Victor Khanye Dr JS Moroka Emakhazeni Emalahleni Thembisile Spatial Development Spatial Development Spatial Development Spatial Development Framework Framework Framework Framework Draft Draft Draft Draft Report Report Report Report June 201 June 201 June 201 June 2010 0 0 STEVE TSHWETE STEVE TSHWETE STEVE TSHWETE STEVE TSHWETE Local Local Local Local Municipality Municipality Municipality Municipality
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Victor Khanye
Dr JS Moroka
Emakhazeni
Emalahleni
Thembisile
Spatial Development Spatial Development Spatial Development Spatial Development FrameworkFrameworkFrameworkFramework
STEVE TSHWETESTEVE TSHWETESTEVE TSHWETESTEVE TSHWETELocal Local Local Local MunicipalityMunicipalityMunicipalityMunicipality
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iSTEVE TSHWETE LOCAL MUNICIPALITY – SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK
“to be the best Community Driven Local Municipality on provision of Sustainable Services and Developmental Programmes”
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LIST OF ACRONYMS ABET - Adult Basic Education Training AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ASGISA - Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa CBD - Central Business District CIF - Capital Investment Framework DBSA - Development Bank of Southern Africa DFA - Development Facilitation Act DITP - District Integrated Transport Plan DLA - Department of Land Affairs DM - District Municipality DME - Department of Minerals and Energy EMP Environmental Management Plan ESKOM - Electricity Supply Commission (ESCOM) EPWP Extended Public Works Programme GDP - Gross Domestic Product GDRP - Gross Domestic Regional Product GGP - Gross Geographic Product GVA - Gross Value Added ICC - International Convention Centre IDP - Integrated Development Plan IPA - Implementation of Priority Areas ISRDS - Integrated Sustainable Rural Development
Strategy HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus KM - Kilometres KZN - Kwa-Zulu Natal LED - Local Economic Development LM - Local Municipality LSDF - Local Spatial Development Framework LUM - Land Use Management LUMB - Land Use Management Bill LUMS - Land Use Management Systems MDGs - Millennium Development Goals MDRT - Mpumalanga Department of Roads and Transport MLL - Minimum Living Level MPCC - Multi-Purpose Community (Service) Centre MPGDS - Mpumalanga Provincial Growth and Development Strategy
MPISF - Mpumalanga Provincial Integrated Spatial Framework Mt. - Million Tonnes MTPA - Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency MRDP - Mpumalanga Rural Development Programme MSA - Municipal System Act MTA - Mpumalanga Tourism Authority MTGS - Mpumalanga Tourism Growth Strategy NATMAP - National Transportation Master Plan NDM - Nkangala District Municipality NSDP - National Spatial Development Perspective ORTIA - Oliver Tambo International Airport PGDS - Provincial Growth and Development Strategy RIDS - Regional Industrial Development Strategy SAR - South African Railways SARCC - South African Rail Commuter Corporation SDA - Spatial Development Areas SDF - Spatial Development Framework SDO - Spatial Development Objectives SMME - Small Medium and Micro Enterprises SoER - State of Environment Reporting SWOT - Strength, Weaknesses, Objective and Threats analysis TCTA - Tans-Caledon Tunnel Authority TEKS - Trichardt, Evander, Kinross and Secunda UN - United Nations WMAs - Water Management Areas
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION 6
2 STUDY OBJECTIVES AND REPORT STRUCTURE 7
2.1 STUDY OBJECTIVES 7
2.2 REPORT STRUCTURE 8
3 MUNICIPAL VISION AND REGIONAL CONTEXT 9
3.1 MUNICIPAL VISION AND MISSION 9
3.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT 9
4 SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT REALITY (SITUATIONA L ANALYSIS) 11
4.1 NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL POLICY CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES 11
4.1.1 THE NATIONAL SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE (NSDP) 11
4.1.2 THE REGIONAL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (RIDS) (2006) AND NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL POLICY FRAMEWORK (NIPF) (2006) 13
4.1.3 THE ACCELERATED AND SHARED GROWTH INITIATIVE FOR SOUTH AFRICA (ASGISA) (2006) (REVIEW 2008) 15
4.1.4 FRAMEWORK FOR SOUTH AFRICA’S RESPONSE TO THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC CRISIS 16
4.1.5 THE NATIONAL INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE RURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (ISRDS) 18
4.1.6 COMPREHENSIVE RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (CRDP) (2009) 19
4.1.7 BREAKING NEW GROUND (BNG) 21
4.1.8 THE NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION MASTER PLAN 2050 (NATMAP) 21
4.1.9 MPUMALANGA RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (MRDP) 22
4.1.10 MPUMALANGA PROVINCIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY (MPGDS) (2004 – 2014) (2008 REVIEW) 23
6.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF PILOT PROJECTS: MULTI PURPOSE SERVICE DELIVERY CENTRES 92
6.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL IMPLEMENTATION 93
7 REFERENCES 94
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Regional Context Figure 2: The 26 Functional Urban Areas as identified by the NSDP Figure 3: Concentration of People under minimum living level (mil) 2004 Figure 4: Concentration Area Types: DC31-Nkangala District Municipality Figure 4a: RIDS – Core Regions & Spatial Economic Linkages Figure 4b: RIDS – Sector-Specific Districts with Significant Inherent Potential Figure 5: Mpumalanga Vision 2016 Figure 6: Schematic Representation of National, Provincial and Local Government Policy Directives Figure 7a: Local Context Figure 7b: Middelburg Town Figure 7c: Hendrina/KwaZamokuhle Figure 7d: Rietkuil/Arnot Power Station Figure 7e: Mafube Village Figure 7f: Pullen’s Hope/Hendrina Power Station Figure 7g: Komati Power Station/Blinkpan/Koornfontein Figure 7h: Thokoza Figure 7i: Lesedi Figure 7j: Naledi Figure 7k: Doornkop Figure 7l: KwaMakalane Village Figure 7m: Kranspoort Figure 7n: Presidentsrus Figure 8: Land Use Figure 9: Zoning Figure 10: Agricultural Activities Figure 11: Broad Soil Types and Land Types Figure 12: Biodiversity Assessment Figure 13a and b: Cultural Historical Sites Figure 14a and b: Cultural Historical Sites Figure 15: Nkangala District Spatial Development Framework Figure 16: Municipal Development Character Figure 17: Middelburg Spatial Development Framework Figure 17a: Middelburg Spatial Development Framework Figure 17b: Proposed Urban Edge Figure 18: Hendrina Spatial Development Framework
