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Sri Ramanavami Celebration Ramas birth, wedding, and coronation
as king
Ramanavami celebrates the birth of Rama on the ninth day of the
bright half (sukla paksham) of the lunar month of Chaitra
(April-May). Ramas life had been one of trials and tribulations
with a sprinkling of adventure here and there. He was denied the
princely throne of ayOdhya which was rightfully his, by cruel fate,
sent into exile for 14 years, and while serving the mandated exile
his darling wife was abducted by the demon king RAvaNa. There are
just three incidents in Ramayana that are considered worthy of
jubilation or celebration. They are Ramas birth, his wedding with
SItA, and his final coronation as king of ayOdhya. Let us go over
these three chronicles. The applicable slOkhams and stanzas are
given in Sanskrit and Thamizh, with appropriate transliteration in
Romanized version immediately following the original text. 1. Ramas
birth: King Dasharatha ruled over the kOsala kingdom from its
capital city ayOdhya for over 60,000 years according to lore. While
his reign was marked with enormous success in terms of his
expansive empire, he was unhappy on account of the lack of male
progeny to take over the reign after his time. He consulted his
guru, sage Vashishta, who advised him to conduct an
ashvamEda/putrakAmESTi (horse challenge/praying for a male progeny)
yagna (sacrifice) with the help of the sage Rishyasringar (the sage
with a horn).
Dasharatha receiving pAyasam At the conclusion of the yagna a
celestial agent appeared from the sacred fire carrying a gold calyx
containing sweet rice pudding (pAyasam) and Rishyasringar told the
king to distribute it to his three wives in proper order.
Dasharatha did so and in due course his three wives conceived and
delivered four sons: Rama, Bharata, Lakshmana, and Satrughna. Rama
was born first to queen Kausalya. Let us read what VAlmIki and
Kamban say about Ramas birth. According to VAlmIki
(BAlakANDam):
ProdyamAnE jagannAtham sarvalOka namaskRitam
1.18.10 KausalyA ajanayat rAmaM sarvalakshaNa samyutam
VishNOrardhM mahAbhAgam putramaikshvAku vardhanam
1.18.11
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lOhitAksham mahAbhAhuM raktoSTam dundhubhi svanam
KausalyA SuSubhE tEna putrENA amita tEjasA 1.18.12
yathA varENa dEvAnAm aditirvajra pANinA
Meaning: Queen Kausalya gave birth to Rama (i.e., the lord of
the universe who is adored by all the worlds) possessing all the
divine attributes, the greatly blessed delightful offspring of the
ikshvAku dynasty. He was an epitome of VishNu. He had lotus-red
eyes, long arms, roseate lips, and a vibrant drum-beat voice.
Kausalya shone forth producing such a son with limitless
resplendence. She looked like aditi who once held her child indra,
the leader of the dEvAs, in her hands. Kambans eloquent verse
displays a slightly different angle. He kept the essential core of
what VAlmIki says and then adds some to embellish further. He
brings up the divine attributes of Rama by citing specific
instances such as hiding the worlds in his abdomen and expounding
the scriptures as well. , (oru pagal ulagu elam udarattuL podindhu)
, (aru maRaikku uNarvu arum avanai anjcanak) , (karu mugiR kozhundu
ezhil kATTum sOdhiyai) - (tiru uRap payandanaLtiRam koL kOsalai)
Meaning: The fortunate Kausalya gracefully gave birth to the one
who has the complexion of the dark-hued rain clouds with dazzling
splendor. He at one time hid all the worlds in his abdomen. He is
the one who gave form and function to all the sacred vEdAs. The
slight difference between VAlmIkis and Kambans description while
describing the birth is indicative of the change in status of Rama
over the centuries between VAlmIkis time and Kambans time. During
Kambans time (10th century CE) Rama was accorded the status of a
God while VAlmIki considered Rama as a human hero (although vested
with divine attributes). Kamban used VAlmIkis blueprint for the
story and exploited his literary prowess, while adhering to the
religious and cultural norms that were characteristic of his time,
to embellish his work. 2. Ramas wedding with SItA: When Rama was
barely 14 years of age, the respected sage VishvAmitra came to
Dasharathas court and demanded that Rama be sent with him to guard
his yagna from being interrupted by demons. While Dasharatha was
heart-broken at having to send young Rama on such a dangerous
mission, Vashishta encouraged him to acquiesce assuring that it is
all for the good of Rama. VishvAmitra took Rama and Lakshmana,
taught them several divine incantations to be used in archery, and
conducted his yagna successfully while Rama and Lakshmana stood
guard and killed the demoness tATaka and demon SubAhu. Later, the
sage took them to Mithila to the court of king Janaka who was
himself conducting a sacrifice. The king had declared that whoever
lifts the bow of Shiva and strings it shall wed his daughter SItA.
While most assembled kings failed even to lift the bow, Rama not
only lifted it but broke it in the process of stringing. According
to Kamban, people saw his lifting the bow and heard the thundering
sound of breakage (eDuttadu kaNDanar, iRRadu kETTanar). Word was
sent to Dasharatha about the impending wedding and he arrived
forthwith at Mithila with his retinue for the wedding.
