Strategic Analysis of Inductive Charging for Global Electric Vehicles (EV) Market Executive Summary M9B8-18 January 2014
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Strategic Analysis of Inductive Charging for Global Electric
Vehicles (EV) Market Executive Summary
M9B8-18
January 2014
2 M9B8-18
Executive Summary—Key Findings By 2020, inductive charging is likely to account for 3.3% of both public and residential charging,
with Europe leading the way due to active participation from local suppliers and OEMs.
Region Level
Europe is expected to emerge as a market leader in inductive charging solutions by 2020
with 62% market share, followed by the United States. The main reason is the high
adoption rate of electric vehicles and technological advancements by European Original
Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) such as Volvo Car Corporation, BMW AG, and Daimler
AG, and suppliers such as Bombardier and Qualcomm.
Total Market
The total market for inductive charging is expected to witness a CAGR of 126.6% from
2012 to 2020. Approximately 351,900 units are expected to be sold globally by 2020, with
California having the highest number of charging stations in the United States and the
United Kingdom leading in Europe.
Inductive charging is available as an aftermarket option for Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt
at a price of $3,900–4,000, including installation. However, it will be available as an inbuilt
solution in the premium segment cars by 2015, with Infiniti LE EV being the 1st vehicle to
offer it as an option.
Technology
Adoption
Market participants from various verticals such as telecom, industrial automation, and
utilities are transforming the industry by establishing their presence. The trend is towards
partnering with OEMs at a testing phase, to evaluate the technology.
Key
Participants
Inductive Charging for EV Market: Key Findings, Global, 2012
Source: Frost & Sullivan
3 M9B8-18
Parameters Current Future
Market Status
The market is in a nascent stage, and has
started evolving. However, tremendous research
is being conducted, and aftermarket products
are available.
The market will evolve post-2014;
approximately 351,900 units are
expected to be sold by 2020.
Competition
There is only 1 company offering aftermarket
solution which is popular amongst EVs in North
America; no OEM is offering it as an built-in
solution.
The first EV to have an inductive
charging as a built-in solution is
expected to be Infiniti LE. However,
premium OEMs will also offer it as a
feature.
Technology
Magnetic resonance technology is used in the
stationary applications of inductive charging, and
is expected to be adopted by all inductive
charging developers.
Inductive charging in stationary
application will be popular. However,
dynamic charging or on-the-move
charging will be popular post-2020,
which will be mainly used by public
transport.
Entry to Market
The availability of inductive charging stations will
be through automakers and certified installers of
inductive charging solution.
Most of the OEMs will offer inductive
charging on cars as it will gain
importance post-2016.
Executive Summary—Key Findings and Future Outlook Inductive charging will be popular post-2015 as it will become a feature that will be available
with an EV.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Inductive Charging for EV Market: Future Outlook, Global, 2012-2020
4 M9B8-18
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
China Europe North America Other APAC*
Un
its
(M
illi
on
)
PHEV NEV/QC eREV BEV
56.3%
6.6%
37.1%
61.7%
9.5%
7.8%
21.0%
41.8%
12.0%
2.6%
43.6%
56.7%
1.8%
36.5%
4.9%
51%
34.4%
2012
1.85 Million
2018
119,800
2018
Executive Summary—EV Breakdown by Region PHEVs and eREVs are expected to dominate with over 42% share by 2018 because of the
elimination of range anxiety.
*Other APAC – Australia, Japan, India and South Korea
The base year is 2012. Source: Frost & Sullivan
EV Market: Sales Estimates, Global, 2012–2018
53.7%
8.3%
3.5%
PHEV – Plugin Hybrid Electric Vehicles eREV – Extended Range Electric Vehicles
NEV – Neighborhood Electric Vehicles BEV – Battery Electric Vehicles
QC - Quadracycles
39.2%
23.2%
9.4%
27.9%
5 M9B8-18
Executive Summary—Inductive Charging Sales Estimates Globally, up to 3.8 kW* inductive charging stations are expected to be widely used in next 5-7
years, mainly for residential applications.
