Storage special

Digital Re-print - July | August 2014

Storage special

www.gfmt.co.uk

Grain & Feed Milling Technology is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2014 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1466-3872

Build it right don’t take any short cuts. Good house keeping is important. Avoid steel modification. Silos have a limited life, once they reach the end of their life consider replacing

them. Train people who operate bins and silos in their use. One of the big pitfalls with steel bins is that they can be damaged if they are not unloaded correctly.

Mr Wambeke then continued addressing the issue of safety. “Be safe on the plant. I have seen a 60ft diameter by 100ft silo

unloaded incorrectly and it caused a huge impact on company. It happened about 12 years ago on Snake River.”

Grain storage systems are a lot safer than they used to be and grain storage bins can be built to resist earthquakes. Four years ago a lot of bins in Chile were not designed to resist earthquakes and the result was most collapsed. In Columbia they now have bins that have been standing there for two or three years some for around 15 years.

The causes of typical grain storage failure are the age of the bin and silo. One of the leading insurers in the grain storage industry says steel silos built before 1995 had a life expectancy of 25 years. After 1995 the design got better with a life expectancy of about 30 years.

Bins in Washington State are still operating and they were con-structed in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. However, they are primar-ily used for country elevators and are only filled and emptied once or twice a year. This is unlike your typical situation advises Mr Wambeke.

In order to look after your silo, you should avoid eccentric unloading at all costs. If there are openings in the side of the bin or silo make sure they are designed properly. Negative effects from rapid draw down or by operating negative aeration systems on steel bands causes corrosion around the base. Also, air temperature affects deterioration of concrete silos. People often think that the solution is to wrap cable around them however, Mr Wambeke advised this does no good.

Equipment also has an effect on bins. A lot of bins were built back when typical filling and discharge rates were five or six thousand bushels an hour. Now 40,000 bushels an hour are discharged and some old bins are not really prepared for that. Foundation settle-ments are a real culprit, particularly for concrete silos.

Mr Wambeke pointed out that people tend to think that con-crete silos are indestructible but concrete silos built before 1977 typically only have one row of circufriental re bar designed to resist tension in walls. When you eccentrically discharge a silo you create bending moments in the wall. This makes the silo go egg shaped and these concrete silos are not prepared for that.

Mr Wambeke moved on to discuss the US law code AC313 97. This specifies that if there is any reason for eccentric discharge the silo should have two layers or rebar in the walls.

“It is a lot more difficult to tie the steel and put it in place. If we want silos to last we need to do that. Every steel bin sold by North American companies will have a standard warning against eccentric discharge on the door of the bin and on the roof. The correct way of discharge is through the centre of the bin. The incorrect way is to open one of the side gates and discharge through the sidewall. This creates draw down forces on the wall that the bin is not designed for, making the bin go egg shaped. The result could be catastrophic.”

Mr Wambeke provided an example of such an incident to illus-trate this point.

“There was one eighty thousand viscule bin in a cluster of four. The bin was eccentrically discharged. The plant called the bin com-pany and asked what to do as the bin looked like it was going to fall down. Despite the fact the bin company recommended that they should stop, they continued to unload it. The bin then landed on the ground and it took out the elevator legs and three bins putting the plant out of business for months. Hence, rules are especially in place for steel bins only to be discharged from the centre. If you discharge in another way you cause moments in the wall and draw down forces on parts of the wall.”

Mr Wambeke relayed experiences of several bin failures in Washington State and North Idaho. They were not total collapses but a lot of them he stated had something to do with tampering of the original construction of the bin by adding or subtracting latches.

Furthermore, managing grain in the storage pays off if you want to maintain the quality of the grain when you put it in. In the northern part of the US most of the wheat you get comes in good condition. It is cool and does not have a big insect infestation. But if you do no not use it very quickly you want to avoid grain deterioration. Once you put it in the bin its never going to get better than it was, but it could get worse.