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Rama breaking the bow Ramas wedding with SItA
According to VAlmIki, the wedding arrangements were made with
great care. Vashishta arranged the Altar of Fire, in the
ostentatious wedding hall, decorating it with sandal paste and
flowers. The various vessels were sanctified, a sacred fire was
created and the oblatory items such as ghee, water, and milk were
assembled. Chanting scriptures, the sage spread the sacred grass
(dharba) and twigs on the altar of fire and offered the oblatory
items to the fire. Then King Janaka offered SItAs hand to Rama. In
the words of VAlmIki, King Janaka says:
1.73.26 iyam sItA mama sutA saha dharma carI tava
pratIca ca enAm bhadram te pANim gRihNIsva pANinA 1.73.27
pativratA mahAbhAgA chAya iva anugatA sadA
iti uktvA prAkshipat rAjA mantrapUtam jalam tadA
Meaning: This is SItA, my daughter; she will acquit herself well
in your path of righteousness. Take her hand in yours. She is
blessed and will be devoted. She will walk with you forever like
your own shadow. Saying so, Janaka poured water, sanctified with
holy hymns, into the palm of Rama. (See the picture above). Upon
the completion of handing over his daughter SItA to Rama duly
sanctified, King Janaka was happy beyond description. There were
flower showers from the celestials blessing the wedding. Let us now
read what Kamban says about what Janaka does and says to Rama. Rama
and SItA got seated on the wedding dais like a superior hero and a
delicate swan resembling wealth and fortune. Again one can notice
that Kamban compares SItA to Lakshmi, an obvious sign of the times.
, , (kOmagan mun sanakan kuLir nal nIr) ' , (pUmagaLum poruLum ena
nI en) ' , (mA magaL tannoDum mannudi ennA) , (tAmarai anna
taDakkaiyin IndAn) Meaning: Just like Lakshmi and VishNu united in
their bliss, you prosper with my dear daughterso saying to Rama,
King Janaka poured cool sacred water onto the broad lotus-like palm
of the prince (Rama).
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The wedding was consummated and Rama, with SItA, returned to
ayOdhya. Several years passed in quick order. Then tragedy befell
Rama. He was asked to renounce the kingdom and go into exile to the
forest. SItA and Lakshmana accompanied him. They lived peaceful
lives in the daNDakAraNya forest for 10 years while helping the
sages in the forest conduct their penance by slaying several demons
who troubled them. Tragedy struck again when SItA was abducted by
RAvaNa and taken to lankA. With the help of the monkey brigade from
Kishkindha, Rama spanned the sea with a bridge (sEtu) to reach
lankA, engaged RAvaNa and his associates in a war, and killed them.
He then installed VibhIshana on the lankan throne and returned to
ayOdhya to a tumultuous welcome. 3. Ramas Coronation
(paTTAbhishEkham):
Coronation of Rama The final scene With his mission accomplished
in killing RAvaNa and recovering SItA, Rama returned to ayOdhya
with his entire troupe in tow. Bharata, who was heading a caretaker
government in the absence of Rama for the 14 years, was happy to
hand over the reins back to Rama. In accordance with the wishes of
the elders, gurus, and common citizens Vashishta started the
ceremonies on an auspicious day. Rama and SItA were seated on a
throne studded with precious stones. The seven great rishis
consecrated Rama with holy water similar to the consecration of
indra by 8 vasus. Let us read how VAlmIki describes the scene:
BrahmaNA nirmitam pUrvam kirITam ratnashobitam abhiSiktaH
purAyEna manustam dIptatEjasam
tasya anavAyE rAjAnaH kramEdyEnA abhiSechitAH
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sabhAyAm hEmakluptAyAm shObhitAyA mahAdhanaiH ratnaiH
nAnAvidhaiH chitritAyAm sushObhanaiH
nAnAratmayE pIThE kalpayitvA yathA vidhi kirITEna tataH pashchAd
vasiSTEna mahAtmanA
RitvigbhiH bhUSaNaichaiva samyOkSyata rAghavaH
Meaning: The crown, designed by Brahma at the beginning of
creation studded with dazzling precious jewels with which Manu the
emperor, and his successors were adorned while they were
consecrated, was kept according to practice on a throne adorned
with many kinds of precious stones in the council hall. Rama was
then adorned by the very same crown by the great Vashishta assisted
by other priests officiating at the coronation ceremony. Satrughna
held a white parasol over Rama. SugrIva and VibhIshana fanned him
with white whisks. Kamban describes a slightly different scene
adding his own twist.
, , , ,
, ,
ariyaNai anuman tAnga, angadan uDaivAL Enda Bharatan veNkuDai
kavikka iruvarum kavari paRRa
virikaDal ulagam Ettum veNNey mansaDaiyan vaNmai marabuLOn
koDukka vAngi, vasiTTanE punaindAn mouli
Meaning: Hanuman held the throne, angadan bore the royal sword,
Bharata carried the white parasol, and the other two (meaning
Satrughna and Vibhishana) fanned with the white whisks. The great
sage Vashishta crowned Rama with the ancestral diadem. Note: Both
VAlmIki and Kamban neglect to mention the role Lakshmana played
during the coronation ceremony. That may be because Lakshmana was
intricately linked with Rama and hence he could not do any of the
tasks assigned to others. VAlmIki did not ascribe any specific role
to Bharata in the coronation ceremony proper. Ramanavami is
celebrated for nine days in North India, being branded as vasanta
navarAtri (9 nights in spring). In South India the celebration is
usually restricted to one day only and that too conducted in
temples. At home it is observed just as a religious holiday. This
story of the month is contributed by Dr. Sethuraman Subramanian and
he can be reached at [email protected]