Strategic Plan for Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

Wednesday, 12/12/2007, FYROM Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

Strategic Plan for Strategic Plan for Prevention of Prevention of

Contamination from Contamination from Mining & Mining &

Metallurgical Metallurgical Industries in FYROMIndustries in FYROMPresentation by Prof. D. PaniasPresentation by Prof. D. Panias

Project coordinatorProject coordinator


With the PREWARC ProjectWith the PREWARC Project

The most important environmental The most important environmental problems fromproblems from

Mining & Metallurgical activities were Mining & Metallurgical activities were revealedrevealed


With this presentation a Strategic With this presentation a Strategic Plan for the minimization of wastes Plan for the minimization of wastes from Mining & Metallurgical from Mining & Metallurgical Activities in FYROM based on IPPC Activities in FYROM based on IPPC Directives is Directives is proposedproposed


What is a Strategic Plan?What is a Strategic Plan?

An intended Action Plan that could be An intended Action Plan that could be adopted in order toadopted in order to

Minimize the interactions between Mining Minimize the interactions between Mining & Metallurgical industries with & Metallurgical industries with Environment Environment

SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT


Mining ActivitiesMining Activities

• Management of Waste rock

• Management of Flotation Tailings

• Actions for closure and after care


Mining activities- Treatment Mining activities- Treatment of Solidsof Solids

Waste RockWaste Rock

1. Prevention of ARD 1. Prevention of ARD generationgenerationa. Covers (a. Covers (Water, dry, oxygen Water, dry, oxygen

consuming covers) consuming covers) b. Raised groundwater tableb. Raised groundwater tablec. De-pyritizationc. De-pyritizationd. d. Selective material handlingSelective material handling

2. Control ARD impact2. Control ARD impacta. a. Addition of alkaline additivesAddition of alkaline additivesb. Compaction and ground sealingb. Compaction and ground sealing


Treatment of SolidsTreatment of SolidsWaste RockWaste Rock

3. Apply treatment options3. Apply treatment options

Passive treatment (wetlands or anoxic Passive treatment (wetlands or anoxic limestone drains [open or anoxic]limestone drains [open or anoxic] ))

Active treatment in a water treatment Active treatment in a water treatment plantplant

If none of the above, If none of the above, thenthen


Mining activities -Treatment Mining activities -Treatment of Solidsof Solids

Tailings

Any action that Any action that

managemanagess tailings in tailings in mined-out mined-out pitspits or in dams or in dams

divertdivertss natural external run-off natural external run-off, , applappliesies a safety factor of a safety factor of at least 1.3 toat least 1.3 to

all dams during operationall dams during operation and and carrcarriesies out out progressiveprogressive restoration/revegetationrestoration/revegetation

Is suitableIs suitable


Treatment of Flotation Treatment of Flotation tailings & Waste watertailings & Waste water

Case study from INTREAT projectCase study from INTREAT project


V. K. copper mine

Tailings dump

Waste rock heap

Cu concentrate

FlotationProcess

Recycled water

Tailings

copper smelter

Backfill

Drainage Saraka

wastewater

Neutralization

Open pit wastewat

er

Discharging to natural receivers

Old Boropen pit

Sludge

ore

recycling


Mining ActivitiesMining Activities

Closure and After Care of ARD potential waste rock and

flotation tailings management facilities


Closure and After Care – Closure and After Care – Operating MinesOperating Mines

Develop closure and after care plans Develop closure and after care plans during the planning phase of the operation during the planning phase of the operation

Update them over timeUpdate them over time


Closure and After Care –Closure and After Care –Closed minesClosed mines

Care for Acid Generation Control Care for Acid Generation Control

MonitoringMonitoring


Metallurgical ActivitiesMetallurgical Activities

• Emissions

• Dusts

• Slags



EmissionsEmissions


Gas emissions treatment- Gas emissions treatment- PCDD/F & PCBPCDD/F & PCB

PCDD/F & PCB

1. End of Pipe Techniques1. End of Pipe TechniquesWell optimised Post-Combustion followed by Well optimised Post-Combustion followed by

rapid cooling rapid cooling - full combustion of CO and H2 in order to - full combustion of CO and H2 in order to

avoid uncontrollable reactions in gas cleaning avoid uncontrollable reactions in gas cleaning equipment equipment