The talk then addressed avoiding uncontrollable insect activity. Controlling insect activity with chemicals and with a good aeration system are normally the best solutions. Equally, paying close attention to the way in which you operate the aeration system is important. It can reduce shrinkage in the grain that you store and reduce weight quality losses. It can also avoid damage to the grain by filling in dis-charge equipment.

On the topic of silo maintenance and repair, Mr Wambeke addressed the use of equipment and tools that can be used in order to maintain grain quality, for example, the proper use of an aeration system. A grain temperature monitoring system is a management tool available to help you know when to aerate and how long to aerate. It can help to detect any unusual activity in the bin like mould growth or unusual insect activity. There are moisture detection systems that come with temperature cables. With these moisture cables positioned in the centre of your bin, you can have a read out sent to your com-puter. There are insect detection systems also. By using traps inside the bin, any unusual activity is reported back to the computer. Carbon dioxide monitoring inside the bin is a tool that can be used to detect grain deterioration.

Staff must be properly trained when it comes to the use of the aeration system advises Mr Wambeke.

catastrophe

storage bins

SCAFCO Grain Systems’ Vice President Mr Dan Wambeke attended the 118th IAOM annual conference and Expo in May where he gave a talk about ways to avoid catastrophe

with storage bins and silo maintenance and repair.

by Daniel Wambeke, VP of sales and engineering SCAFCO Grain Systems, Spokane WA, US

16 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYFSTORAGE

Build it right don’t take any short cuts. Good house keeping is important. Avoid steel modification. Silos have a limited life, once they reach the end of their life consider replacing

them. Train people who operate bins and silos in their use. One of the big pitfalls with steel bins is that they can be damaged if they are not unloaded correctly.

Mr Wambeke then continued addressing the issue of safety. “Be safe on the plant. I have seen a 60ft diameter by 100ft silo

unloaded incorrectly and it caused a huge impact on company. It happened about 12 years ago on Snake River.”

Grain storage systems are a lot safer than they used to be and grain storage bins can be built to resist earthquakes. Four years ago a lot of bins in Chile were not designed to resist earthquakes and the result was most collapsed. In Columbia they now have bins that have been standing there for two or three years some for around 15 years.

The causes of typical grain storage failure are the age of the bin and silo. One of the leading insurers in the grain storage industry says steel silos built before 1995 had a life expectancy of 25 years. After 1995 the design got better with a life expectancy of about 30 years.

Bins in Washington State are still operating and they were con-structed in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s. However, they are primar-ily used for country elevators and are only filled and emptied once or twice a year. This is unlike your typical situation advises Mr Wambeke.

In order to look after your silo, you should avoid eccentric unloading at all costs. If there are openings in the side of the bin or silo make sure they are designed properly. Negative effects from rapid draw down or by operating negative aeration systems on steel bands causes corrosion around the base. Also, air temperature affects deterioration of concrete silos. People often think that the solution is to wrap cable around them however, Mr Wambeke advised this does no good.

Equipment also has an effect on bins. A lot of bins were built back when typical filling and discharge rates were five or six thousand bushels an hour. Now 40,000 bushels an hour are discharged and some old bins are not really prepared for that. Foundation settle-ments are a real culprit, particularly for concrete silos.

Mr Wambeke pointed out that people tend to think that con-crete silos are indestructible but concrete silos built before 1977 typically only have one row of circufriental re bar designed to resist tension in walls. When you eccentrically discharge a silo you create bending moments in the wall. This makes the silo go egg shaped and these concrete silos are not prepared for that.

Mr Wambeke moved on to discuss the US law code AC313 97. This specifies that if there is any reason for eccentric discharge the silo should have two layers or rebar in the walls.

“It is a lot more difficult to tie the steel and put it in place. If we want silos to last we need to do that. Every steel bin sold by North American companies will have a standard warning against eccentric discharge on the door of the bin and on the roof. The correct way of discharge is through the centre of the bin. The incorrect way is to open one of the side gates and discharge through the sidewall. This creates draw down forces on the wall that the bin is not designed for, making the bin go egg shaped. The result could be catastrophic.”

Mr Wambeke provided an example of such an incident to illus-trate this point.

