Strategies e Actions on Waste for Sustainable Cities - Atilio Salvino

HUMANIDADE 2012

STRATEGIES AND ACTIONS ON WASTE FOR SUSTAINABLE CITIES

ATILIO SAVINO

JUNE 22, 2012FORTE DE COPACABANA - RJ

CONTENTS

a) Rationaleb) Waste generationc) Megacitiesd) Globalizatione) Adaptationf) Mitigationg) NAMA´sh) TSU

WASTE GENERATIONWaste Generation Projections for 2025 by Region

Source: “WHAT A WASTE - A Global Review of Solid Waste Management” The World Bank , March 2012

WASTE GENERATIONWaste Generation Projections for 2025 by Income

Source: “WHAT A WASTE - A Global Review of Solid Waste Management” The World Bank , March 2012

MEGACITIES

Source: Urban World: Mapping the Economic Power of Cities, Mc Kinsey, March 2011

GLOBALIZATION

Megacities are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters because (Wisner, 2003) their scale and geographic complexity make it difficult to provide the lifeline and transportation infrastructure necessary for risk reduction. Many mega-cities are located in geographically hazardous locations such as coastal areas or seismically active zones, making them susceptible to floods, storm surges, wild fires, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes.

ADAPTATION CHALLENGE IS UNDERESTIMATED

•13/20 megacities incoastal areas•Low-lying areas 2% of area: 13% of population•2005: 5/10 most populous cities exposed to coastal flooding•2070: 9/10 most populous cities exposed to coastal flooding

ADAPTATION – MITIGATION & PSYCHOLOGY

ASSESSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY

THE EXAMPLE OF FLOODPLAINS

SOURCE – PATH – TARGET EVENTS

ADAPTIVE MEASURES AND THEIR EFFECTS

BUT…

MITIGATIONThe magnitude of GHG reduction by waste management

The example of Europe What the EU has done

Regulation and investment in waste management

Prevention, minimization, reuse, recycling and energetic valorization activities and gradual reduction of landfilling

will make the municipal waste sector a net GHG reducer in 2012-2020.

Mitigation is very successfull Decline of EU municipal waste

emissions between 1990-2007 from 69 to 32 million tonnes of CO2

Waste management GHG reductions could potentially account for 18% of the EU’s Kyoto target for 2020

This can be replicated worldwide UNEP (2010) on Waste and Climate

Change: … the waste sector is in a unique

position to move from being a minor source of global emissions to becoming a major saver of emissions

NAMA´s

In 2007, the Bali Action Plan introduced the notion of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) as a central concept for the consolidation of the international climate regime (UNFCCC, 2008).

The purpose was targeting actions that other mechanisms, such as the CDM, have failed to develop at the required scale as well as engaging developing countries efforts to mitigate global climate change.

Countries are currently trying to agree on how support for NAMAs can be realised and according to available information, currently there are at least 52 NAMAs having been developed at the preparation stage.

Background

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides a way for developed countries to help meet emissions limits committed under the Kyoto Protocol through purchase of additional project-based emissions reductions from developing countries.

NAMAs, on the other hand, were primarily conceived as a way for developing countries—with financial and technological support from the international community—to make progress in reducing their own domestic greenhouse gas emissions from one or more emitting sectors.

NAMAs and the CDM

1. There is currently no internationally agreed definition of a NAMA outside of text that is still under negotiation in the UNFCCC. As such NAMAs as a vehicle to achieve reductions of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change mitigation is being built , standardized and agreed upon in climate negotiations.

2. A number of subtly different descriptions exist, mostly based on that text.

3. The Cancun Agreements (UNFCCC, 2011b) refer to NAMAs in, inter alia, the following:

1/CP.16-48. Agrees that developing country Parties will take nationally appropriate mitigation actions in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building, aimed at achieving a deviation in emissions relative to ‘business as usual’ emissions in 2020.

The NAMA concept

1. The broad definition of NAMAs and the wide variation of Party submissions (and negotiating positions) could mean that NAMAs have potential to develop into a widely applicable instrument.

2. Notwithstanding the fact that there is a wide applicability for NAMAS, key components of the instrument are provision of financial and technological support from developed countries to implement NAMAs.

3. Initially capacity building for NAMA preparation and studies aimed at identifying, prioritizing, and selecting NAMAs is being undertaken by different UN agencies with funding provided by some developed countries.

The NAMA concept

1. NAMAs have been categorized as follows:

- Unilateral NAMAs: mitigation actions undertaken by developing countries on their own- Supported NAMAs: mitigation actions in developing countries, supported by direct climate finance from Annex I countries (in the following called ‘directly supported NAMAs’)

- Credited NAMAs: mitigation actions in developing countries, which generate credits to be sold on the carbon market (e.g. sectoral crediting).

The NAMA concept

The three categories of NAMAs

1. There is a common understanding that the financing structure of a NAMA may consist of:

i. Domestic funding by the developing country (so-called ‘unilateral NAMAs’);

ii. international support(‘supported NAMAs’); and,iii. income from a market based mechanism ( ‘credited NAMAs’).

2. Unilateral NAMAs could include actions that do not pose an undue burden on the government budget or actions undertaken primarily fordevelopment reasons.

3. Funds for internationally supported NAMAs could be allocated directly, on a bilateral basis, or through an international fund such as the Green Climate Fund (GCF) that has been established following the Cancun and Durban Agreements (UNFCCC).

FINANCING

1. Income from market-based mechanisms could take the form of resources incoming from a carbon market, similar to the one created by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) offset system and the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS).

2. However, in terms of scale NAMAs would be going far beyond the project or even Programme of Activities scale (under the CDM), to the economy wide or sector wide level.

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Objectives

ISWA should play a leading role in contributing to identify, develop and implement NAMAs in developing countries.

Use the the capacity to be installed at the TSU to prepare NAMAs proposals for developing countries consideration and identify as well as facilitate access to funding.

Disseminate information and provide inputs on the evolution of the climate change negotiation process

ISWA Technical Support Unit (TSU)

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Implementation

In the first stage an expert team will be established to interact with national designated authorities and climate change focal points, identify and consider opportunities for NAMAs in the waste sector, elaborate NAMAs proposals and identify funding sources and options.

In the second stage an additional ISWA staff member will be responsible for the project management of the NAMAs support activities and cooperation with the expert team.

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Benefits (institutional)

Expanded awareness of opportunities to mitigate climate change through national actions in the waste sector, in particular in developing countries.

Demonstration, via NAMAs, of the contribution of the waste management activities to sustainable development and the transition to a green economy

Strengthening waste management in the international arena in sustainability issues and ISWA facilitative role in addressing climate change by providing technical support to developing countries

Quantitative empirical indicators of the positive contribution of waste management in mitigation of climate change

THANK YOU.

Atilio [email protected]