- reduction of organic compounds emissions - reduction of organic compounds emissions

and/or and/or

Injection of lignite dust before entering the bag Injection of lignite dust before entering the bag filterfilter


Gas emissions treatment- Gas emissions treatment- heavy metalsheavy metals

Heavy metals

1. End of pipe techniques- 1. End of pipe techniques- AbatementAbatement

Collection in high performance fabric Collection in high performance fabric filtersfilters



Dusts


DustsDustsDusts

Hoods or complete evacuation of Hoods or complete evacuation of the unitthe unit

1. Process Integrated Techniques – 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of dustMinimization of dust

2. End of pipe Techniques – 2. End of pipe Techniques – Abatement & Treatment of dustsAbatement & Treatment of dusts

Fabric filters, Wet scrubbing, Fabric filters, Wet scrubbing, Dusts Re-use (eg. Cement Dusts Re-use (eg. Cement additive)/Recycling, Controlled additive)/Recycling, Controlled disposal disposal



Slag


Treatment of slagTreatment of slagSlag

Recycling, Re-useRecycling, Re-useControlled disposalControlled disposal

1. Process Integrated Techniques – 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of slag generationMinimization of slag generation

2. End of pipe Techniques – 2. End of pipe Techniques – TreatmentTreatment

Re-design of Re-design of processprocess


Energy ProductionEnergy ProductionLignite & Coal Combustion PlantsLignite & Coal Combustion Plants

• Emissions

• Fly Ash

• Wastewaters


Energy ProductionEnergy Production

Emissions


Gas emissions -SOGas emissions -SO22

SO2

1. End of pipe Techniques – 1. End of pipe Techniques – Treatment of gasesTreatment of gases

Flue-gas desulphurizationFlue-gas desulphurization

(wet scrubbing [lime/limestone], (wet scrubbing [lime/limestone], spray dry scrubbing using spray dry scrubbing using lime slurry, dry sorbent lime slurry, dry sorbent injection of lime slurry)injection of lime slurry)

Combined techniques for the Combined techniques for the reduction of NOreduction of NOxx and SO and SO22


Gas emissions treatment Gas emissions treatment - NO- NOxxNOx

Air / fuel staging, Air / fuel staging,

Low NOLow NOxx burner burner

1.1.Process Integrated Techniques – Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of NOxMinimization of NOx

Waste gas de-nitrification (high cost)Waste gas de-nitrification (high cost) selective catalytic reduction by NHselective catalytic reduction by NH33 or urea to N or urea to N22 and H and H22O O (170 - 500(170 - 500ooC)C) selective non catalytic reduction by NHselective non catalytic reduction by NH33 to N to N22 and H and H22O (850 O (850 – 1100– 1100ooC)C)


Combined techniques for the reduction of NOCombined techniques for the reduction of NOxx and and SOSO22

activated carbon process with NHactivated carbon process with NH33 injection injection high surface area alumina processhigh surface area alumina process


Gas emissions treatment Gas emissions treatment - CO- COCO

Complete CombustionComplete Combustion

Well optimized system for the reduction of Well optimized system for the reduction of NONOxx emissions emissions

1. Process Integrated Techniques – 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Minimization of CO generationMinimization of CO generation



Energy productionEnergy production

Fly ash


Waste solids treatment- Waste solids treatment- fly ashfly ashFly ash

Controlled landfill

Re-use

Pretreatment Pretreatment – – Immobilization of Immobilization of pollutantspollutants

Landfill according to Landfill according to Council Directive Council Directive 1993/31/EC1993/31/EC

