Stockmarket niaj-121123072604-phpapp02

Topic- Stock Market (Shares)

A Presentation By-Neeraj Bhatia (Ni@j)

Introduction:• A company form of organisation is a business entity

which is established under provision of India`s Companies Act 1956, through promotion,

incorporation and floatation.

• The total capital of company is estimated, registered and divided into units of equal value. This units are known as Shares and collectively they are known as Share Capital.

Share Capital Shares

The amount is invested or contributed by the investors and then they are collectively sold and purchased by new or existing investors through various means such as brokers of stock market / companies etc. , thus directly or indirectly giving birth or using the STOCK MARKET (Share Market).

Incorporation of a Company:

• The procedure for incorporating a co. may be divided into 4 principal stages :

Promotion Incorporation or Registration of a Co. Capital Subscription Commencement of Business

What is Stock Market?

• A stock market or equity market is a public entity for the trading

of company stock (shares) and derivatives at an agreed price;

these are securities listed on a stock exchange as well as those only

traded privately.

Importance of Stock Market:

• Function and purpose:

The stock market is one of the most important sources for

companies to raise money. This allows businesses to be

publicly traded, or raise additional capital for expansion by

selling shares of ownership of the company in a public

market.

History has shown that the price of shares and other assets is an important part of the dynamics of economic activity, and can influence or be an indicator of social mood.

An economy where the stock market is on the rise is considered to be an up-and-coming economy.

Share prices also affect the wealth of households and their consumption

Exchanges also act as the clearinghouse for each transaction, meaning that they collect and deliver the shares, and guarantee payment to the seller of a security.

Major Stock Exchanges:

• New York Stock Exchange (NYSE- USA)• Toronto Stock Exchange (Canada)• Amsterdam Stock Exchange• London Stock Exchange • Singapore Exchange• Tokyo Stock Exchange• Hong Kong Stock Exchange• Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE- India)

Major Participants:

• Individual Retail Investors

• Institutional investors such as mutual funds, banks,

insurance companies and hedge funds, and also

publicly traded corporations trading in their own

shares.

The smooth functioning of all these activities facilitates economic growth in that lower costs and enterprise risks promote the production of goods and services as well as employment.

In this way the financial system contributes to increased prosperity.

Some Important Terms Relating To ‘Stock Market’

Market Capitalisation:

Market capitalization is the measure of corporate size of a country. It shows the current stock price multiplied by the number of outstanding shares. It is commonly referred to as Market cap.

Capital Structure:

• Capital structure means the proportion of debt and equity used for financing the operations of a business or an enterprises.

The capital structure should be such which increases the value of equity shares or maximises the wealth of share holder.

• In finance, to corner the market is to get sufficient control of a particular stock, commodity, or other asset to allow the price to be manipulated.

Corner the market to have the greatest market share in a particular industry without having a monopoly. They may charge higher prices for their products without fear of losing too much business.

Cornering:

Speculation:

• Speculation is the practice of engaging in risky financial transactions in an attempt to profit from short or medium term fluctuations in the market value of a tradable good.

• Speculation can in principle involve any tradable good or financial instrument.

Speculators:• Many speculators pay little attention to the fundamental

value of a security and instead focus purely on price movements.

Four kinds of speculators operate in the Indian Stock Exchange. They are known as :

Bull Bear Stag and Lame duck.

Bull:

A Bull also called as Tejiwala is an operator who is hopeful of price rise in the near future. In anticipation of price rise he makes purchases of shares and other securities with the intention of selling them at higher prices in future.

He being a speculator has no intention of taking delivery of securities but deals only in difference of prices.

Bear:A bear does not have securities at present but sells them at higher prices in anticipation that he will supply them business purchasing at lower prices in the future.

Stag:A stag is that type of speculator who treads his path very carefully. He applies for shares in new companies and expects to sell them at a premium if he gets an allotment. He selects those companies whose shares are most in demand and are likely to carry a premium. He sells the shares before being called to pay the allotment money.

Lame Duck:

A Lame Duck is nothing but a stressed bear. When a bear finds it difficult to complete his promise he is labeled as a lame duck.

Stock Broker:• A stockbroker is a regulated professional individual,

usually associated with a brokerage firm or broker-dealer, who buys and sells shares and other securities for both retail and institutional clients, through a stock exchange or over the counter, in return for a fee or commission.