“There was one eighty thousand viscule bin in a cluster of four. The bin was eccentrically discharged. The plant called the bin com-pany and asked what to do as the bin looked like it was going to fall down. Despite the fact the bin company recommended that they should stop, they continued to unload it. The bin then landed on the ground and it took out the elevator legs and three bins putting the plant out of business for months. Hence, rules are especially in place for steel bins only to be discharged from the centre. If you discharge in another way you cause moments in the wall and draw down forces on parts of the wall.”

Mr Wambeke relayed experiences of several bin failures in Washington State and North Idaho. They were not total collapses but a lot of them he stated had something to do with tampering of the original construction of the bin by adding or subtracting latches.

Furthermore, managing grain in the storage pays off if you want to maintain the quality of the grain when you put it in. In the northern part of the US most of the wheat you get comes in good condition. It is cool and does not have a big insect infestation. But if you do no not use it very quickly you want to avoid grain deterioration. Once you put it in the bin its never going to get better than it was, but it could get worse.

The talk then addressed avoiding uncontrollable insect activity. Controlling insect activity with chemicals and with a good aeration system are normally the best solutions. Equally, paying close attention to the way in which you operate the aeration system is important. It can reduce shrinkage in the grain that you store and reduce weight quality losses. It can also avoid damage to the grain by filling in dis-charge equipment.

On the topic of silo maintenance and repair, Mr Wambeke addressed the use of equipment and tools that can be used in order to maintain grain quality, for example, the proper use of an aeration system. A grain temperature monitoring system is a management tool available to help you know when to aerate and how long to aerate. It can help to detect any unusual activity in the bin like mould growth or unusual insect activity. There are moisture detection systems that come with temperature cables. With these moisture cables positioned in the centre of your bin, you can have a read out sent to your com-puter. There are insect detection systems also. By using traps inside the bin, any unusual activity is reported back to the computer. Carbon dioxide monitoring inside the bin is a tool that can be used to detect grain deterioration.

Staff must be properly trained when it comes to the use of the aeration system advises Mr Wambeke.

catastrophe

storage bins

SCAFCO Grain Systems’ Vice President Mr Dan Wambeke attended the 118th IAOM annual conference and Expo in May where he gave a talk about ways to avoid catastrophe

with storage bins and silo maintenance and repair.

by Daniel Wambeke, VP of sales and engineering SCAFCO Grain Systems, Spokane WA, US

16 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYFSTORAGE

“One of the things that must be kept in mind is what your plant is doing with regards to average temperature, relative humidity, and grain quality.”

Mr Wambeke relayed a story about when he was at a crushing plant in Bangladesh. They had Soy Beans in the bin. The people at the plant asked why their Soy Beans were always 3 degrees centigrade. His advice to them was that you should operate your fans in the evening and early in the morning but not in the middle of the day as they had been doing. In tropical climates there is a window from 5 pm to 8pm and maybe from 5am to 8am where conditions are good for cooling without pumping excess humidity into the bin.

Mr Wambeke then moved on to discuss corrosion on steel bins. Corrosion usually occurs around the base of the bin if you do not have a good seal. If it is not sealed effectively to stop water from getting in, water gets under the lip of the bin and it comes in contact with the grain. The grain then spoils, mould grows and live acid is produced. Acid attacks the coating of the bin wall and the coating literally disappears in days. This can even corrode the bottom of the stiffeners enough to make the stiffeners buckle.

The final topic addressed was that of concrete silos. “Internal Cracks in the walls often happen with concrete silos but

it is not a big deal if the cracks are vertical. If cracks are horizontal they are often small and chipping out around the crack and boxing it in should repair them. If it occurs in the outside of the bin it is going to allow water to get in to corrode the reinforcement bar. The bar will pop out so those should be repaired.”

At GEAPS there was a program by a structural engineer. He stated that a lot of problems with silos are that people look around the top of the wall connection and either it was improp-erly designed or the reinforcing steel wasn’t detailed or was not installed the way it should be. A crack develops and the hopper tries to pull away from the wall. However, this is something that can be checked. The advice given was to: “look for any cracks in the junction of a wall knob or - it could be indicative of a future problem. Don’t be cutting openings in a wall just because it is

convenient. These concrete silos were equipped with side caps so they could load by metric and load trains and they cut some pretty big openings in the side of the silos.”