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The UN Millennium Development Goals (2009 Review)
Table 2: Affected water users in the Middelburg Dam Catchment
Table 3: NSDP Classification for selected Municipalities in Nkangala
Table 4: Business Function Index in the Nkangala Area
Table 5: Agricultural Activities in the Steve Tshwete Local Municipal Area
Table 6: Community Facilities in the Municipal Area
Table 7: Sport and Recreational Facilities in the Municipal Area
Table 8: Type of link roads in the rural area
Table 9: Steve Tshwete: Dwelling Units by Type 1996,2001,2007
Table 10: Steve Tshwete: Population, 1996,2001,2007
Table 11: Population by Gender 2001 vs 2007
Table 12: Age Profile 2001
Table 13: Level of Education
Table 14: Steve Tshwete Economically Active Population, 1996,2001,2007
Naledi, Lesedi, Kranspoort, Blinkpan, Koornfontein, Kwa-Makalane and
Doornkop. The Municipality is well located in terms of the Maputo Development
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Corridor, the Middelburg / Steelpoort mining resource link, as well as the
Middelburg/ Bethal/ Ermelo/ Richards Bay Corridor.
The municipality prides itself of the visionary leadership of its Council, the
competence of its management team and Council’s good relations with the
Nkangala District Municipality. On many occasions, the municipality and the
citizen it serves have been cited as a sterling example for other municipalities in
South Africa to emulate. It has a remarkable track record of success which
include its rating as a high capacity municipality, second best municipality in the
2007 National Vuna Awards in respect of local municipalities, winner of project
Consolidate Award on two occasions, SALGA excellence Municipal Awards, ZK
Mathews Award, favourable credit rating of A1 – short term and A – long term
and various cleanest town awards.
The municipality is located in the Middelburg town and is strategically placed in
the economic heartland of Mpumalanga. The municipality is home to a number
of large industries such as Columbus Steel (therefore the strap line “the home of
stainless steel”), Eskom (power generation), the Nkangala District Municipality’s
headquarters and various government departments. The area is sustained by
Eskom power stations, local mines, Columbus Steel, Middelburg Ferrochrome
strong agricultural areas, a thriving commercial community and tourist attractions.
Despite the fact that the CBD Middelburg is well-developed and represents one
of the two highest order activity nodes in the district , the Middelburg CDB is
experiencing rapid decline and require some strategic intervention such as
development incentives or restructuring initiatives to be implemented.
As far as industrial activity is concerned, the existing industrial areas in Steve
Tshwete (Columbus Steel and Middelburg Ferrochrome) should be maintained
and enhanced through service maintenance and upgrading programmes. These
industrial areas would be the focus areas for heavy industries and manufacturing.
The specific section of route R555 between Emalahleni City and Middelburg pose
the opportunity for consolidation and enhancement of the economic opportunities
in the form of a mainly Local Development Corridor. Desirable land uses along
the corridor would include agro-processing, service industries for the agricultural
sector, manufacturing, warehouses, wholesale trade, clean industries and
hospitality uses.
The agriculture sector is an important economic activity in the Nkangala District,
which should be protected and promoted through the development of
supplementary activities, such as agri-processing. Mining predominantly occurs
in the southern regions of the District and is closely related to the power stations,
although there is increased mining activity towards the northeast between
Middelburg and Stoffberg-Roossenekal and up to Burgersfort where it links up
with the Dilokong Platinum Corridor.
Summary of issues raised by the community, in the District IDP:
• High demand for RDP housing and incomplete RDP houses
• Shortage of employment opportunities, market stalls, inadequate retail
shops
• Grading of roads in informal settlements and lack of stormwater in some
areas
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• Waste management is a challenge in some informal settlements
• Shortage of medicines in local clinics, treatment of patients by health
care workers and slow response time of emergency services
• Shortage of post-matric training colleges, particularly in the Hendrina
area and shortage of libraries
• Incomplete sanitation projects and lack of water in farm areas
• Finalisation of township establishment in Doornkop
4 SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT REALITY (SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS)
4.1 National and Provincial Policy Context and Development Guidelines
Development in South Africa (and by implication Steve Tshwete Local
Municipality) is broadly guided and directed by a wide range of legislation. Some
legislation is discipline specific e.g. housing, transport and environment, while
others are more generic in nature, focusing on planning processes, alignment of
planning processes and proposals, and the legal requirements pertaining to
plans.
