Strategies for Management of Helicoverpa armigera HC Sharma, GV Ranga Rao, MK Dhillon, S Gopalakrishna, CLL Gowda, PM Gaur, RK Varshney, KK Sharma, P Bhatnagar-Mathur, HD Upadhyaya, N Mallikarjuna, KB Saxena, RK Srivastava, and S Tripathi International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India Helicoverpa armigera is the most important pest of field crops in Asia, Africa, and Australia (Plate 1). It causes annual losses of over US$2 billion, in addition to over US$500 million worth of insecticides that are used to control this pest. Plate 1. Helicoverpa damage in pigeonpea and chickpea. Biology and nature of damage Female moths lay eggs on flowers and pods (Plate 2). Young larvae feed on the flowers, while the older larvae feed on the developing pods. A female lays 500 to 2000 eggs, and one generation is completed in 30 - 40 days. The insect moves across crops, and also migrates over long distances. Pigeonpea Plate 2. Adults (A) and eggs (B) of Helicoverpa. Strategies for management A Light trap Pheromone trap Plate 3. Light and pheromone traps to monitor H. armigera populations. Host plant resistance (HPR) Varieties such as ICPL 332 (Plate 5A), ICPL 84060, ICPL 187-1, and ICP 7203-1 in pigeonpea, and ICC 506, ICCV 10, and ICCV 7 in chickpea are resistant to Helicoverpa damage. The resistance genes from the wild relatives such as Cajanus scarabaeoides (Inset: Plate 5A) and C. sericeus in pigeonpea; and Cicer reticulatum and C. judaicum (Plate 5B) in chickpea can be transferred into the cultivated varieties to increase the levels of resistance to this pest. Transgenic plants having Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and trypsin inhibitor genes (Plate 5C) are being developed for controlling Helicoverpa. Efforts are also being made to use molecular markers for developing plants with resistance to Helicoverpa (Plate 6). Plate 4. Cultural and mechanical methods of Helicoverpa management. Cultural and mechanical control Helicoverpa populations can be monitored through visual counts or light and pheromone traps (Plate 3). Two eggs per meter row or 2 small larvae per plant in cotton, one egg or a small larva per plant in pigeonpea, and one larva per meter row in chickpea can be used as economic thresholds. Marigold as a trap crop Shaking pigeonpea plants to dislodge Helicoverpa larvae Deep plowing and interculture reduce survival of Helicoverpa. Marigold (Plate 4A), sesame and sunflower can be used as strip/trap crops. Sorghum, mungbean and soyabean can be used as intercrops with pigeonpea and cotton, and coriander with chickpea. Helicoverpa larvae can also be dislodged from pigeonpea by shaking the plants (Plate 4B) at the podding stage. Plate 5. Exploitation of wild relatives [A = pigeonpea, Cajanus scarabaeoides, and B = chickpea, C. judaicum] and transgenic plants (C) for resistance to Helicoverpa. Plate 6. Inter-specific genetic linkage map of chickpea. For more information write to HC Sharma – Principal Scientist (Entomology) Email: [email protected] Nov 2009 A B C Plate 7. Natural enemies for the biological control of Helicoverpa armigera. Campoletis Yellow wasp Chrysopa Plate 8. Control of Helicoverpa armigera using biopesticides and synthetic insecticides. Insecticide spraying in pigeonpea using protective clothing (Inset: neem fruits) B Biological control Apanteles, Carcelia, Sturmiopsis, Campoletis and Enicospilus are important parasitoids of Helicoverpa; while Chrysoperla, yellow wasps, drongos and egrets are important predators of Helicoverpa larvae (Plate 7). Biopesticides, natural plant products and synthetic insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis (1 kg ha -1 ), NPV (250-500 LE ha -1 ) (Plate 8A), and neem (1% oil or 5% kernel extract) can be used to control Helicoverpa. Synthetic insecticides such as endosulfan (500-750 g), methomyl (250-350 g), thiodicarb (500 g), spinosad (150 ml), indoxacarb (500 ml), or cypermethrin/fenvalerate (75-100 g) ha -1 are quite effective for controlling this pest. Insecticides with ovicidal action are more effective during the flowering stage. Use proper application equipment and target the spray to flowers/pods/bolls (Plate 8B). B Chickpea Helicoverpa larva infected by NPV (Inset: Metarrhizium infected larva A
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Strategies for Management of Helicoverpa armigera
HC Sharma, GV Ranga Rao, MK Dhillon, S Gopalakrishna, CLL Gowda, PM Gaur, RK Varshney, KK Sharma, P Bhatnagar-Mathur, HD Upadhyaya, N Mallikarjuna, KB Saxena, RK Srivastava, and S Tripathi
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India
Helicoverpa armigera is the most important pest of field crops in Asia, Africa, and Australia (Plate 1). It causes annual losses of over US$2 billion, in addition to over US$500 million worth of insecticides that are used to control this pest.