Sorption process

products

Gypsum

lignite coal lignite coal

Construction industry

Concrete additive (disregarding "Flual")

Lightweight aggregates for concrete

Foam mortar, porous concrete

High performanve concrete

"Flual" production

Blend additive in the cement industry

Raw meal consituent in the cement industry

Cement additive to delay setting

I solation walls

Construction gypsum

Ceramic industry

Road building and landscaping

Dam construction with the RCC (Roller Compacted Concrete) technique

Filler for bituminous surfacing, bonding layers and sub- base binders

Ground stabilisation, loose building materials for earth work and road

construction

Sound proofing

Landfill technology, waste treatment

Landfill

Hazardous substance immobilisation

Lining material for landfill bottom lining

Surface filter for landfill sealing

Sewage sludge conditioning

Base material for biological waste water cleaning

Filler for pipeline ditches

Stabilised ash cement mixture

Ditch filling

Other methods of utilisation

Reclamation material in mining

Zeolite production

Alpha- and beta- half hydrate production

Filling material in the paper industry

Production of anhydrite

"Muller- Kuhne- process"

Thermal recovery

Flue- gas desulphurisation

Fly ash Bottom ash

Sorption process

products

Gypsum

lignite coal lignite coal

Construction industry

Concrete additive (disregarding "Flual")

Lightweight aggregates for concrete

Foam mortar, porous concrete

High performanve concrete

"Flual" production

Blend additive in the cement industry

Raw meal consituent in the cement industry

Cement additive to delay setting

I solation walls

Construction gypsum

Ceramic industry

Road building and landscaping

Dam construction with the RCC (Roller Compacted Concrete) technique

Filler for bituminous surfacing, bonding layers and sub- base binders

Ground stabilisation, loose building materials for earth work and road

construction

Sound proofing

Landfill technology, waste treatment

Landfill

Hazardous substance immobilisation

Lining material for landfill bottom lining

Surface filter for landfill sealing

Sewage sludge conditioning

Base material for biological waste water cleaning

Filler for pipeline ditches

Stabilised ash cement mixture

Ditch filling

Other methods of utilisation

Reclamation material in mining

Zeolite production

Alpha- and beta- half hydrate production

Filling material in the paper industry

Production of anhydrite

"Muller- Kuhne- process"

Thermal recovery

Flue- gas desulphurisation

Fly ash Bottom ash


Energy productionEnergy production

Waste waters


Waste water treatmentWaste water treatment

1. Process Integrated Techniques – 1. Process Integrated Techniques – Reduced waste water dischargeReduced waste water discharge

2. End of pipe Techniques – 2. End of pipe Techniques – TreatmentTreatmentFlocculation Flocculation

NeutralizationNeutralization

Sedimentation Ammonia Sedimentation Ammonia reductionreduction

Recirculation FiltrationRecirculation Filtration

Ion exchange Oil removalIon exchange Oil removal

Re-design of Re-design of processprocess


Treatment of oil Treatment of oil contaminated watercontaminated water

Oil contaminated waterGravity separation of free oil, Gravity separation of free oil,

Emulsion breaking, using emulsion breaking Emulsion breaking, using emulsion breaking chemicals, chemicals,

Removal of oil by skimming tanks or any other Removal of oil by skimming tanks or any other effective device,effective device,

Storage facilities for the skimmed oil and the Storage facilities for the skimmed oil and the sludge if the oil cannot be recycled sludge if the oil cannot be recycled immediately,immediately,

Waste oil to be used as fuel in cement kilns as Waste oil to be used as fuel in cement kilns as well as in other sectors (blast furnaces, well as in other sectors (blast furnaces, ceramic and brick kilns, lime kilns),ceramic and brick kilns, lime kilns),

Disposal in landfills is illegalDisposal in landfills is illegal

Strategic Plan for Prevention of Contamination from Mining & Metallurgical Industries in FYROM

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