In addition to existing legislation, a range of national, provincial and local
development policies and plans exist to further guide and direct development
nation-wide. Several of these, namely the National Spatial Development
Perspective (NSDP) ; the National Integrated Sustainable Rural
Development Strategy (ISRDS) ; the Comprehensive Rural Development
Programme (CRDP) ; the Regional Industrial Development Strategy (RIDS) ;
the National Transportation Master Plan (NATMAP) ; the Mpumalanga Rural
Development Programme (MRDP) ; the Mpumalanga Provincial Growth and
Development Strategy (MPGDS) ; the Mpumalanga Provincial Integrated
Spatial Framework (MPISF) ; the Mpumalanga Tourism Growth Strategy
(MTGS); and the Mpumalanga Biodiversity Conservation Plan (MBCP) are of
particular importance in developing a Development Framework for the
Emakhazeni Local Municipality.
The following section briefly deals with the relevant policies and plans, and
highlights the most important guidelines pertaining to the Municipality.
4.1.1 The National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP)
The National Spatial Development Perspective was initiated in 1999. The
rationale behind the guidelines is rooted in the argument that rather than
investing in physical infrastructure in low product ivity areas (to improve
the quality of life of people in those areas), gove rnment should rather
invest in people . The logic of this argument is that investing in people is a more
sustainable solution, and therefore a more efficient use of government
resources. Investing in places can leave people trapped in low growth areas,
whereas investing in people results in increased opportunity together with the
choice to relocate to high growth areas.
In essence, the NSDP argues that government’s social objectives will be best
achieved through infrastructure investment in economically sustainable areas
with proven development potential . Consequently, areas displaying little or
no potential for growth should only be provided with the constitutionally
mandated minimum levels of services, and that the focus of government
spending in such areas should be social development spending. Social
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development spending may involve developing labour market intelligence,
human resource development, and health and social transfers.
The NSDP identified the 26 locations in the country currently contributing 83% of
the national GVA (see Figures 2 and 3 ). eMalahleni (Emalahleni) and
Middelburg (Steve Tshwete) qualified in the top 21. Consistent with the above
philosophy, and given the need to reach and sustain an annual economic growth
rate of 6% each year, the NSDP argues that resources and collaborative
government action should be concentrated on maintaining and growing the
economy in those 26 locations. This strategy is grounded in the belief that
through investing in these areas, the bulk of those living in poverty in South
Africa will also be reached.
As such, the towns of eMalahleni and Middleburg should be the primary focus
area for infrastructure investment within the District. And areas other than
eMalahleni and Middleburg displaying both high levels of economic potential/
activity and poverty should also be the focus of more extensive infrastructure
spending .
Furthermore, government spending in the numerous other settlements (with no
significant economic growth or economic potential) spread throughout the
Municipality should primarily be focused on “social development spending ,”
and only providing the constitutionally mandated minimum levels of services .
The NSDP puts forward five principles to spatially guide development decisions
and investment priorities throughout the country. A brief summary of these
principles follows:
• Economic growth is a prerequisite for the achievement of other policy
objectives, key among which would be poverty alleviation.
• Government spending on fixed investment , beyond the constitutional
obligation to provide basic services to all citizens (such as water,
electricity as well as health and educational facilities), should therefore
be focused on localities of economic growth and/ or economic potential
in order to attract private-sector investment, stimulate sustainable
economic activities and/ or create long-term employment opportunities.
• Efforts to address past and current social inequalities should focus on
people, not places . In localities where there are both high levels of
poverty and development potential, this could include fixed capital
investment beyond basic services to exploit the potential.
• In localities with low development potential , government spending,
beyond basic services, should focus on providing social transfers ,
human resource development and labour market intelligence . This
will enable people to become more mobile and migrate, if they choose
to, to localities that are more likely to provide sustainable employment or
other economic opportunities.
• In order to overcome the spatial distortions of apartheid, future
settlement and economic development opportunities should be
channelled into activity corridors and nodes that are adjacent to or link
the main growth centres . Infrastructure investment and development
spending should primarily support localities that will become major
growth nodes to create regional gateways to the global economy.
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4.1.2 The Regional Industrial Development Strategy (RIDS) (2006)
and National Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF) (20 06)
Following the rationale of the NSDP, the Department of Trade and Industry (the
dti ) formulated a new Regional Industrial Development Strategy (RIDS) in 2006.
The aim of the RIDS is to promote regions based on their key advantages, and
to design appropriate support measures for each region in order to:
• Respond to persistent inequalities between the first and second
economies;
• Encourage regions to seize current and potential opportunities
presented by both the national and the international market economies;
and
• Encourage the country’s most successful economic regions to
consolidate and improve on their current economic potential.
The focus of regional industrial development has shifted since the late-1990s. Its
potential to assist regions to achieve their economic potential is now widely
recognised. Key features of ‘new’ regional support include:
• A focus on enhancing physical and social infrastructure ;
• A multi-sectoral approach to development which moves beyond an
exclusively manufacturing focus, to a focus on knowledge-based
development, tourism and improvement of human capit al;
• A reliance on partnership formation and the driving of development
from ‘the bottom-up’ through regional agencies/ partnerships, able to
galvanise local development and tap into private and state resources
and capacities;
• A focus on unique programmes for each region based on local strengths
and opportunities – i.e. local comparative advantages ;
• A focus on cluster development ; and
• Support for business retention and expansion programmes.