Plate 1. Helicoverpa damage in pigeonpea and chickpea.
Biology and nature of damageFemale moths lay eggs on flowers and pods (Plate 2). Young larvae feed on the flowers, while the older larvae feed on the developing pods. A female lays 500 to 2000 eggs, and one generation is completed in 30 - 40 days. The insect moves across crops, and also migrates over long distances.
Pigeonpea
Plate 2. Adults (A) and eggs (B) of Helicoverpa.
Strategies for management
A
Light trap Pheromone trap
Plate 3. Light and pheromone traps to monitor H. armigera populations.
Host plant resistance (HPR)Varieties such as ICPL 332 (Plate 5A), ICPL 84060, ICPL 187-1, and ICP 7203-1 in pigeonpea, and ICC 506, ICCV 10, and ICCV 7 in chickpea are resistant to Helicoverpa damage. The resistance genes from the wild relatives such as Cajanus scarabaeoides (Inset: Plate 5A) and C. sericeus in pigeonpea; and Cicer reticulatum and C. judaicum (Plate 5B) in chickpea can be transferred into the cultivated varieties to increase the levels of resistance to this pest. Transgenic plants having Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and trypsin inhibitor genes (Plate 5C) are being developed for controlling Helicoverpa. Efforts are also being made to use molecular markers for developing plants with resistance to Helicoverpa (Plate 6).
Plate 4. Cultural and mechanical methods of Helicoverpa management.
Cultural and mechanical control
Helicoverpa populations can be monitored through visual counts or light and pheromone traps (Plate 3). Two eggs per meter row or 2 small larvae per plant in cotton, one egg or a small larva per plant in pigeonpea, and one larva per meter row in chickpea can be used as economic thresholds.
Marigold as a trap cropShaking pigeonpea plants to dislodge Helicoverpa larvae
Deep plowing and interculture reduce survival of Helicoverpa. Marigold (Plate 4A), sesame and sunflower can be used as strip/trap crops. Sorghum, mungbean and soyabean can be
used as intercrops with pigeonpea and cotton, and coriander with chickpea. Helicoverpa larvae can also be dislodged from pigeonpea by shaking the plants (Plate 4B) at the podding stage.
Plate 5. Exploitation of wild relatives [A = pigeonpea, Cajanus scarabaeoides, and B = chickpea, C. judaicum] and transgenic plants (C) for resistance to Helicoverpa.
Plate 6. Inter-specific genetic linkage map of chickpea.
For more information write to HC Sharma – Principal Scientist (Entomology) Email: [email protected]
Nov 2009
A B C
Plate 7. Natural enemies for the biological control of Helicoverpa armigera.
CampoletisYellow wasp Chrysopa
Plate 8. Control of Helicoverpa armigera using biopesticides and synthetic insecticides.
Insecticide spraying in pigeonpea using protective clothing (Inset: neem fruits)
B
Biological control
Apanteles, Carcelia, Sturmiopsis, Campoletis and Enicospilus are important parasitoids of Helicoverpa; while Chrysoperla, yellow wasps, drongos and egrets are important predators of Helicoverpa larvae (Plate 7).
Biopesticides, natural plant products and synthetic insecticidesBacillus thuringiensis (1 kg ha-1), NPV (250-500 LE ha-1) (Plate 8A), and neem (1% oil or 5% kernel extract) can be used to control Helicoverpa. Synthetic insecticides such as endosulfan (500-750 g), methomyl (250-350 g), thiodicarb (500 g), spinosad (150 ml), indoxacarb (500 ml), or cypermethrin/fenvalerate (75-100 g) ha-1 are quite effective for controlling this pest. Insecticides with ovicidal action are more effective during the flowering stage. Use proper application equipment and target the spray to flowers/pods/bolls (Plate 8B).
B
Chickpea
Helicoverpa larva infected by NPV (Inset: Metarrhizium
infected larva
A
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