Strategies to Manage Bitter Pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples Lailiang Cheng Department of Horticulture Cornell University
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Strategies to Manage Bitter Pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples
Lailiang Cheng Department of Horticulture
Cornell University
2
Bitter Pit
Honeycrisp Bitterpit in Relation to Fruit Ca
Rosenberger et al, 2004
0
20
40
60
80
0.006 0.009 0.012 0.015 0.018
Fruit calcium (%DW)
R2 = 0.48P<0.0001
Bitt
erpi
t (%
)
Bitterpit Susceptibility
Cell plamamembrane Ca level
Fruit Ca level & its balance with other nutrients
Root uptake of Ca and other nutrients
Partitioning btw leaves & fruit
Cellular partitioning in fruit
Leaf Nutrient Levels in Gala and Honeycrisp
X Data
Leaf
N (%
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
X Data
Leaf
P (%
)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Gala HC
Leaf
K (%
)
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
Leaf
S (%
)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
Leaf
Ca
(%)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Gala HC
Leaf
Mg
(%)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
a a a a
A
B BA
A
BA
B
Fruit Nutrient Levels in Gala and Honeycrisp
X Data
Fles
h or
pee
l Ca
(mg/
g)
0
200
400
600
800
Gala-F HC-FGala-PHC-P
Fles
h or
pee
l K(m
g/g)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Fles
h or
Pee
l Mg
(mg/
g)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Gala-F HC-FGala-PHC-P
Fles
h or
Pee
l P(m
g/g)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
ab
x
y
a a
x x
a ya
x
a a y
x
Fruit Nutrient Ratios in Gala and Honeycrisp
X Data
Fles
h or
pee
l K/C
a
0
20
40
60
80
100
Gala-F HC-FGala-PHC-P
Fles
h or
pee
l Mg/
Ca
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Fles
h or
Pee
l (K
+Mg)
/Ca
0
20
40
60
80
100
Gala-F HC-FGala-PHC-P
Fles
h or
Pee
l P/C
a
0
2
4
6
8
b
a
yx
b
a
yx
by
a
xb
a
y
x
Peel Nutrient Levels in Honeycrisp fruit Pe
el C
a (m
g/g)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
CK BPH BP
Peel
K (m
g/g)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Peel
Mg
(mg/
g)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
CK BPH BP
Peel
P (m
g/g)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
ab
c
cb
a
b ba
cb
a
Peel Nutrient Ratios in Honeycrisp fruit Pe
el K
/Ca
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
CK BPH BP
Peel
Mg/
Ca
0
2
4
6
8
Peel
(K+M
g)/C
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
CK BPH BP
Peel
P/C
a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
c
a
b
c
a
b
cb
a
cb
a
Conclusions
• Less Ca is partitioned to fruit in ‘Honeycrip’ than in ‘Gala’
• Imbalances of Ca with K, Mg and P are closely associated with bitterpit
Rootstock effects on peel nutrient ratios in Honeycrisp & Gala Pe
el K
/Ca
0
10
20
30
40
b
cb b
a a a a
B9 G11 G41 M9
Peel
Mg/
Ca
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
b
d cdc
a a a a
Peel
(K+M
g)/C
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
b
cb b
a a a a
B9 G11 G41 M9
Peel
P/C
a
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
b
cc c
a a a a
GalaHC
Rootstock Effects on Bitter Pit Incidence of Honeycrisp
B.9 G.11 G.41 M.9
Bitt
er p
it in
cide
nce
(%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
ab
ab
b
a
B.9 G.11 G.41 M.9Pe
el M
olar
(K+M
g+P)
/Ca
0
10
20
30
40
50ab ab
b
a
!
2013 Incidence of ‘Honeycrisp’ Bitter Pit (Sparta)
PiAu.51-11
CG.5087
G.41TC
Supporter.3
From Dr. Greg Lang
Incidence of Bitter Pit (%)
Rootstock 2013 2015 2016
Low Bitter Pit
Bud.9 <1 <2 <4
PiAu.9-90 <1 <1 <4
CG.4003* (n=4) 0 <2 <1
High Bitter Pit
PiAu.51-11 ~8 54 24
Supporter.3 ~17 53 6
CG.5087 ~20 15 15
G.41TC ~8 15 3
Bitter pit incidence in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples from trees on rootstocks selected for low or high incidence
(Based on data from 2013, 2015 & 2016)
From Dr. Greg Lang
Bitter Pit in Relation to Cropload in Honeycrisp
Courtesy of Dr. Jim Schupp
Ferguson & Watkins 1992
Cropload Effects on Fruit Nutrients and Bitterpit
Management Strategies
• Adjust soil pH to ensure adequate Ca supply in soil
• Promote and maintain root growth and Ca uptake (B, Zn, water availability)
• Control tree vigor to mitigate competition with fruit for Ca.
• Avoid low cropload situation • Strictly control K (N, Mg and P) to balance
fruit Ca with K.
Calcium Sprays
• 4 sprays of 1.5 to 2 lbs of CaCl2 (78%) or its equivalent per 100 gallons (dilute basis) at 10 to 14 day intervals beginning 7 to 10 days after petal fall.
• 2 sprays of 3 to 4 lbs per 100 gallons at 2 week intervals starting from mid-season. This program provides 3.4-4.5 lbs of actual Ca per acre
18
Elemental Ca applied (lbs/A)
0 2 4 6 8
Bitte
r Pit
(%)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Bitterpit Occurrence vs. Amount of Ca Applied
Rosenberger et al, 2004
Effects of ABA sprays on Bitter Pit in Honeycrisp
Geneva, NY - 2015Poliana Francescatto
Partitioning of a Water Soluble Dye, Acid Fuchsin
Untreatedcontrol ABA(350ppm)
Poliana Francescatto
Acknowledgments
§ Terence Robinson, Poliana Francescatto, Greg Lang, Phil Schwallier, Chris Watkins, Dave Rosenberger, Steve Hoying, Mario Miranda Sazo, Huaiyu Ma, Yongzhang Wang, Hufeng Li & Kaspar Kuehn
§ Vandewalle Fruit Farm, Van Well Nursery and other cooperating growers
§ USDA NIFA SCRI Apple Rootstock Project, NY Apple Research & Development Program, and Hatch Funds
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