Notably, the concept of an economic region as adopted by the RIDS, is not
synonymous with political/ municipal areas, but rather it is a ‘cluster’ of
economic activity , driven by the occurrence of a particular resource(s) and/ or
skill(s). Hence, clusters may be identified on the basis of a significant
concentration of economic activities focused on a particular activity or sector.
The RIDS provides a spatially referenced development perspective (see Figure
4a) depicting regions that boast clear comparative and competitiv e
Essentially then, to align itself with the directives provided by the NSDP, a SDF for the Steve Tshwete Local Municipality should ensure that:
• Areas displaying significant economic development potential become the focus of more extensive infrastructure spending.
• Areas displaying little or no potential for economic development are preferably targeted for receiving the constitutionally mandated minimum levels of services; and
• Development opportunities are channelled into activity corridors and nodes that are adjacent to, or link main growth centres.
Applying the abovementioned directives to Local Economic Development (LED) projects/ initiatives for example entails that the Municipality should:
• Support and promote more extensive LED projects within areas displaying significant economic development potential; whilst
• Supporting and promoting LED projects aimed at supporting rural quality of life (basic services e.g. water and electricity) in areas displaying little potential for economic development.
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advantages . In addition, the RIDS also identifies a series of sector-specific
districts in which medium to high levels of economic potential and clustering
may be discerned (see Figure 4b ).
The Nkangala District as a whole is identified as a core “diversified mining”
region/ cluster, specialising in the mining, manufacturing and infrastructure
sectors, and essentially acts as a functional extension of the larger Gauten g
metropolitan area . Furthermore, the District also acts as a central node
between the diversified mining region of Rustenburg to the far west, the
Nelspruit-Barberton services/ tourism region to the east, and the Empangeni-
Richards Bay port region to the far south-east. As such, the District’s
transportation network plays a key role in facilitating and maintaining the mining/
energy and export-orientated manufacturing linkages (corridors) found between
these regions.
The sector-specific district (in which medium to high levels of economic
potential and clustering may be discerned) in Victor Khanye is Delmas, which
was identified as a high-intensity agriculture and mixed use area. As
mentioned, this district represents an area within which the clustering of
economic activities should be encouraged.
In support of the principles and objectives stated, the RIDS delineates several
spatial economic mechanisms aimed at assisting regions to achieve their full
economic potential. The most prominent of these are Special Economic Zones
(SEZs). Basically these zones indicate a geographic area within a country where
certain economic activities are promoted, by means of technical and related
logistics infrastructure, fiscal incentives and subsidies, suitable housing
development, good quality social and community infrastructure, and good
environmental quality. The main objective of economic zones is usually to
promote trade and export orientated industries. Notably, the RIDS recognizes
‘Industrial Development Zones (IDZs)’, ‘Spatial Development Initiatives’ (SDIs)
and ‘small towns’ as SEZs. Seeing as not all areas ‘qualify’ as IDZs, the RIDS
encourages other, smaller forms of SEZs, namely industrial parks, industrial
estates, logistics parks and innovation hubs.
In support of the RIDS, national government also formulated the National
Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF) in 2006. Similar to the RIDS, and other
initiatives such as AsgiSA, the NIPF’s core objective is to help align both private
and public sector efforts regarding industrial development in SA towards a
common end.
Instead of adopting a ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to industrialization, the NIPF
focuses on identifying and addressing cross-cutting and sector-specific
constraints and opportunities that prevail in the industrial economy through
thirteen strategic programmes.
Considering the prominent role that industry plays in the District’s space-
economy, the directive provided by Strategic Programme Nine (SP9) is of
particular importance in the formulation of a Development Framework. SP9
(Spatial Industrial Development and Industrial Infra structure Programme ) is
summarized below:
• Industrial infrastructure should be provided in a m anner that
promotes industrial clustering , both in areas of traditional industrial
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agglomerations and in underdeveloped areas with latent economic
potential;
• Specific areas and corridors in which high economic need
coincides with good economic potential should be identified as
priority areas for the provision of industrial infrastructure;
• The provision of industrial infrastructure should i nclude a wide
range of infrastructure types as well as catalytic “project-specific”
infrastructure to unlock particular types of agro-processing activities.
4.1.3 The Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (ASGISA) (2006) (Review 2008)
The Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative for South Africa (ASGISA) ,
which was launched in 2006, identified a series of decisive national policies,
programmes and interventions to ensure that South Africa achieves a set growth
rate of 6% which is needed to meet its social objectives. The interventions,
policies and programmes have been classified into six categories , namely:
• Infrastructure programmes;
• Sector investment (or industrial) strategies;
• Skills and education initiatives;
• Second economy interventions;
• Macro-economic issues; and
• Public administration issues.
Unfortunately, the sustainability of achieved results and the desired levels of
growth and employment creation are being threatened by the current global
economic recession. Importantly though, while the ultimate targets of AsgiSA look
more difficult to achieve now, the specific interventions included in AsgiSA remain
as applicable as they ever were.