When you side-tap a concrete silo you change the forces of the silo walls. You have more drawdown forces on one side than the other and this could lead to problems like the collapse of the silo that was unloaded improperly. It is potentially acceptable on the smaller, older ones. It will work however, it is not advised by Mr Wambeke unless side draw flumes are inside the steel bin.

If you have a square silo - a rectangular silo with lots of bins in it watch for cracks, this is indicative of the rewire not being placed properly round the corner. This can be repaired by drilling in there and putting in bolts which will pull the wall back tight, sealing it so no water gets in. If you see on the inside of the silo cracks in the junctions at the interstices or the corners, this is caused by stress in the wall or caused by settlement of foundation. If you know the significant settlement of the foundation, particularly in these multiple bins, then you need to call in a professional to determine where the settlement is and what you might do about it. You can pump concrete under the structure to bring it back up and stop this crack-ing from happening. Often this is all from grain leaking from one bin to another.

When a bin breaks out people think the easiest thing to do is wrap some cable around it but that will put workmen in danger. Put cables round bin a couple of hours later you come back and the cables are loose. The best thing to do is to just unload your bin slowly. Consult a professional either at a bin manufacturer or a consulting engineer about what you might do.

If the bin is full, as soon as you can, get the cone down. You will then relieve a lot of stress from the bin. Then you should not load it full born until you have a bin about half unloaded because dynamic forces could cause this opening to get bigger and grain to come falling out.

One consultant said ‘if as little as 15 bushels is taken out of a steel bin in an eccentric manner it could case a structural failure. Luckily the stiffeners held it together’. ■

18 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY

BUILD YOUR LEGACY.

EMEA/Latin America +34 91 216 14 97India +91 96 1922 1123 Asia / Oceania +1 204 227-6539North America 888-WESTEEL (937-8335)

Protecting your hard work and investment is critical. From initial drawings to delivery and assembly, you can trust our dedicated team of engineers, designers and logistics experts to craft your perfect storage solution. Together we can build your legacy.

Visit Westeel.com to begin your journey.

SIGNATURES

Proofer Account Executive

Creative Authorization of Process

JOB DETAILS / SPECS

DOCKET # 14WEST5263JOB NAME Global Ag Campaign

PROOF # 4PROOF DATE May 5, 2014

TRIM SIZE 190mm x 132mmBLEED 190mm x 132mm

COLOUR 4 Colour CMYKPUBLICATION Grain and Feed Milling

ISSUE DATE Jul / Aug 2014DESIGNER SamG

STOP

[email protected]

F

“One of the things that must be kept in mind is what your plant is doing with regards to average temperature, relative humidity, and grain quality.”

Mr Wambeke relayed a story about when he was at a crushing plant in Bangladesh. They had Soy Beans in the bin. The people at the plant asked why their Soy Beans were always 3 degrees centigrade. His advice to them was that you should operate your fans in the evening and early in the morning but not in the middle of the day as they had been doing. In tropical climates there is a window from 5 pm to 8pm and maybe from 5am to 8am where conditions are good for cooling without pumping excess humidity into the bin.

Mr Wambeke then moved on to discuss corrosion on steel bins. Corrosion usually occurs around the base of the bin if you do not have a good seal. If it is not sealed effectively to stop water from getting in, water gets under the lip of the bin and it comes in contact with the grain. The grain then spoils, mould grows and live acid is produced. Acid attacks the coating of the bin wall and the coating literally disappears in days. This can even corrode the bottom of the stiffeners enough to make the stiffeners buckle.

The final topic addressed was that of concrete silos. “Internal Cracks in the walls often happen with concrete silos but

it is not a big deal if the cracks are vertical. If cracks are horizontal they are often small and chipping out around the crack and boxing it in should repair them. If it occurs in the outside of the bin it is going to allow water to get in to corrode the reinforcement bar. The bar will pop out so those should be repaired.”

