modern day 1,000 years ago 2,000 years ago 3,000 years ago 4,000 years ago 5,000 years ago 6,000 years ago 7,000 years ago 8,000 years ago 9,000 years ago 10,000 years ago 11,000 years ago 12,000 years ago Numerous Paleoindian kill sites (places where animals are killed and butchered) and campsites have been found in southeastern New Mexico. Most are along the Llano Estacado and the Guadalupe Mountains. The Clovis (Blackwater Draw Locality 1) and Milnesand sites north, west, and south of Portales near the Llano Estacado; Burnet Cave west of Carlsbad and the Lusk Ranch site northeast of Carlsbad; and Hermit’s Cave in the Guadalupe Mountains are but a few of the better-known examples of Paleoindian sites. A.D. 2000 A.D. 1000 0 1000 B.C. 2000 B.C. 3000 B.C. 4000 B.C. 5000 B.C. 6000 B.C. 7000 B.C. 8000 B.C. 9000 B.C. 10000 B.C. PALEOINDIAN – 8,000-12,000 years ago Big Game Hunters Nomadic Hunters and Gatherers Farmers Settlers ARCHAIC – 1,700-8,000 years ago CERAMIC 500-1,700 years ago PROTOHISTORIC PAST FUTURE HISTORIC 300-50 years ago Archaic-age sites have been found in many of the same places that Paleoindian sites have been found. For example, Archaic-age deposits representing kill sites and camps have been found near water sources on the plains (Blackwater Draw, Rattlesnake Draw), along the Pecos River (sites in the vicinity of Brantley and Avalon reservoirs), near the Waste Isolation Pilot Project (WIPP) site near Carlsbad, and from dry cave sites in the Guadalupe Mountains. Notable Eastern Jornada Mogollon sites and clusters of sites in southeastern New Mexico include the Bloom Mound and Henderson sites on the Rio Hondo west of Roswell, the Mescalero Sands District sites east of Roswell, the Red Tank site east of Roswell, various components of the Monument Springs site south of Hobbs, and the upper level of Hermit’s Cave west of Carlsbad. The Garnsey site southeast of Roswell, a location where bison were killed on many different occasions between around A.D.1450 and A.D.1600, is one of the notable protohistoric sites in the region. 300-500 years ago Nomadic Hunters and Gatherers 4,000 years 6,300 years 1,200 years 200 years 250 years Produced by the SRI Foundation under a contract with Statistical Research Inc. and the Bureau of Reclamation, Upper Colorado Region, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Base Map ©1992 Raven Maps and Images, www.ravenmaps.com; historical period photos and photos of the pots, atlatl, and dart, courtesy of the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico; territory ranges of the Kiowa and Apache from Native American Territorial Ranges in the Central Region of Texas, courtesy of the Fort Worth District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; stone projectile points produced by Bruce Huckell; metal point by Ian Thompson. Thanks to all who assisted with this project. Elevations Atlatl dart point Atlatl dart shaft Modern bison (Bison bison) Group of teepees on hillside near Mescalero agency in the early days. Oklahoma City • Apache Lawton Atlatl throwing stick Archaeological Sites Milnesand Site Anderson Basin Hermit's Cave Monument Springs Site Garnsey Spring Site Rattlesnake Draw Blackwater Draw Mescalero Sands Arch. District Bloom Mound Lusk Ranch Site Red Tank Burnet Cave Henderson Site R i o G r a n d e P e c o s R i v e r Carlsbad Mescalero Ft. Stanton Hobbs TEXAS TEXAS NEW MEXICO Roswell G u a d alu pe M ou ntains TEXAS OKLAHOMA NEW MEXICO COLORADO KANSAS ARKANSAS MISSOURI NEBRASKA SOUTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA IOWA LOUISIANA WYOMING Little Rock Wichita Oklahoma City Houston Fredericksburg San Antonio Austin Amarillo Springfield Kansas City El Paso Pueblo Albuquerque Lincoln Des Moines Shreveport Tulsa New Orleans Present Home Lawton, Oklahoma Comanche MEXICO The Comanche Comanche Traditional Use Areas TEXAS OKLAHOMA NEW MEXICO COLORADO KANSAS ARKANSAS MISSOURI NEBRASKA SOUTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA IOWA LOUISIANA WYOMING Little Rock Wichita Oklahoma City Fort Sill Houston Fredericksburg San Antonio Austin Amarillo Springfield Kansas City El Paso Pueblo Albuquerque Lincoln Des Moines Shreveport Tulsa New Orleans Present Home Apache, OK Present Home Mescalero, NM Mescalero Apache Fort Sill Apache MEXICO Apache Traditional Use Areas The ApacheTribe Is there an overlap of traditional use areas? p h o t o g r a p h e r C lare n ce Jefferis Chupadero Black on White Three Rivers Red on Terracotta El Paso Polychrome Mesquite Yucca Agave Clovis 11,600-11,000 years ago Folsom 10,900-10,200 years ago Plainview 10,500-10,000 years ago Eden 9,600-8,600 years ago Jay 8,000-6,800 years ago San Jose 5,500-3,500 years ago Augustin 4,400-3,400 years ago Pedernales 4,500-3,000 years ago Palmillas 4,500-3,000 years ago San Pedro 3,000-1,500 years ago Perdiz 1,200-200 years ago Fresno 1,200-200 years ago Harrell 750-400 years ago Metal 300 years ago-present Southern Plains Brush House 0 200 400 600 800 1000 150 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 8000 9000 10000 Feet 0 61 122 183 244 305 457 610 762 914 1067 1219 1372 1524 1676 1829 1981 2134 2438 2743 3048 Meters • Carnegie