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
Europe North America APAC
Sa
les
(M
illi
on
)
Others 6.0-7.2kW 3.0-3.8kW
2012
510
100%
67.4%
29.4%
3.2%
76.6%
21.4%
2.0%
215,990
128,680
71.2%
26.1%
2.7%
2020
EV Charging Infrastructure Market: Sales Estimates for Inductive Charging Stations by Charging
Capacity, Global, 2012–2020
Note: All figures are rounded. The base year is 2012. Source: Frost & Sullivan
Note:
• Other includes charging power ranging from 10–43 kW
• Europe excludes numbers of other countries in Eastern Europe (4,010 units)
• Because voltage ratings APAC vary from 2.8–3.3 kW, it has been segmented in 3.0–3.3 kW
90.0%
10.0% 7,230
351,900
2020
* kW stands for Kilo Watt
6 M9B8-18
Executive Summary—Market Roadmap In Europe, Bombardier and Qualcomm will be leading the race in inductive charging as they have
already demonstrated dynamic charging for EVs.
Future
Outlook Standardization
Implementation
in vehicles
Available for
public charging
Prototypes of
dynamic
charging
Introduction
to dynamic
charging
Source: Frost & Sullivan
2013 2014 2015 2017 2020
Usage Residential installations Public and
semi-public
installation
Testing
for
dynamic
charging
On-the-
move
charging
Up to 3.3 kW
Inductive Charging for EV Market: Market Roadmap, Global, 2013–2020
Up to 7 kW Up to 20
kW 80–200 kW
>10 hours 4–8 hours 2–4
hours
Dynamic
Charging
16–20 kg 13–15 kg 10–12 kg
Charging
Power
Charging
Time
Weight
Alignment Precise
Alignment*
Alignment
guidance Misalignment Tolerance
Dynamic Charging Static Charging
*Note – The charging happens through the magnetic forces from transmitter (stationary coil embedded in the ground) to the receiver
(secondary coil in the vehicle). The vehicle (receiver) has to be aligned with the parking pad (transmitter) to achieve maximum efficiency
Magnetic Resonance Technology
7 M9B8-18
Trial Tests
Executive Summary—Inductive Charging Adoption Trends Qualcomm is one of the early adopters of the inductive charging technology and have signed a
multiyear agreement with Formula E Holdings
Inductive Charging for EV Market: Key Market Trends, Global, 2012
Increased
Adoption
Continuous
R&D
They have launched prototypes and demonstration
projects that have already been set with help of joint
ventures and partnerships.
OEMs have fitted the charging system on fleet
vehicles for trial purposes, which will help in volume
deployment, and give an early indication of its
success.
A significant amount is being invested in the
development of this technology that is primarily
focusing on increasing the efficiency, without
increasing the weight and the cost.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Dynamic
Charging
Dynamic charging infrastructure is being
developed and tested to enable charging while
the vehicle is in motion. Selected lanes are being
electrified for demonstration purposes.
• Qualcomm-Delta Motorsport
• Qualcomm-Renault
• Google-Evatran
• Flanders’ Drive
• Qualcomm
• Bombardier
• Nissan
• BMW
• Daimler
• General Motors
• Toyota
• Volkswagen AG
• Bombardier
• Qualcomm
• Brose-SEW
• Vahle Inc
Current activities
Future activities
8 M9B8-18
Low Medium High
Medium
High
3.3–8 kW
Adoption rate
Re
qu
ire
me
nt
22 kW
>80kW (Dynamic Charging)
6–7.2 kW
Inductive Charging for EV Market: Level of Adoption by Charging Capacity, Global, 2012
Charging
capacity Description
3.3 kW Most of the vehicles have a 3.3 kW charging
capacity; therefore, 3.3 kW a inductive
charging system will be required by all
OEMs.
6.6 kW The future trend is inclined towards 6.6 kW
charging capacity. However, developing a
6.6 kW inductive charging station will
increase the cost.