At GEAPS there was a program by a structural engineer. He stated that a lot of problems with silos are that people look around the top of the wall connection and either it was improp-erly designed or the reinforcing steel wasn’t detailed or was not installed the way it should be. A crack develops and the hopper tries to pull away from the wall. However, this is something that can be checked. The advice given was to: “look for any cracks in the junction of a wall knob or - it could be indicative of a future problem. Don’t be cutting openings in a wall just because it is

convenient. These concrete silos were equipped with side caps so they could load by metric and load trains and they cut some pretty big openings in the side of the silos.”

When you side-tap a concrete silo you change the forces of the silo walls. You have more drawdown forces on one side than the other and this could lead to problems like the collapse of the silo that was unloaded improperly. It is potentially acceptable on the smaller, older ones. It will work however, it is not advised by Mr Wambeke unless side draw flumes are inside the steel bin.

If you have a square silo - a rectangular silo with lots of bins in it watch for cracks, this is indicative of the rewire not being placed properly round the corner. This can be repaired by drilling in there and putting in bolts which will pull the wall back tight, sealing it so no water gets in. If you see on the inside of the silo cracks in the junctions at the interstices or the corners, this is caused by stress in the wall or caused by settlement of foundation. If you know the significant settlement of the foundation, particularly in these multiple bins, then you need to call in a professional to determine where the settlement is and what you might do about it. You can pump concrete under the structure to bring it back up and stop this crack-ing from happening. Often this is all from grain leaking from one bin to another.

When a bin breaks out people think the easiest thing to do is wrap some cable around it but that will put workmen in danger. Put cables round bin a couple of hours later you come back and the cables are loose. The best thing to do is to just unload your bin slowly. Consult a professional either at a bin manufacturer or a consulting engineer about what you might do.

If the bin is full, as soon as you can, get the cone down. You will then relieve a lot of stress from the bin. Then you should not load it full born until you have a bin about half unloaded because dynamic forces could cause this opening to get bigger and grain to come falling out.

One consultant said ‘if as little as 15 bushels is taken out of a steel bin in an eccentric manner it could case a structural failure. Luckily the stiffeners held it together’. ■

18 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY

BUILD YOUR LEGACY.

EMEA/Latin America +34 91 216 14 97India +91 96 1922 1123 Asia / Oceania +1 204 227-6539North America 888-WESTEEL (937-8335)

Protecting your hard work and investment is critical. From initial drawings to delivery and assembly, you can trust our dedicated team of engineers, designers and logistics experts to craft your perfect storage solution. Together we can build your legacy.

Visit Westeel.com to begin your journey.

SIGNATURES

Proofer Account Executive

Creative Authorization of Process

JOB DETAILS / SPECS

DOCKET # 14WEST5263JOB NAME Global Ag Campaign

PROOF # 4PROOF DATE May 5, 2014

TRIM SIZE 190mm x 132mmBLEED 190mm x 132mm

COLOUR 4 Colour CMYKPUBLICATION Grain and Feed Milling

ISSUE DATE Jul / Aug 2014DESIGNER SamG

STOP

[email protected]

F

The process:The fan of the GRANIFRIGOR™ grain cooler draws in the

ambient air (Fig. 1). This air is cooled by an air conditioner to the desired temperature and is thereby dehumidified. Moisture is extracted. The downstream HYGROTHERM™ unit heats up the cold, moist air. This lowers the relative humidity. Since the HYGROTHERM™ heating unit uses energy from the refrigera-tion circuit; it involves no further energy costs. The air cooled and dried is pushed through a hose in the ventilation system of the storage facility and is forced through the grain. This process can be employed in a warehouse or in a silo. The outgoing air is led outside via vents, extracting absorbed heat and moisture from the grain. The process is continued until all grain is cooled to the desired temperature level.

