Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era 1 INNOVATION STUDIES & - POLICY IN THE 21st CENTURY Impacts from trends in economy and society Prof. dr. ir. Ruud E. Smits
Mar 27, 2015
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
1
INNOVATION STUDIES & -POLICY IN THE 21st CENTURY
Impacts from trends in economy and society
Prof. dr. ir. Ruud E. Smits
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
2
CENTRAL THEME
Consequences and challenges of major trends in economy and
society for innovation research and -policy
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
3
S&T, ECONOMY & SOCIETYInseparable
• Innovation Systems
• Seamless web
• Social Construction Of Technology
• Co-evolution
• Mode 1 Mode 2
• Technological culture
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
4
AN EXAMPLE OF A TECHNOLOGICAL CULTURE
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
5
OUTLINE
• What and why?• Four Major Trends
3 Consequences for Policy & Research
4 To wind up
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
6
INNOVATION: WHAT & WHY?
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
7
WHAT?Inventions and innovations
An innovation is a succesful application of an invention
Innovation processes are complex processes of change
characterised by co-evolution of scientific, technological, societal
and economic systems
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
8
WHY?To innovate is difficult
• Nuclear energy
• Intelligence in the ‘net’ or in the PC?
• Innovation in SME’s
• Computers in the schools
• Genetically modified food
• Failing new high tech firms
• Automation catastrophes
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
9
4 MAJOR TRENDS
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
10
1. STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN OUR ECONOMY
• Shift from agriculture industry (knowledge intensive) services
• Advent of Cultural Industry
• Revolution in agriculture: from mass production to specialties
• Increase knowledge intensive goods and services
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
11
INCREASE KNOWLEDGE INTENSIVE GOODS AND SERVICES
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
12
QUESTIONS & CHALLENGES
• Dynamics innovation in services• Role knowledge intensive (business) services
in innovation• Role IT in the New (?) Economy• Knowledge infrastructure: agriculture,
services, IT• How to quantify/measure not only input, but
also (intangible aspects of) throughput and output of innovation processes?
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
13
2. THE AGE OF THE LIFE SCIENCES
• 21st century belongs to biotechnology:– revolutionary changes in health-care system– many new technology based firms (NASDAQ)
• Changes in innovation processes:– public-private markets– risky product-development– many important ethical issues
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
14
THE AGE OF OF THE LIFE SCIENCES
Many ethical issues:
• (human) Cloning• Bio-patenting of human material• Xeno-transplantation• Genetic screening & privacy• Preserving biodiversity• Research with human embryos
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
15
QUESTIONS & CHALLENGES
• Dynamics innovation in life sciences
• Innovating in public-private markets
• How to handle ethical issues?
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
16
3. ADVENT OF THE NETWORK SOCIETY
• End of ‘top down’ steering• From discrete loosely coupled to fuzzy
strongly coupled systems• Optimizing systems in stead of parts• Growing importance of:
. Strategic alliances
. Flexibility
. Interface between organisations and systems
• IT and sustainable development: driving forces and facilitators
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
17
QUESTIONS & CHALLENGES
• How to innovate in chains, clusters and networks?
• How to handle competition versus co-operation?
• How to mobilise the creative potential of users?
• New role of government: concept & instruments
• Role of intermediaries
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
18
4. CHANGES IN KNOWLEDGE INFRASTRUCTURE
• From supply- to demand driven• 2nd order Knowledge Infrastructure:
knowledge intensive business services• Distributed Knowledge Base:
. Types of knowledge
. Sources of knowledge
. Users of knowledge
. Transfer of knowledge
• From Mode 1 Mode 2
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
19
QUESTIONS & CHALLENGES
• New institutions, relations, missions in research system
• Role of multidisciplinary research in monodisciplinary research systems
• Quality control in a non-academic setting• Role intermediaries, KIBS, 2nd order KIS• Instruments to effectively involve users• Status of researchers• New, broader set of indicators
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
20
MAJOR TRENDSTo wind up
• Structural changes in the economy:– services– new sectors– knowledge intensive products and services
• 21st century: life sciences• Advent of network society/economy• Changing knowledge infrastructures
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
21
CONSEQUENCES FOR INNOVATION POLICY AND -
RESEARCH
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
22
CONSEQUENCES FOR INNOVATION POLICIES
Further development integral innovation policy
STARTING POINTS:• Taking whole innovation system into account• Network character, important role
intermediaries• Interaction with users, learning, awareness,
mobilising creative potential users• Distributed nature knowledge base• Multi-layered structure: international, national,
regional, local
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
23
CONSEQUENCES FOR INNOVATION POLICIES
Further development integral innovation policy
ACTIONS:• Redesign roles and relations of actors and layers:
. Government partner
. Users & KIS interaction (intermediaries?)
. Politics stimulating debate• Improving strategic intelligence: technology
assessment, foresight, clusters, indicators• Re-design KIS: consequences mode1 mode 2• New instruments: participative and communicative
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
24
INNOVATION RESEARCHCases
• Innovation in services
• Innovation in life sciences
• IT and sustainability
• IT and the (New?) Economy
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
25
INNOVATION RESEARCHTheory
• Two main streams:. Processes (SCOT, evolutionary,...). Systems (Hughes, David, Freeman, Lundvall,..)
• Two problems:. Seperated. Description in terms of entities in stead of
systems
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
26
INNOVATION RESEARCHTheory
• Role of intermediaries in innovation processes
• Innovation in chains, clusters, networks and systems
• Development of indicators (throughput, output, intangibles)
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
27
INNOVATION RESEARCHAnalysis and support of decision-
making• Content:
. Insight in potential & assesment & implementation. Technology assessment, technology foresight, clusterstudies, indicators
• Process:. Support actors in innovation processes in networks. Scenario’s, gaming, group decision support systems, strategic workshops
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
28
TO WIND UP
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
29
TO WIND UP• Innovation is the work of man, but....
• ....making science and technology work is by no means easy, and.....
• ....very dependent on:. the further development of integral innovation policies . deeper insight in relation between processes and systems. adequate indicators and strategic intelligence
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
30
MEDIATOR BETWEEN TECHNOLOGICAL ARTEFACTS
AND USERS
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
31
INNOVATIONTo wind up
• Science and technology are the work of man, and by this policy makes sense
• Influencing S&T in the direction we want is not easy
• Succesful innovation is far more than pure S&T
Stockholm 15-01-2001 6CP workshop Innovation Policies for a new Era
32
FROM MODE 1 MODE 2
MODE 1• Academic context• Disciplinary• Homogeneous• Hierarchical & stable• Academic quality
control• Accountable for
academic world
MODE 2• Application oriented• Transdisciplinary• Heterogeneous• Heterarchical and
variable• Broader quality control• Accountable for society
as a whole