As such, the following “Programmes of Action” associated with ASGISA remain
pertinent to the Mpumalanga Province in general, and Emakhazeni LM in
particular:
• Upgrading of the Further Education and Training colleges;
• Improving the availability and reliability of infrastructure services such
as provincial and local roads, bulk water infrastructure and water supply
Essentially then, a SDF for the Local Municipality should take cognisance of the directives regarding industrial development. Also, the inherent comparative advantage the LM has regarding Tourism, must be developed and exploited to its full potential. Notably, alignment will entail focusing strongly on linking the competitive economic clusters of the Municipality to market opportunities via a highly effective transportation network; promoting nodal economic development; focusing the provision of industrial infrastructure within specific areas and corridors that display both high economic need and potential; and protecting the LM’s valuable natural resources from competing land uses. In respect of the aforementioned the RIDS and NIPF:
• The best policy is to encourage industrial development at a relatively limited number of locations (focusing on cluster de velopment) which are able to develop a competitive.
• Promote a multi-sectoral approach to development which moves beyond an exclusive focus on manufacturing, to a focus on knowledge-based development, tourism and improvement of human capital. Tourism specifically plays a critical role in a regional industrial development policy framework.
• Are consistent with the NSDP in that areas displaying significant economic development potential should be developed by means of delineating Special Economic Zones, and hence become the focus of more extensive infrastructure spending.
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networks, energy distribution, housing, schools and clinics, business
centres, and sports and recreation facilities;
• The development and implementation of multi-purpose government
service centres , including police stations, courts and correctional
facilities;
• Maximum exploitation of agricultural potential and opportunities;
• Promotion of the arts and culture industry;
• Tourism growth promotion and the preservation and development of
heritage sites;
• Export promotion;
• SMME development ;
• Extended Public Works Programme (EPWP);
• Local Economic Development (LED);
• Urban and Rural Development Programme; and
• Environmental management .
Similarly, the following “nationally significant” provincial infrastructure
development projects located within Mpumalanga are and remain relevant
specifically to the Nkangala District Municipality:
• The N4 Maputo Development Corridor, and
• Possible bio-fuel initiatives.
What has perhaps changed as a result of the global economic slow-down is that
of the six priority areas, the “Second Economy” should receive greater focus in
these times. This is not without foresight, as the current economic crisis has the
potential to impact severely on economically marginalised population groups. To
this effect, AsgiSA has introduced a Second-Economy Strategy to provide for
creative employment-generating solutions, particularly at local government level
and within the primary sectors (such as agriculture).
Interventions from this Strategy that form part of the response package include:
• Maintaining as far as possible infrastructure spending to provide
stimulus to the economy and reducing constraints to growth. Specific
attention should be given to linking farmers to markets, improving agro-
logistics, universalising access to basic services, and the up-grading,
resuscitating and building of new irrigation schemes;
• Enhanced skills development ;
• Social security interventions , especially those linked to skills
development; and
• Focus on implementing an industrial strategy aimed at labour-
intensive sectors such as agriculture, mining, tourism, construction and
other services (health, education, finance and cultural industries).
4.1.4 Framework for South Africa’s Response to the International Economic Crisis
In December 2008 the Presidential Economic Joint Working Group formulated a
framework of broad principles governing South Africa’s response to the
international economic crisis. These broad principles and high-level interventions
are consistent with those expressed by AsgiSA and the RIDS, and are as
follows:
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• The risk of placing the burden of the downturn on t he poor and the
vulnerable must be avoided .
• Protecting and supporting all planned and current a ctivities aimed
at strengthening the capacity of the economy, in or der for it to
grow and create jobs in the future . Furthermore, the constraints to
growth and development should be addressed through programmes
aimed at:
- Increasing public investment in economic infrastructure;
- Improved skills development;
- Introducing effective industrial strategies and enabling
markets through focused infrastructure development;
- Integrating the informal economy into the formal;
- Improving and streamlining government delivery and
regulation; and
- Improving economic efficiency.
• Maintaining the planned high levels of investment i n public sector
infrastructure and encouraging the private sector to maintain and
improve wherever possible their levels of fixed dir ect investment .
In line with the broad principles outlined above, the Framework proposes a broad
stimulus package (as signalled in the recent budget) comprising several high
level economic and social interventions to be implemented.
Those thought appropriate to the formulation of a SDF for the Municipality include
inter alia:
• Investment in Public Infrastructure:
Significant levels of public investment in infrastructure development is
one key means of responding to the downturn in the economy. In respect
of the aforementioned, labour intensive approaches should be used
where possible to ensure the best possible social, employment and
economic return to the society. The focus in rural areas should
specifically be to create employment, alleviate poverty, and improve
access to health and education opportunities.
• Industrial and Trade Policy Measures:
A significant part of the national response to the global economic
slowdown should be to maintain and expand local industrial capacity and
avoid de-industrialisation during the period ahead. This necessitates the
need to improve the competitiveness and performance of key local
industries, particularly the vulnerable sectors, wherein adequate services
infrastructure needs to be lain as the basis for growth and development.
Vulnerable sectors include textiles and mining, construction and
extensive and intensive commercial agriculture.
• Social and Employment Measures:
The social and employment measures delineated by the Framework are
underpinned by a food security strategy. The strategy aims at 1)
Investigating the cost drivers in the food value chain in order to ensure
that basic foods are affordable to poor households and communities, 2)
Ensuring the productive and sustainable use of land; and 3) Improving
the logistics of food distribution such as transportation and warehousing.
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In addition to the food security strategy, other social and employment
measures proposed by the Framework include 1) Maintaining social
transfers and other key social expenditures, including increasing access
to free basic services such as water and electricity, to the poor; 2)
Increasing housing delivery; and 3) Placing greater emphasis on the
Extended Public Works Programme (EPWP) when engaging in services
delivery activities.