The storage period timer in Figure 2 shows the estimated good storage time for grain according to its temperature and moisture content. The safe storage time for any particular condi-tion of grain can be read quite simply by matching the grain’s moisture content against its actual temperature. The section of the line on the vertical axis of the storage period gives the possible storage time of the grain. For example, the possible storage multiplies times five (position a to b) for a grain of 14.5 % moisture content if the grain’s temperature drops from 24 °C to 10 °C. However, the gained storage periods of the timer are only approximate values.

Grain is a poor conductor of heat. The high temperature of the harvested grain and the heat generated by cellular respiration are poorly dissipated to the outside. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that the air between the grains provides additional insulation. The cavities in a grain mass make up approximately 40 percent of the volume. In addition, the kernels touch one another only at single spots, providing a small area only for heat conduction (Fig.3). This is why bulk keeps its temperature for such a long time. Grain remains cold if it is cooled once that means re-cooling is only necessary for many months even at tropic conditions.

Energy consumption for cooling conservationThe energy consumption of cooling conservation depends on the

ambient temperature, the relative humidity of the ambient air, and the moisture content and temperature of the grain. Furthermore the temperature of the cooled grain determines how long the grain cooler is required to operate and therefore how much power it consumes. (Fig.4).

Influence of the cooling conservation on the storage stability of grain

RespirationGrain continues to live after

being harvested. Losses in fresh-ly harvested grain are primarily caused by its cellular respiration and its heating. The rate of this process is dependent on the grain’s moisture content and temperature. Respiration becomes more inten-

Treatment of grains through conservation coolingby Pari Mamallan, Dr Claus M Braunbeck and Ralph E Kolb

GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY

Conservation cooling technology is a process of treating the grain on its optimal natural temperature (usually below +13°C) irrespective of any ambient

weather conditions, in order to avoid loss results from respirations, insect activity and mildew growth.

FEATURE FROM

Figure 3: Porsity and contact between the grains and bulk

Figure 2: Storage period timer for grain

Figure 1: process principle of the grain cooling conservation

20 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYFSTORAGE

The process:The fan of the GRANIFRIGOR™ grain cooler draws in the

ambient air (Fig. 1). This air is cooled by an air conditioner to the desired temperature and is thereby dehumidified. Moisture is extracted. The downstream HYGROTHERM™ unit heats up the cold, moist air. This lowers the relative humidity. Since the HYGROTHERM™ heating unit uses energy from the refrigera-tion circuit; it involves no further energy costs. The air cooled and dried is pushed through a hose in the ventilation system of the storage facility and is forced through the grain. This process can be employed in a warehouse or in a silo. The outgoing air is led outside via vents, extracting absorbed heat and moisture from the grain. The process is continued until all grain is cooled to the desired temperature level.

The storage period timer in Figure 2 shows the estimated good storage time for grain according to its temperature and moisture content. The safe storage time for any particular condi-tion of grain can be read quite simply by matching the grain’s moisture content against its actual temperature. The section of the line on the vertical axis of the storage period gives the possible storage time of the grain. For example, the possible storage multiplies times five (position a to b) for a grain of 14.5 % moisture content if the grain’s temperature drops from 24 °C to 10 °C. However, the gained storage periods of the timer are only approximate values.

Grain is a poor conductor of heat. The high temperature of the harvested grain and the heat generated by cellular respiration are poorly dissipated to the outside. This problem is exacerbated by the fact that the air between the grains provides additional insulation. The cavities in a grain mass make up approximately 40 percent of the volume. In addition, the kernels touch one another only at single spots, providing a small area only for heat conduction (Fig.3). This is why bulk keeps its temperature for such a long time. Grain remains cold if it is cooled once that means re-cooling is only necessary for many months even at tropic conditions.

Energy consumption for cooling conservationThe energy consumption of cooling conservation depends on the

ambient temperature, the relative humidity of the ambient air, and the moisture content and temperature of the grain. Furthermore the temperature of the cooled grain determines how long the grain cooler is required to operate and therefore how much power it consumes. (Fig.4).

