Stormwater Retrofitting Demystified! A training for local governments to cost effectively implement retrofits to meet MS-4 permit and Chesapeake Bay TMDL requirements.
Stormwater Retrofitting
Demystified!
A training for local governments to cost effectively implement retrofits to meet MS-4 permit and Chesapeake
Bay TMDL requirements.
Workshop Agenda
9:30 – 9:40 Welcome and Learning Objectives for the Day
9:40 – 10:00 State Perspectives on Stormwater Retrofitting
10:00 – 10:45 Session 1. Basics of Stormwater Retrofitting
10:45 – 11:15 BREAK
11:15 – 12:30 Session 2. Strategies to Consider Prior to Retrofits
12:30 – 1:30 LUNCH
1:30 – 2:30 Session 3. The Retrofit Discovery Process
2:30 – 3:45 Session 4. Retrofit Costs, Delivery and Maintenance
3:45 – 4:00 Concluding Remarks
4:00 Evaluations!
To learn how you can have access to: Discounted Webcasts
Free One-day design workshops Intensive master stormwater design seminars
Direct On-site technical assistance Self guided web-based learning modules
Visit: www.chesapeakestormwater.net
Chesapeake Bay Stormwater Training Partnership
Session 1 Basics of Stormwater
Retrofitting
1. Where do Nutrients and Sediment Come From?
2. Retrofit Categories 3. Envisioning Retrofits 4. Computing Retrofit Sediment and
Nutrient Reductions a) Design Examples
Session 1 Agenda
Where do Nutrients and Sediment Come From?
There are many sources of N and P in the urban environment
The main sources of nutrients to the Bay Watershed are:
•Runoff from Forests •Wastewater •Atmospheric Deposition to Open Water •Urban and Suburban Runoff •Agricultural Runoff •Septic Systems (N only)
Relationship of Atmospheric Deposition to Urban Runoff Quality
Nutrient
Atmospheric Deposition 1
Stormwater Runoff Load 2
Pounds per impervious acre per year Total Phosphorus 0.7 2.0 Total Nitrogen 13 to 17.0 3 15.4 1 measured rates during Washington NURP Study (MWCOG, 1983) 2 Simple Method annual stormwater runoff loads for one acre of impervious cover (Schueler, 1987) 3 About 40% of nitrogen deposition occurs through wetfall, which would presumably be quickly converted into runoff. 60% of nitrogen deposition occurs via dryfall, which is available for washoff in future storms, or may be blown over to pervious areas
Much of the nitrogen in urban runoff is derived from atmospheric deposition, either in the form of dryfall or wetfall
Other sources of nitrogen in urban runoff include: •Washoff of fertilizers •Nitrogen attached to eroded soils and streambanks •Organic matter and pet wastes on IC
Nitrogen EMCs for different urban land covers
Urban Land Cover Total N (mg/l)
Lawns 9.70
Highway 2.95
Streets (Variable) 1.40
Parking Lots 1.94
Rooftops 1.50
Source; CWP, 2003
Runoff sampling shows that lawn runoff is very high in nitrogen. Also, rooftop runoff concentration shows effect of atmospheric deposition
Many sources of TP in urban runoff
• Blow in of organic matter onto impervious surfaces (leaves, pollen, clippings, flowers, etc.)