4.1.5 The National Integrated Sustainable Rural Dev elopment Strategy (ISRDS)
Rural South Africa is faced with conditions that are widely associated with rural
areas around the world, such as high levels of poverty, constrained incomes due
to economies that are not sufficiently vibrant, and sparse populations.
Furthermore, to add to the already dire situation, South Africa has some unique
features and development challenges derived from the legacy of apartheid
settlements. Consequently, South Africa features numerous scattered and
marginalised, high density settlements that often lack basic infrastructure.
Hence, in order to rectify this situation, national government launched (as
supplementary to the principles contained in the NSDP), the Integrated
Sustainable Rural Development Strategy (ISRDS).
The vision of the ISRDS for rural South Africa is to “attain socially cohesive and
stable rural communities with viable institutions, sustainable economies and
universal access to social amenities, able to attract and retain skilled and
knowledgeable people, and are equipped to contribute to their own and the
nation’s growth and development.” In other words, the strategy presents an
opportunity for South Africa’s rural people to realise their own potential and
contribute more fully to their country’s economy.
The principles behind the ISRDS are:
• Rural development: is multi-dimensional and much broader than
poverty alleviation through social programs and transfers; it places
emphasis on changing environments to enable poor people to earn
more, invest in themselves and their communities and contribute toward
the maintenance of key infrastructure; a successful strategy will make
people less poor, rather than more comfortable in their poverty.
• Sustainable: sustainability is derived from increased local growth, and
where rural people care about success and are able to access
resources to keep the strategy going.
• Integrated: integration is complex and requires effective co-ordination
across traditional sectors in all levels of government; the IDP process,
and consequently the SDF, will establish a primary locus of integration
at the municipal level.
• Rural Safety net: safety nets are still needed, especially in terms of
social assistance.
Essentially then, to align itself with the directives provided by the Framework for South Africa’s Response to the International Economic Crisis, a SDF for the District should ensure that it helps to mitigate constraints to growth and development by:
• Enabling markets • Spreading public infrastructure investment across both urban and rural
areas in a sustainable manner via the use of Multi-Purpose Community (Service) Centres (MPCCs) for example. The focus in rural areas should specifically be to improve access to health and education opportunities.
• Boosting Agricultural & Industrial Sectors; and • Focus in rural areas should specifically be to impr ove access to
health and education opportunities.
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Apart from the abovementioned principles, the ISRDS also provides the
following strategic pointers in respect of spatial development planning:
• Planning should aim for comprehensive regional development where
urban settlements form an integral part of the strategy.
• Supporting a population development strategy that supports and
engages vulnerable groups, especially women and youth, and that
provides for accessible health facilities and the possibility for lifelong
learning.
• Planning should ensure that levels of inequality in living standards and
access to basic services between rural and urban areas are reduced.
Importantly, the basic focus within rural areas should be to provide only
the constitutionally mandated minimum level of services in a financially
sustainable manner.
• Supporting commercial farming and the exploitation of export markets
for agriculture. Furthermore, the marginalisation of agriculture,
particularly in the former homelands, needs to be addressed.
• Creating markets for rural products and integrating markets through
appropriate infrastructure investments.
• Exploiting areas of mineral potential in a sustainable manner.
• Promoting tourism that enhances and protects the natural environment.
4.1.6 Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CR DP) (2009)
In support of the ISRDS, national government has initiated the Comprehensive
Rural Development Programme (CRDP) in 2009. It differs slightly from previous
government strategies in that its approach to rural development is proactive in
nature, based on participatory community-based planning, rather than the
standard interventionist approach.
Essentially, the CRDP is aimed at being an effective response to poverty
alleviation and food insecurity by maximizing the use and management of
natural resources to create vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural
communities. The strategic objective of the CRDP is to facilitate this integrated
development and social cohesion in partnership with all sectors of society.
To align itself with the directives provided by the ISRDS, a SDF for the Municipality should ensure that:
• Urban settlements play an integral part in comprehensive regional development.
• Nodal development is promoted – resources should be targeted at selected areas in response to identified development problems and opportunities.
• Basic services are provided in a purposeful and financially sustainable manner by local government – i.e. creating infrastructure to support social or productive investment in a concentrated locality.
• The levels of inequality between living standards and access to basic services between rural and urban areas should be reduced.
• Mining, agriculture and tourism development is promoted. • Commercial farming and the exploitation of export markets for agriculture are
promoted. Furthermore, the marginalisation of agriculture, particularly in the former homelands, should be addressed.
• Markets are created for rural products and the integration of markets through appropriate infrastructure investments.
• Areas of mineral potential are exploited in a sustainable manner.
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The ultimate vision of the CRDP to “create vibrant, equitable and sustainable
rural communities ” is to be achieved through a three-pronged strategy process
based on:
1. Coordinated and integrated broad-based agrarian transformation;
2. Strategically increasing rural development; and
3. An improved land reform programme.
The objectives of each of the above strategic thrusts thought applicable to the
formulation of a SDF for Steve Tshwete include the following:
1. Agrarian Transformation
• Facilitating the establishment of rural and agro-industries,
cooperatives, cultural initiatives and vibrant local markets.
• Increased production and sustainable use of natural resources
by promoting farming and related value chain development.
2. Rural Development
• Access to community and social infrastructure, especially well-
resourced clinics.
• Focusing on the development of new and the rehabilitation of
existing infrastructure.