Influence of the cooling conservation on the storage stability of grain

RespirationGrain continues to live after

being harvested. Losses in fresh-ly harvested grain are primarily caused by its cellular respiration and its heating. The rate of this process is dependent on the grain’s moisture content and temperature. Respiration becomes more inten-

Treatment of grains through conservation coolingby Pari Mamallan, Dr Claus M Braunbeck and Ralph E Kolb

GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY

Conservation cooling technology is a process of treating the grain on its optimal natural temperature (usually below +13°C) irrespective of any ambient

weather conditions, in order to avoid loss results from respirations, insect activity and mildew growth.

FEATURE FROM

Figure 3: Porsity and contact between the grains and bulk

Figure 2: Storage period timer for grain

Figure 1: process principle of the grain cooling conservation

20 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGYFSTORAGE

sive as the temperature and moisture increase. The consequences of heating are loss of substance and increased risk of insects and mildew. A grain cooler avoids the disadvantages of the post-harvest period of the grain. In cellular respiration, oxygen is absorbed and carbohydrates are then converted into carbon dioxide, water and heat. The result is a loss of substance. The grain respiration molecular formula of the chemical process:

Animals in the storage facilityAccording to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the

United Nations (FAO), approximately 15 percent of harvest crops spoil worldwide.

Insects and mitesVarious types of insects are encountered in a grain storage facility.

All have in common that their activity depends on the temperature. Figure 6, shows some species of the most common insects in humid tropical areas and their optimal life and development conditions. If insects find optimal temperature and humidity conditions, losses will occur due to feeding and excrement. Insects and mites multiply explosively under favorable conditions. At locations where the insects attack, the respiration of the grain increases and hot spots develop. In addition, there is the metabolic activity of the pests themselves, which further promotes heat and humidity. This creates more favorable conditions for mold and, at very high levels of humid-ity, even bacterial growth. Losses through insects can be effectively prevented by cooling the harvested crop to temperatures below 15 °C, at which insects become inactive.

Fungi mycotoxinMicroorganisms such as

fungi and bacteria adhere to the surface of the grain ker-nel. The development of fungi depends on the temperature, humidity and the grain’s mois-ture content (Fig. 7). This development is prevented in the storage facility by drying and GRANIFRIGOR™ grain cooling. Mycotoxins can be formed by fungi. Mycotoxins

According to the FAO, the loss is caused by the following: 80% due to insects 10% due to rodents and birds 10 % due to fungi

Figure 4: Empirical values for energy consumption for one cooling process of grain in the tropics

Cooling (K) 20(eg. From 35°C to 15°C)

Region AsiaClimate Zone Tropics

Electricity consumption in (KWh/t) 6-12

Figure 5: Shows the grain heat generation depends on the grain’s temperature and moisture content. In practice, this can be used to determine the substance loss of the stored grain.

July - August 2014 | 21GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY F

have a toxic effect on humans and animals. Most mycotoxins are heat-stable and very resistant. During processing they are typically neither broken down chemically nor rendered harmless. For this reason, the formation of toxins must be prevented by preventing harmful fungi.

SummaryGRANIFRIGOR™ grain cooling of wheat, maize, millet,

paddy, oats, rapeseed, oilseed, soybeans, peas, nuts, pal-lets, cacao, beans are worldwide proven, natural process for quality assurance of grains of all kinds. In warm and humid climates, there is virtually no alternative. Cooling conservation is important worldwide. Good storage maintenance and care, as well as good air distribution in the storage facility are all necessary. The temperature of the grain is checked regularly to monitor the process. GRANIFRIGORTM cooling conservation offers a number of benefits which reduce loss, lower cost and simplifies storage management thereby increasing the revenue and thus the market strength of grain granaries and proces-sors. ■

Figure 7: Development of various microorganisms as a function of relative humidity, temperature and the

grain’s moisture content

Figure 6: Development of relevant insect dependent on temperature

More inforMation:Website: www.frigortec.com

22 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY

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[email protected]

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Мinks, 3-6 June Bangalore, 22-24 АugustBELAGRO

leader worldwide innovative R&D since 198592% export rate

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Grain cooling

GRANIFRIGOR™The most natural way of grain preservation:

