Strangers Invade the West An Apache boy at Bosque Redondo, c. 1864-68 New Mexico State Monuments. Sarah Winnemucca 1.

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Strangers Invade the West

An Apache boy at Bosque Redondo, c. 1864-68New Mexico State Monuments. Sarah Winnemucca

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What story did Sarah Winnemucca’s grandfather tell about the whites?

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Indian Removal

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Westward trails – 1840s

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6California Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC)

Estimated population c. 1492 = 310,000

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Spanish Franciscanmissions, 1769-

1821

Library of Congress

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California Indians c. 1769

• Small, politically autonomous groups• Little prior trade contact with Europeans

-> no guns or horses

• Spain uncontested in the area-> Indians couldn’t ally with other Europeans against Spain

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Santa Barbara mission founded 1784. Photo: Library of Congress.

Neophytes =Indians whoconverted toChristianity

By 1821: 21,000 neophytes in 21 missions

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The end of the mission system

• 1821 Mexican independence from Spain. Indians granted Mexican citizenship.

• 1833 Missions disbanded– Friars limited to religious role– Farms privatized• Half was supposed to go to neophytes• Corruption -> most went to large ranchers

11‘The Gold Rush’, PBS.org

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1883 engraving from the CenturyMagazine (LOC).

William Joseph (Nisenan)

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1848: < 20,000 non-Indians in California

By 1852: approx. 250,000 non-Indians

20,000 Chinese arrived in

1852.

7 men for every woman in 1852.

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Act for the Government and Protection of Indians (1850)

• Facilitated exploitation:– Indians convicted of crime, including vagrancy,

could be contracted out to whites– Indian children could be removed from their

families to become apprentices to whites

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native population of California

• 1492: 310,000• 1820: 200,000• 1846: 150,000• 1870: 30,000• 1900: 15,000 (out of 1.5 million)• 2000: 330,000 (out of 33.9 million)

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Taos Mission, New Mexico (Photo: National Humanities Center)

17Taos pueblo today. Photo: National Geographic

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Apache

Apache on horseback. Photograph by Edward Curtis, 1903.

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Governor Henry Connelly of New Mexico

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Bosque Redondo

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Navajo at Bosque Redondo. Photo: New Mexico State Monuments.

22Navajos under guard at Fort Sumner, c. 1864. Photo: New Mexico Office of the State Historian

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• Cochise, leader of Chiricahua Apaches• General O.O. Howard• General Gordon Granger • Two versions of the same speech or two

different speeches?

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Sarah WinnemuccaDaughter of a chief of the Northern Paiutes

Granddaughter of ‘Truckee’ who guided John C. Frémont during expedition to California (1843-45) and fought in theMexican-American War (1846-48)