Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative
relationships in chemical reactions.
The basic idea used in solving stoichiometric problems is the mole
concept.
A short review
Molecular weight is the sum of the atomic weights
of all the atoms in a molecule.
A molecule is the smallest unit of a covalent
compound.
What is a mole?
A mole (mol) is a SI base unit used to measure the amount of material in a
chemical sample.
1 mole of H2O contains 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules
(Avogadro’s number)
A coefficient in a balanced chemical equation indicates the number of moles of a chemical
compound involved in a chemical reaction.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
The coefficients give you the mole ration of the compounds involved
in the reaction.
2H2 + O2 2H2O
The mole ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2:1 (for every one
oxygen put into the reaction, 2 moles of hydrogen are also
needed to put into the reaction)
The unit of moles provides a “bridge” to mathematically convert
between several different aspects of
chemical compounds.
Moles link an abstract chemical equation to a
concrete unit of measurement (grams,
Liters, number of molecules)
For example:
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
1 mole = molecular mass of a substance
1 mole = 22.4 L of a substance at STP (standard temperature
and pressure)
For example:
1 mol Cl = 6.02 x 1023 molecules Cl 1 mol H2O = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
H2O
1 mol Cl = 35.45g Cl1 mol H2O = 18.01g H2O
1 mol Cl = 22.4L Cl @ STP 1 mol H2O = 22.4L H2O @ ATP
There are several types of calculations that can be used in Stoichiometry.
Mole – mole calculations
Involves 1 conversion factor
The object of this type of problem is to calculate the
moles of one substance when given the number of moles of
different substance.
Example: Magnesium hydroxide reacts with carbonic acid. How
many moles of water will be produced from
3.5 moles of magnesium hydroxide?
You are given the moles of one substance and asked to find the
moles of another substance.
Example: How many moles of ammonia can be produced
from 8.00 moles of hydrogen reacting with nitrogen?
Example: K2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 7H2SO4 Cr2 (SO4)3 + 4K2SO4 + 3I2 + 7H2O
Calculate the number of moles of potassium dichromate that will react with 2.0 moles of potassium iodide.
Calculate the number of moles of iodine that will be produced from 2.0
moles of potassium iodide.
Mole – mass calculations
Involves 2 conversion factors
The object of this type of problem is to calculate the
moles of one substance when given the mass of
different substance.
Or vise versa
Example: What mass of hydrogen can be
produced by reacting 6.0 moles of aluminum with
hydrochloric acid?
You are given the moles of one substance and asked to find the mass
of another substance.
Example: How much carbon dioxide is produced by the complete combustion of 0.0492 mol of propane,
C3H8?
Example: How many moles of water will be produced from 14.6 g propane in the
combustion of propane?
Mass – Mass calculations
Involves 3 conversion factors
The object of this type of problem is to calculate the
mass of one substance when given the mass of
different substance.
Example: How much carbon dioxide is produced by the complete
combustion of 100.0 g of propane, C3H8?
You are given the moles of one substance and asked to find the mass
of another substance.
Example: Magnesium chloride reacts with sulfuric
acid. How much sulfuric acid is needed to produce
26.3 g of magnesium sulfate?
Calculations involving Liters and number of
molecules
Example: How many moles of ammonia can be produced
from 1.03 Liters of hydrogen reacting with nitrogen at STP?
Example: How many carbon dioxide molecules are
produced by the complete combustion of 32.00 grams of
propane, C3H8?