asdefinedintheASEANTransboundaryHazePollutionAgreement(“THPA”),means:“smokeresultingfromlandand/orforestfire,whichcauses“deleteriouseffectsofsuchnatureastoendangerhumanhealth,harmlivingresources,andecosystemsandmaterialpropertyandimpairorinterferewithamenitiesandotherlegitimateusesoftheenvironment.”
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EffectsofHaze
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§ ThegovernmentofficesandschoolswereclosedduetoblackandtoxichazefromforestfiresinRiauandSumaterain1997-1998,2013,2014and2015.
§ Humanpopulation– healthimpacts
§ EconomyofaffectedCountries–lowerproductivity- loss
§ Visibilityimpairment§ Reductionairquality§ Transportation/Accidents
©DevelopingEnvironmentalLawChampions,Train-the-Trainers(TTT)Program2016.AllrightsreservedbyADBandIUCNAEL.
ECONOMICLOSS
ADBandBAPPENAS(IndonesianNationalDevelopmentAgency)summarisedthateconomiclossdueto1997-1998fireswasUS$9,298million(Indonesia),US$321million(Malaysia)andUS$69.3millionfor(Singapore);
Thereisnocomprehensivedataabouteconomiclossexperiencedbythe4countriesfromforestfiresin2000-2014.
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RelevantFacts
• SomePalmoilcorporationsoperatinginIndonesiaareMalaysianandSingaporeanor/andhaveheadquarterinMalaysiaorSingapore.
• TheuseoffiresisprohibitedbyASEANHazeAgreementandtheNationalLawofIndonesian,MalaysiaandSingapore.
• TheFormerPresidentsofIndonesia(Soeharto,MegawatiandSusiloBambangYudhoyono)haveformallyapologisedtotheHeadofStateandthepeopleofMalaysia,Singapore,andBruneiDarussalamfortheharmtheyexperience;
• Inthelast20years,IndonesianGovernmentfailedtoeffectivelyenforceditsnationallawtobringthecompanieswhoburntheirconcessionstoJustice.(Itisonlylately,theIndonesianGovernmentshowssomekindofseriousnesstoprosecutecompaniesinvolvedinforestfires).
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TotalareaofOilPalmPlantation
• 8MillionHectares(2013)• 13MillionHectares(2020)
• MostofthemarelocatedinSumateraandKalimantan(Borneo)
(Source:MinistryofAgriculture,2013)19
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Indonesia’sPalmOilProductionandExports
2010 2011 2012 2013Production 21.8 23.5 26.5 28.0Export(MT) 15.6 16.5 18.1 21.0Export(USD-Billion)
16.4 20.2 21.6 N/A
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Sources:FAO,IndonesianPalmOilProducersAssociation(Gapki)andIndonesianMinistryofAgriculture
©DevelopingEnvironmentalLawChampions,Train-the-Trainers(TTT)Program2016.AllrightsreservedbyADBandIUCNAEL.
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RelevantLaws• 1985ASEANAgreementontheConservationofNatureand
NaturalResources• 2002ASEANAgreementonTransboundaryHazePollution• LawNo32/2009EnvironmentalManagementandProtectionAct
(Indonesia)• GovernmentRegulationNo.28of1985onForestProtection.
(Indonesia)• LawNo18/2013onPreventionandEradicationofForest
Degradation(Indonesia)• EnvironmentalQualityAct,1974 (Malaysia)• TransboundaryHazePollutionAct,2014(Singapore)
©DevelopingEnvironmentalLawChampions,Train-the-Trainers(TTT)Program2016.AllrightsreservedbyADBandIUCNAEL.
CleanAirActofthePhilippines(RA• Section4– RecognitionofRights– TheStateshallberecognizedandguaranteedbytheState:
a)Therighttobreathecleanair;xx xe)Therighttobeinformedofthenatureandextentofthepotential
hazardofanyactivity…andtobeservedtimelynoticeofanysignificantriseinthelevelofpollutionandtheaccidentalordeliberatereleaseintotheatmosphereofharmfulorhazardoussubstances;
xx xh)Therighttobringactionincourtforcompensationofpersonal
damagesresultingfromtheadverseenvironmentalandpublichealthimpactofaprojectoractivity.
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SomeImportantFeaturesofTHPA• Article7.Monitoring
1.EachPartyshalltakeappropriatemeasurestomonitor:a)allfireproneareas,(b) alllandand/orforestfires,(c)theenvironmentalconditionsconducivetosuchlandand/orforestfires,and(d)hazepollutionarisingfromsuchlandand/orforestfires.x x x
3.TheParties,intheeventthattherearefires,shallinitiateimmediateactiontocontrolortoputoutthefires.
• Article27.SettlementofDisputesAnydisputebetweenPartiesastotheinterpretationorapplicationof,orcompliancewith,thisAgreementoranyprotocolthereto,shallbesettledamicablybyconsultationornegotiation.
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TheASEANWayofDoingThingsMotto:"OneVision,OneIdentity,OneCommunity
BangkokDeclarationof1967– coalitionofnations.TheASEANCharterwhichenteredintoforceon15thDecember2008bestowedalegalpersonalityuponASEAN.
ASEANCoordinatingCouncilcomprisingtheASEANForeignMinisters,amongothers,coordinateswiththethreeASEANCommunityCouncilstoenhancepolicycoherence,
efficiencyandcooperationamongthem.
FormerASEANSecretaryGeneralRodolfoSeverino (1999),said“theStatemembersofASEAN,unlessconsented,cannottakelegalactionsagainstState-partieswhichare
responsibleforcommittingtransboundarypollution.”24
©DevelopingEnvironmentalLawChampions,Train-the-Trainers(TTT)Program2016.AllrightsreservedbyADBandIUCNAEL.
Reflection• Whatkindoflegalactionsthatcanbeused
bythevictimstatestohold‘resourcecountry’/stakeholdersresponsible?
• Whatkindofpositiveengagement/appropriatesolutionthatcanbe“accepted”byIndonesiaandvictimStatestoresolvethisproblem?
• Whatarethelimitations/challengesfortheenforcementofforestfirecasesinIndonesia/Malaysia?
• Whatlessonscanbelearntfromthiscasestudy?
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