• Protection against insects and microbes

• Without chemical treatment

• Short amortisation period

• Low energy costs

• Independent of ambient weather conditions

F r i g o r T e c G m b H • H u m m e l a u 1 • 8 8 2 7 9 A m t z e l l / G e r m a n yP h o n e : + 4 9 7 5 2 0 / 9 1 4 8 2 - 0 • F a x : + 4 9 7 5 2 0 / 9 1 4 8 2 - 2 2 • E - M a i l : i n f o @ f r i g o r t e c . d e w w w . f r i g o r t e c . c o m

F

have a toxic effect on humans and animals. Most mycotoxins are heat-stable and very resistant. During processing they are typically neither broken down chemically nor rendered harmless. For this reason, the formation of toxins must be prevented by preventing harmful fungi.

SummaryGRANIFRIGOR™ grain cooling of wheat, maize, millet,

paddy, oats, rapeseed, oilseed, soybeans, peas, nuts, pal-lets, cacao, beans are worldwide proven, natural process for quality assurance of grains of all kinds. In warm and humid climates, there is virtually no alternative. Cooling conservation is important worldwide. Good storage maintenance and care, as well as good air distribution in the storage facility are all necessary. The temperature of the grain is checked regularly to monitor the process. GRANIFRIGORTM cooling conservation offers a number of benefits which reduce loss, lower cost and simplifies storage management thereby increasing the revenue and thus the market strength of grain granaries and proces-sors. ■

Figure 7: Development of various microorganisms as a function of relative humidity, temperature and the

grain’s moisture content

Figure 6: Development of relevant insect dependent on temperature

More inforMation:Website: www.frigortec.com

22 | July - August 2014 GRAIN&FEED MILLING TECHNOLOGY

flat bottom silos hopper silos

www.symaga.com

[email protected]

O�ces and Factory:Ctra. de Arenas km. 2,30013210 Villarta de San Juan • Ciudad Real- SpainT: +34 926 640 475 • F: +34 926 640 294

Madrid O�ce:C/ Azcona, 37 • 28028 Madrid - SpainT: +34 91 726 43 04 • F: +34 91 361 15 94

Мinks, 3-6 June Bangalore, 22-24 АugustBELAGRO

leader worldwide innovative R&D since 198592% export rate

presence in 120 countries

Grain cooling

GRANIFRIGOR™The most natural way of grain preservation:

• Protection against insects and microbes

• Without chemical treatment

• Short amortisation period

• Low energy costs

• Independent of ambient weather conditions

F r i g o r T e c G m b H • H u m m e l a u 1 • 8 8 2 7 9 A m t z e l l / G e r m a n yP h o n e : + 4 9 7 5 2 0 / 9 1 4 8 2 - 0 • F a x : + 4 9 7 5 2 0 / 9 1 4 8 2 - 2 2 • E - M a i l : i n f o @ f r i g o r t e c . d e w w w . f r i g o r t e c . c o m

F

flat bottom silos hopper silos

www.symaga.com

[email protected]

O�ces and Factory:Ctra. de Arenas km. 2,30013210 Villarta de San Juan • Ciudad Real- SpainT: +34 926 640 475 • F: +34 926 640 294

Madrid O�ce:C/ Azcona, 37 • 28028 Madrid - SpainT: +34 91 726 43 04 • F: +34 91 361 15 94

Мinks, 3-6 June Bangalore, 22-24 АugustBELAGRO

leader worldwide innovative R&D since 198592% export rate

presence in 120 countries

www.gfmt.co.uk

LINKS• See the full issue• Visit the GFMT website

• Contact the GFMT Team

• Subscribe to GFMTINCORPORATING PORTS, DISTRIBUTION AND FORMULATION

July

- Au

gust

2014

first published in 1891

In this issue:

• NIR Multi Online Technology: Real-time analysis for early detection of grain quality fluctuations

• Feed Focus Pigs

• GRAPAS Technology from the GRAPAS Asia award

• Dust control with bulk bag

discharger and flexible screw conveyors

• Mycotoxins How to analyse and reduce the hazard to humans and animals

• Storage and silos special

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