22 kW 22 kW charging is available only on 2
vehicles. Though the charging time is
reduced, the cost of the inductive charging
station will not be economically feasible.
>80 kW Inductive charging applications above 80 kW
will be generally used for dynamic charging.
Though it has many advantages over other
technologies, it will not be implemented in
the near future due to high developmental
costs.
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Executive Summary—Inductive Charging Adoption Due to high costs, most of the OEMs have adopted to 3.3kW charging capacity; however, OEMs
are focusing on implementing 6.6kW onboard chargers to enable faster charging at an extra cost.
9 M9B8-18
Executive Summary—Future Trends Infiniti LE EV is expected to be the 1st EV to be launched during 2015 with an built-in inductive
charging technology.
Inductive Charging for EV Market: Future Market Trends, Global, 2010–2020
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Te
ch
no
log
y A
dva
nc
em
en
t
2012 2014 2016 2018 2020
Test projects
• Demonstration projects for static
charging
• Test tracks for dynamic charging
• OEMs such as Audi, BMW, and
Renault-Nissan may start adopting the
inductive charging as a built-in or
optional feature
• Increased and established supplier base
• Strategic alliances between OEMs and
technology suppliers
2010
• Establish standards
• Initial launch of EVs with inductive
charging as an option; for instance,
Potentially Infiniti LE EV
• Customers will have to pay additional
costs for the option, as it will considered
as a choice and not a necessity.
• Inductive charging available as
an option by default.
• Technology to be considered
necessary to increase the
convenience and safety by
eliminating the use of cables and
plugs.
2nd phase for
dynamic charging
Initial launch of
dynamic charging
10 M9B8-18
Executive Summary—AC Power Output The future trend will continue to focus on 3.0–3.8kW inductive charging stations as it is will be
adopted for residential charging.
Region Voltage Phase Current Output Power (kW)
Europe
230 Single AC 16 A 3.7
230 * 1
230 * 3
Single or Three AC 32 A * 1 or 16 A * 3 7.4
230 * 3 Three AC 16 A * 3 11
North America
230 * 3 Three AC 32 A * 3 22
120 Single AC 12 A 1.4
240 Single AC 16 A 3.8
240 Three AC 32 A 7.6
Japan 100 Single AC 20 A 1.5
200 Single AC 20 A 3.0
Inductive Charging for EV Market: Voltage Specifications, Global, 2012
Source: Frost & Sullivan
The market trend is inclined toward having 3.0–3.8 kW onboard chargers; therefore, 3.3 kW inductive
charging will be widely adopted by OEMs to enable residential and semi-public charging. However, with time,
vehicles will trend towards 6.6kW apart from onboard chargers to enable faster charging.
Current Specifications Future Specifications
Only Japan has been covered in the APAC market. Japan is a good market for EVs, and covers the major market within APAC. Therefore,
an overview of Japan is provided, instead of listing all other countries.
11 M9B8-18
Executive Summary—Comparative Analysis The European market is expected to emerge as early adopters, as OEMs like Audi, BMW,
Daimler and Volkswagen will be introducing the technology in their product-line, in the near future.