• Phosphorus attached to eroded soils and streambanks
• Fertilizer washoff
• Atmospheric deposition
Phosphorus EMCs for different urban land uses
Urban Land Use Total P (mg/l)
Residential 0.30
Commercial 0.22
Industrial 0.26
Freeway 0.25 Source: Pitt et al 2004
Residential runoff is slightly higher in TP concentration, which reflects the effect of vegetation and fertilization
Phosphorus EMCs for different urban land covers
Urban Land Cover Total P (mg/l)
Lawns 1.90
Highway 0.60
Streets (Variable) 0.50
Parking Lots 0.16
Rooftops 0.12
Source; CWP, 2003
The sources of phosphorus are more complex. While lawn runoff is high in nitrogen, atmospheric deposition is less important as a source of TP
Total Phosphorus Loads By Sector in Maryland Portion of Bay Watershed
Sector 2009 Load
Target Load % Reduction Needed to Meet Target
Million pounds per year
Forest 0.34 0.34 0
Atm. Deposition 0.04 0.04 0
Wastewater 0.67 0.70 0
Urban and Suburban 0.68 (22%) 0.39 43%
Agricultural 1.37 1.25 9%
Septics -0- -0- 0
TOTAL 3.10 2.72 12%
Source: US EPA Chesapeake Bay Program, 2010
Sources of Urban Sediment
• Urban stream channel erosion
• Wash-off from impervious areas
• Erosion from pervious areas
• Construction sites
Edge of Stream Unit Loading Rates for MD
Using CBWM v. 5.3.2
Pounds/acre/year
Total N Total P TSS
IMPERV PERV IMPERV PERV IMPERV PERV
Urban 15.3 10.8 1.69 0.43 1116 175
Forest 3.16 0.13 60
Source: CBPO, 1/4/2012
Discussion
1964
My Early Retrofitting Years
Wiggle-tail
Why Retrofit ?
• Local Watershed restoration
• Meet IC Treatment Targets in MD
• Comply with Bay-wide TMDLs (and local ones too)
• Improve local stream habitat and diversity
• Fix old mistakes/drainage problems
• Improve performance of existing stormwater infrastructure
Why Retrofits Are Different
Urban Retrofit Practices New Stormwater Practices
Construction costs are 1.5 to 4
times greater Designers seek least costly options
Assessment and design costs are
higher
Focus on low cost design and
construction
Sized to meet watershed
restoration objectives
Sized to meet local stormwater
design standards
Typically installed on public land Installed at new development
projects
Urban soils often cannot support
infiltration Soils may support infiltration
Fingerprinted around existing
development
More flexibility on where to locate
practices
Why Retrofits Are Different
Urban Retrofit Practices New Stormwater Practices
Must be acceptable to adjacent
neighbors
Aesthetics are not always a major
design factor
Most are publicly maintained Most require private maintenance
Not all candidate sites are
feasible Nearly all sites are made to work
Tied into existing conveyance
system
Usually creates new conveyance
system
Integrated with other
restoration practices Stand-alone practice
Public investment in watershed
infrastructure
Private investment in stormwater
infrastructure
Caution: The “rules” are in flux
• MDE 2011 Guidance • CSN Technical Bulletin 9 • Roll out of New MS4 Permits • 6 New Urban BMP Expert Panels • New BMP Verification Protocols • Updated editions of MAST Bad news: the numbers will change Good news: the numbers will improve Advice: use them for general planning and evaluation of alternatives
Dual BMP Reporting in MD
• For MS4 Permits: • Report BMPs implemented ** • Report “Treated Acres” of Existing Impervious Cover *
For Bay TMDL/Local WIPs: • Report BMPs implemented ** • Report TSS, TN, and TP reductions
** both are done using Appendix A of MS4 BMP Reporting * ESD to MEP for existing IC defined as minimum site WQv
Best Opportunities for Retrofitting in the Urban
Landscape
Retrofit Categories