• Improving and developing infrastructure conducive to economic
development.
• Improving and developing infrastructure conducive to social
development (especially ABET centres).
3. Land Reform
• Promoting restitution, tenure reform, and redistribution in a
sustainable manner.
• Increased access to land by previously disadvantaged people.
• Establishing Agri-villages for local economic development on
farms.
• Up-to-date information pertaining to land claims.
• Providing reliable and efficient property (deeds) registration
systems.
• Contributing to economic growth and housing development by
providing government and private agents with essential land
information in order to engage in planning as well as economic
transactions.
• Providing spatial planning information and services to local
municipalities and other public or private institutions that may
require them for development purposes.
•
(Annexure A comprises a more comprehensive overview of Rural Development
and how it should be approached in the Nkangala District in general).
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4.1.7 Breaking New Ground (BNG)
The policy document, Breaking New Ground: A Comprehensive Plan for the
Development of Sustainable Human Settlements was published by the
National Department of Housing.
The following directives provided by the policy were thought applicable to the
formulation of a SDF for the Steve Tshwete LM:
• Citizens should live in safe and secure environments, and have
adequate access to economic opportunities, a mix of safe and secure
housing, and tenure types, reliable and affordable basic services,
educational, entertainment and cultural activities, and health, welfare and
police services.
• Ensure that low-income housing is provided in close proximity to areas
of opportunity .
• Ensure the development of compact , mixed land use , diverse, life-
enhancing environments.
• Ensure the development of more integrated, functional and
environmentally sustainable human settlements, towns and cities.
• Multi-purpose cluster concept should be applied to ensure the
sustainable provision of primary municipal facilities, such as parks,
playgrounds, sports fields, crèches, community halls, taxi ranks, satellite
police stations, municipal clinics, and informal trading facilities.
4.1.8 The National Transportation Master Plan 2050 (NATMAP)
The main purpose of the National Transportation Master Plan (NATMAP) 2005-
2050 is to motivate a prioritized programme of interventions designed to upgrade
the transport system in South Africa. Its goal is to develop a dynamic, long-term,
and sustainable land use/ multi-modal transportation systems framework for the
development of networks, infrastructure facilities, interchange and termini
facilities, and service delivery strategies for the country. The Master Plan is due
for completion towards the end of 2010.
It is anticipated that one of the core directives/ paradigm shifts emanating from
NATMAP will be to place greater emphasis on developing rail as a
transportation medium , rather than roads. Furthermore, it is anticipated that
such a paradigm shift will be accompanied by the notion that greater
Essentially then, to align itself with the directives provided by the CRDP, a SDF for the Municipality should help to ensure:
• Increased access to land, especially by previously disadvantaged people. • Economic growth and housing development by providing government and
private agents with essential and up-to-date land information. • The sustainable development and provision of infrastructure conducive to
economic development. • The sustainable development and provision of infrastructure conducive to
social development. • The sustainable use of natural resources.
Essentially then, to align itself with the directives provided by BNG, a SDF for the municipal area should lead to:
• Sustainable human settlements. • Basic service delivery for all, provided in an efficient manner. • Access to opportunities through densification, integration into urban
settlements, and mixed uses.
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integration between land use development and transp ortation planning
should be achieved through ensuring that land development is concentrated in
and around transport corridors, as well as that corridors are orientated towards
providing sustainable rail transport rather than facilitate road-based transport.
In the case of Steve Tshwete which plays such a strategic role in terms of linking
harbours through SA and even to Mozambique, this is particularly important.
Much latent potential can be sourced through developing the nodes around rail
stations in the municipal area.
4.1.9 Mpumalanga Rural Development Programme (MRDP)
The Mpumalanga Rural Development Programme (MRDP) was established in
2001, co-ordinated by the office of the Premier. The main objective of the
Programme is to contribute towards an “improvement of the social and
economic situation of the rural poor” . The programme focuses on the
creation of income and employment in rural areas.
The key concepts of the programme (which are similar in nature to the more
recently adopted ISRDS and CRDP programmes) include:
• Self reliance/ empowerment: strengthen the self-help capabilities of
the communities and emphasise development planning;
• Economic growth: encourage local economic development,
employment and income generation through the promotion of small and
micro-sized rural enterprises and the participation of the private sector;
• Sustainability: improve viable and sustainable natural resource
utilisation;
• Outreach: upgrade and broaden the facilitation of government services
to the impoverished;
• Capacity building: strengthen, advise and train service providers;
• Innovation : develop innovative concepts for public service delivery;
• Mainstream: get innovations on track;
• Coping with HIV/ Aids: plan, design and implement relevant strategies
in order to cope with HIV/Aids; and
• Stakeholder participation: ensuring participation by all concerned.
Essentially, the MRDP reiterates the directives provided by the ISRDS and CRDP
programmes in more recent years. Hence, the key concepts of the MRDP will be
implemented by incorporating the objectives expressed by the ISRDS and CRDP
into the Municipality’s SDF.
Essentially then, to align itself with the directives provided by the National Transportation Master Plan (NATMAP), a SDF for the Municipality should ensure that:
• Greater emphasis is placed on developing rail as a transportation medium; and
• Greater integration between land use development and transportation planning should be achieved through ensuring that land development is concentrated in and around transport corridors , (e.g. the Maputo Corridor).