OEMs Models Onboard
Charger AC Charging
DC Charging
Chademo
Combo
Charging
Inductive
Charging
Opel Ampera 3.3 kW
BMW i3 6.6 kW
Ford Motor
Company
Connect EV 3.3 kW
Smart Fortwo 3.3 kW/22 kW
Mitsubishi
Motors
i-Miev 3.3 kW
Peugeot Citroen
(PSA)
iON 3.3 kW
Renault-Nissan Leaf 3.3 kW/6.6 kW
Mia Electric Mia 3.3 kW
Toyota Prius PHV 3.3 kW
General Motors Volt 3.3 kW
Renault-Nissan Zoe 43 kW
Unsure Wait and Watch Short Term Plans Available LEGEND No Option
Inductive Charging Market Comparative Analysis of charging Methodology by OEM, Global, 2013-2020
So
urc
e: F
rost &
Su
lliva
n
12 M9B8-18
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Inductive Charging for EV Market: Business Model, Global, 2012
EV Charging
Ecosystem
Revenue
Innovative
Solutions
Advanced Services
Revenue
Technology
Suppliers EV Charging
Service Users
Inductive
Charging
On-the-move
charging
Qualcomm
Bombardier
Brose-SEW
Evatran
Flander’s
Drive
Licensing
Partnerships
Charging
station
operators
Charging
station
manufacturers
Infrastructure
operators
EV Charging
applications
Advanced
payment
systems
Easy access
Optimized
billing services
Subscription-
based
payments
Pay-per-use
Value added
service
Government
initiative
EV drivers
Fleet
operators
Parking
Operators
Municipalities
Executive Summary—Adoption of Different Types of Business Models Qualcomm has adopted a unique business model which is based on licensing of technology,
which will help them to work as technology developers as well as integrators.
13 M9B8-18
Executive Summary—Competitor Analysis Attractive financing options are being offered to increase the uptake of inductive charging
station for EVs.
Company Attributes Alliance
Announced
Plan to Provide
Inbuilt in
Vehicle
Tested in
Research
Vehicles
Pilot
Projects
Development
for Dynamic
Charging Charging
Power
Launch
Year
Bombardier* 3.3–80
kW
2013*
Brose-SEW 3.6 kW 2015
Delphi
Corporation
3.6 kW 2014
Plugless
Power
(Evatran)
3.3 kW 2012
Qualcomm* 3.3–20
kW
2013*
Siemens
Corporation
3.6 kW 2015
Inductive Charging for EV Market: Comparative Analysis, 2012
Source: Frost & Sullivan
* Technology has been tested successfully for static and dynamic charging
14 M9B8-18
Component Percent of Cost
Split (%)
Vehicle Adapter 20
Vehicle Electronics Module 15
Display Panel 5
Power Module Box 24
Parking Pad on the Ground 31
Communication Module 5
100%
• This price is applicable to a production volume of 10,000–15,000 units.
Executive Summary—Cost Analysis In the United States (US), Plugless Power is installing inductive charging solutions in the Nissan
Leaf and Chevrolet Volt at an additional cost of $3,650 and $3,550 respectively.
Inductive Charging for EV Market: Cost Split Analysis, Global, 2012
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Available Aftermarket Inductive Charging
Solutions
Component Nissan
Leaf ($)
Chevrolet
Volt ($)
Parking pad and control
panel
1,800 1,800
Vehicle adapter and
hardware
1,100 1,000
Installation 200 200
Pedestal mount (optional) 550 550
Total $3,650 $3,550
15 M9B8-18
Executive Summary—Standardization Taskforce in the US The taskforce will determine the minimum performance criteria for charging efficiency, develop
safety criteria and reveal a common interface for inductive charging in EVs.
Alignment and
Communication
Testing and
Validation
Magnetic Field
Interoperability
Verification of
Performance
and Safety
Bus Charging WPT Frequency
Determination
• Qualcomm
• EDL*
• General
Motors
• Toyoto
• HaloIPT
• Daimler
• Witricity
• Volvo
• Momentum
Dynamics
• Delphi
• Ford
Objectives of the taskforce
• Determine minimum performance criteria for
efficiency
• Develop safety criteria by coordinating with
industry trends
• Create a matrix of available technologies
• Develop a common interface for vehicles
• Develop protocol and determine means of
communication.
Automotive OEMs
Audi, BMW, Chrysler, Coda Automotive,
Daimler, Fisker Automotive, Ford, General
Motors, Honda Motor Co, Mitsubishi,
Nissan, Phoenix Automotive, and Toyota
Tier I suppliers
Delphi, Magna International, Maxwell
Technologies, and Panasonic Corporation
Source: Frost & Sullivan
Inductive Charging for the EV Market: Standardization of Inductive Charging, US, 2012
SAE J2954
*EDL stands for Energy Dynamics Laboratory
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