Stock Exchanges names and their Indices Name:

Country Stock exchange name Indices name

India National Stock Exchange S & P Nifty

India Bombay Stock Exchange Sensex

Hong Kong Hong Kong Stock Exchange Hang Seng

USA New York Stock Exchange NYSE

Korea Korean Stock Exchange KRX 100

Russia Russian Stock Exchange RTS Index

National Stock Exchange• The National Stock Exchange (NSE) (Rashtriya Share Bazaar) is stock exchange

located at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is in the top 20 largest stock

exchanges in the world by

market capitalisation and

largest in India by daily

turnover and number of

trades, for both equities

and derivative trading.

• NSE has a market

capitalization of around

US$1 trillion and over 1,652 listings as of July 2012.

Though a number of other exchanges exist, NSE and the Bombay Stock Exchange are the two most significant stock exchanges in India, and between them are responsible for the vast majority of share transactions.

The NSE's key index is the S&P CNX Nifty, known as the NSE NIFTY (National Stock Exchange Fifty), an index of fifty major stocks weighted by market capitalisation.

• NSE is mutually owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate entities.

• There are at least 2 foreign investors NYSE Euronext and Goldman Sachs who have taken a stake in the NSE.

As of 2006, the NSE VSAT terminals, 2799 in total, cover more

than 1500 cities across India.

In 2011, NSE was the third largest stock exchange in the world in terms of the number of contracts (1221 million) traded in

equity derivatives.

It is the second fastest growing stock exchange in the world with a recorded growth of 16.6%.

Major Milestones of NSE : National Stock Exchange has achieved various milestones. Some

major milestones of NSE are :• November 1992 Incorporation• October 1995 Became largest stock exchange in the country• April 1996 Launch of S&P CNX Nifty• November 1996 Best IT

Usage award by Computer

Society of India• December 1996 Launch

of CNX Nifty Junior• October 1999 Setting up

of NSE.IT

• January 2000 Launch of NSE Research Initiative• February 2000 Commencement of Internet Trading• January 2002 Launch of Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)• April 2008 Launch of India VIX• December 2009 Commencement of settlement of corporate bonds

Bombay Stock Exchange:• Bombay Stock Exchange, commonly referred to as the BSE, (Bombay

Share Bazaar) is a stock exchange located on Dalal Street, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

It is the oldest stock exchange

in Asia. The equity market

capitalisation of the companies

listed on the BSE was US$1 trillion

as of December 2011, making it

the 6th largest stock exchange

in Asia and the 14th largest in

the world.

The BSE has the largest

number of listed companies in the

world.

As of March 2012, there are over 5,133 listed Indian companies and over 8,196 scrips on the stock exchange, the Bombay Stock Exchange has a significant trading volume.

The BSE SENSEX, also called "BSE 30", is a widely used market index in India and Asia. Though many other exchanges exist, BSE and the National Stock Exchange of India account for the majority of the equity trading in India.

While both have similar total market

capitalization (about USD 1.6 trillion),

share volume in NSE is typically

two times that of BSE.

History of BSE:As we read in the history of Indian stock exchange; the stock exchange, Mumbai, popularly known as "BSE". BSE was established in 1875 as "The Native Share and Stock Brokers Association".

It is the oldest one in Asia, even older than the Tokyo Stock Exchange, which was established in 1878. It is a voluntary non-profit making Association of Persons (AOP) and has converted itself into demutualised and corporate entity.

‘It has evolved over the years into its present status as the Premier Stock Exchange in the country. It is the first Stock Exchange in the Country to have obtained permanent recognition in 1956 from the Govt. of India under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.’

Operation hours of Bombay Stock Exchange :

Session Timing

Pre-open Trading Session 09:00 - 09:15

Trading Session 09:15 - 15:30

Position Transfer Session 15:30 - 15:50

Closing Session 15:50 - 16:05

Option Exercise Session 16:05

Why do the prices of share increase or decrease in the market?

• There is one major factor that causes the movement of the market and this is BUYER / BUYERS.

The more buyers for a given security, the higher the price of that security will go, if there are no buyers, the price of the security will drop.Companies can have the greatest product/service in the world but if no one wants to buy, the

price of the stock will go no

where and if it does move it will

move down.