1. Near Existing Stormwater Outfalls 2. Within the Conveyance System 3. Adjacent to Large Parking Lots 4. Green street retrofits 5. On-site LID retrofits
1. BMP Conversions 2. BMP Enhancements 3. BMP Restoration
NEW RETROFITS
Near Existing Stormwater Outfalls
Source: CWP
NEW RETROFITS
Within the Existing Conveyance System
Source: CWP
Wet Pond
Bioretention
NEW RETROFITS
Adjacent to Large Parking Lots
Source: CWP
NEW RETROFITS
Green Street Retrofits
NEW RETROFITS
On-Site LID Retrofits
Retrofit Categories
1. BMP Conversions
2. BMP Enhancements
3. BMP Restoration
EXISTING RETROFITS
BMP CONVERSION
DRY POND CONSTRUCTED
WETLAND
BMP CONVERSIONS
Rehabilitating Failed Infiltration Practices
BMP CONVERSIONS Adding Bioretention/Filtering to Ponds
EXISTING RETROFITS
BMP ENHANCEMENT
INCREASE IN HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME
EXISTING RETROFITS
BMP RESTORATION
DREDGING AN UNDERPERFORMING POND TO RESTORE FULL PERFORMANCE
Computation of Sediment and Nutrient Reductions associated with Retrofits
Retrofit Removal Adjustor Curves
• Method Developed by CBP Retrofit Expert Panel
• In the final stages of adoption by Chesapeake Bay Program (June, 2012)
• Tech memo provides technical documentation
Retrofit Removal Adjustor Curves
• Each retrofit has its own unique removal rate based on the amount of runoff it treats and the degree of runoff reduction it provides
• Determined composite “Anchor Rates” of pollutant removal values at 1.0 inch of Runoff Depth Captured for each category of practices
Classification of Retrofits Runoff Reduction Practices
(RR) Stormwater Treatment
Practices (ST)
All ESD credits in MD (2009) Constructed Wetlands
All ESD practices in MD (2009) Dry ED Ponds
Bioretention Sand Filters
Dry Swale Wet Swale
Infiltration Wet Ponds
All practices sorted into 2 categories: Runoff Reduction (RR) and Stormwater Treatment (ST)
Achieve at least 25% reduction of annual runoff volume
Traditional Practices
Table A-3 Composite Approach to Derive Nutrient Mass Load Reductions for RR ad ST Runoff Reduction Practices 1,
PRACTICE TP Mass
Reduction (%)
TN Mass Reduction
(%) Bioretention 73 77 Dry Swale 66 63 Infiltration 75 78 Permeable Pavers 70 70 Green Roof/Rain Tank 55 55
Average RR 70 702 Wet Ponds 63 35 Const. Wetlands 63 40 Filtering Practice 63 38 Wet Swale 30 30
Average ST 55 35 1 Source: Table A-5, nutrient rates computed using the average mass reduction for both Design Level 1 and Level 2. 2 This value was subsequently discounted by 18% to reflect the impact of nitrate migration from runoff reduction practices described later in this appendix.
Anchor Rates @ 1”
Retrofit Removal Adjustor Curves
• Use of Rainfall Frequency Analysis to determine the amount of bypass above and below 1.0”
• Same approach to determine mass pollutant removal for runoff depths above and below 1.0”
• Converted to series of Retrofit Removal Adjustor Curves
Retrofit Removal Adjustor Curves
To determine the amount of runoff depth treated at a site:
1. Estimate the Runoff Storage volume (RS) available at the site in acre-feet.
2. Impervious Area (IA) in acres
3. Input into Standard Retrofit Equation:
= 𝑅𝑆 (12)
𝐼𝐴
Design Examples
Design Examples – New Retrofit Facility Constructed Wetland
• A constructed wetland is built in parkland as a retrofit, classified as a ST practice
• The retrofit storage is estimated to be 1.67 acre-feet
• Treats runoff from 50 acre residential neighborhood with 40% impervious cover
Design Examples – New Retrofit Facility Constructed Wetland
• Using the Standard Retrofit Equation:
• RS = Retrofit Storage ≈ 1.67 ac-ft
• IA = Impervious Area = 20 acres
= 𝑅𝑆 (12)
𝐼𝐴
1.67 (12)
20= 1.0 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ
TP TN TSS
52% 33% 66%
Design Examples – New Retrofit Facility Constructed Wetland
Pollutant Removal Efficiencies of the practice
Determining the Baseline Load Can calculate the baseline load using the
generic state-wide CBWM (version 5.3.0) urban unit loading rates from MDE guidance document:
• Calculate the number of pervious and impervious acres in the DA,
• Multiply by the unit loading rates:
* Note: these rates may be updated to reflect the most recent version of the CBWM
Retrofit Example 1 – Constructed Wetland
Total
Nitrogen
Total
Phosphorus
Suspended
Sediment
Pounds/acre/year Tons/acre/year
IMPERV PERV IMPERV PERV IMPERV PERV
MDE
Loading
Rates
10.85 9.43 2.04 0.57 0.46 0.07
Area
(acres) 20 ac 30 ac 20 ac 30 ac 20 ac 30 ac
Baseline
Load 500 lbs/yr 57.9 lbs/yr 11.3 tons/yr
Removal
Rate 33% 52% 66%
Load
Removed 164 lbs/yr 30.1 lbs/yr 7.46 tons/yr
BMP Conversion Example
• Dry pond conversion
• Create new water quality storage using a combination of a forebay with a permanent pool, a submerged gravel wetland cell and a final bioretention polishing cell
• New facility now provides a runoff storage volume of 1.3 acre-feet
• Treats a site area of 65 acres @ 40% impervious
• Classified as a RR practice
Design Examples – BMP Conversion
• Using the Standard Retrofit Equation:
• RS = Retrofit Storage ≈ 1.3 ac-ft
• IA = Impervious Area = 26 acres
= 𝑅𝑆 (12)
𝐼𝐴
1.3 (12)
26 = 0.6 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
TP TN TSS
55% 47% 59%
Pollutant Removal Efficiencies of the practice
Design Examples – BMP Conversion
TP TN TSS
55% 47% 59%
Pollutant Removal Efficiencies of the practice
Example 2 – BMP Conversion
Total
Nitrogen
Total
Phosphorus
Suspended
Sediment
Pounds/acre/year Tons/acre/year
IMPERV PERV IMPERV PERV IMPERV PERV
MDE
Loading
Rates
10.85 9.43 2.04 0.57 0.46 0.07
Area
(acres) 26 ac 39 ac 26 ac 39 ac 26 ac 39 ac
Baseline
Load 650 lbs/yr 75.3 lbs/yr 14.7 tons/yr
Removal
Rate 47% 55% 59%
Load
Removed 305.5 lbs/yr 41.4 lbs/yr 8.67 tons/yr
Design Examples – BMP Enhancement
• Dry Extended Detention pond sized to capture 0.3” of runoff
• 10 acre commercial drainage area @ 100% impervious
• Short-circuiting of pond led to half of original storage volume ≈ 0.15”
Design Examples – BMP Enhancement
• Pond enhanced to: – Increase hydraulic retention time (prevent short-
circuiting)
– Provide pretreatment
– Wetland cells added to bottom of pond in order to provide better treatment
• Enhancements created additional 0.3” of storage for a combined new storage of: 0.6” per impervious acre
Design Examples – BMP Enhancement
• Enhancements are slightly different • New removal rates found as the difference
between the original rates and the enhanced rates
• Original and enhanced rates from the curves • Increase in both runoff volume captured AND
runoff reduction capabilities
TP TN TSS
Enhanced Rate 44% 28% 55%
Original Rate 22% 14% 28%
Incremental Removal Rate 22% 14% 27%
Example 3 – BMP Enhancement
Total
Nitrogen
Total
Phosphorus
Suspended
Sediment
Pounds/acre/year Tons/acre/year
IMPERV PERV IMPERV PERV IMPERV PERV
MDE
Loading
Rates 10.85 9.43 2.04 0.57 0.46 0.07
Area
(acres) 10 ac 0 10 ac 0- 10 ac 0-
Baseline
Load 108.5 lbs/yr 20.4 lbs/yr 4.6 tons/yr
Removal
Rate 11% 22% 27%
Load
Removed 15.19 lbs/yr 4.49 lbs/yr 1.24 tons/yr
Remember: the site is 100% impervious!!
Discussion
What’s unique for stormwater retrofitting in your community?
Discussion
Retrofitting requires: Sleuthing skills to determine what can
work at highly constrained sites Simultaneously envisioning restoration possibilities and anticipating potential
problems
Activity: Envisioning Restoration
Activity
Activity
Questions?