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4.1.10 Mpumalanga Provincial Growth and Development Strategy (MPGDS) (2004 – 2014) (2008 Review)
A PGDS is a “strategic and integrated provincial development plan that
provides direction and scope for province-wide development programmes and
projects, within the context of a long-term perspective and taking into
consideration resources available and constraints .” Furthermore, a PGDS
provides “a spatially referenced framework for both public a nd private
sector investment, indicating areas of opportunity and development priorities
and enabling intergovernmental alignment.”
In essence then, the Provincial Growth and Development Strategies are aimed at
providing strategic directives to district and local municipalities in formulating their
more detailed IDPs and SDFs. It is thus essential that the guidelines expressed
by the SDF be compatible with the directives emanating from the MPGDS.
Vision, Mission and Objectives of the Reviewed Mpum alanga PGDS
The vision of the reviewed Growth and Development Strategy for the Province is
to drive development within the Province so as to attain “an improved quality of
life for all the people of Mpumalanga”. The PGDS seeks to attain this vision
through implementing its mission statement which reads: “To promote viable
economic growth and development, especially where i t addresses job-
creation and poverty reduction, in an environmental ly sustainable manner
within a spatial context and incorporating the prin ciples of good
governance .”
To realise this mission statement, the Mpumalanga Government has set the
following goals and strategic objectives for the PGDS:
• Give effect to the principles of a developmental st ate by facilitating
cooperative governance and by prioritising development;
• Facilitate and support sustainable development through following an
integrated approach to managing the relationship between socio-
economic development and the environment ;
• Actively promote and support economic growth and de velopment in
terms of the provincial economy, it’s linkages to the national and
international economy and with an emphasis on provincial priorities
such as targeted growth areas, priority sectors and corridors as well
as developmental priorities such as employment and eradicating poverty;
and
• Facilitate and provide essential services in social and human
development in areas such as health, education, social welfare, and
community safety.
The Framework proposed to achieve the aforementioned goals and objectives
rests on four pillars/ themes, namely poverty alleviation , employment , growth ,
and environmental sustainability . Notably, these are aligned to the AsgiSA
2014 targets, as well as the national imperative of ensuring that development is
environmentally sustainable.
Strategic Framework – Development Principles and Th emes
The 2004 (previous) PGDS identified six priority areas of intervention , namely:
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• Economic Development ;
• Infrastructure Development ;
• Human Resource Development ;
• Social Development ;
• Sustainable Environmental Development ; and
• Good Governance .
Supplementary to the above, the 2004 PGDS had also formulated several
specific principles , namely:
• The recognition of the presence of strong east-west, but weak north-
south linkages;
• The recognition of an interdependent network of settlements , of
varying sizes and functions; and
• Harnessing and protecting irreplaceable and highly significant
environmental areas .
These still apply, but as Diagram 1 illustrates, in the reviewed PGDS they have
been incorporated as two principles supported by four pillars/ themes.
Diagram 1: Linkages between 2004 PGDS Priority Area s and the 2008 PGDS Pillars/ Themes
Each theme proposes specific pioneering projects, supporting options and
existing government programmes with which to address key provincial priorities.
The newly delineated principles and themes are extrapolated below and, finally,
made applicable to the formulation of an SDF for Victor Khanye.
Principle 1: Good Governance
The principle of good governance requires institutions such as the Victor Khanye
LM to provide responsive, effective and efficient services (or goods) within the
applicable accounting and transparency regimes.
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In respect of improving institutional efficiency and effectiveness of government
(i.e. inter-governmental planning), and ensuring that there is sustainable growth
and development in the Province, the PGDS adopted the set of United Nation’s
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (see Table 1 ).
Table 1: The UN Millennium Development Goals (2009 Review)
GOAL TARGETS
1 Eradicate extreme poverty and
hunger
1 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people
whose income is less than $1 a day.
2 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people
who suffer from hunger.
2 Achieve universal primary education 3 Ensure that, by 2015, children
everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be
able to complete a full course of primary
schooling.
3 Promote gender equality and
empower woman
4 Eliminate gender disparity in in all levels
of education no later than 2015.
4 Reduce child mortality 5 Reduce by two-thirds, by 2015, the
under-five mortality rate.
5 Improve Maternal Health 6 Reduce by two-thirds, by 2015,
maternal mortality ratio.
6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and
other diseases
7 Have halted by 2015 and begun to
reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS.
8 Achieve, by 2010, universal access to
treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who
need it.
9 Have halted by 2015 and begun to
reverse the incidence of malaria and
other major diseases.
7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability 10 Integrated the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and
programmes and reverse the loss of
environmental resources.
11 Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by
2010, a significant reduction in the rate
of loss.
12 Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people
without sustainable access to safe
drinking water and basic sanitation.
8 Develop a Global Partnership for
development
13 Have achieved by 2020 a significant
improvement in the lives of the least 100
million slum dwellers.
14 In cooperation with the private sector,
make available the benefits of new
technologies, especially information and
communications
15-21 For comprehensive set of targets,
please refer to the Millennium
Development Goals of the United
Nations.
Whilst the 2009 report for South Africa (without provincial differentiation) indicates
that substantial progress has been made, none of the targets have been
achieved in totality.
Principle 2: Spatial Planning
Spatial planning requires spatially referenced data and a complementary spatial
analysis of the issues within a municipal area. This analysis needs to be
expanded to include the high-level spatial interactions and linkages both within a
municipal area and regionally, including corridor development and national
infrastructure development plans. The result should be integrated and strategic
development.
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Theme 1: Economic Growth and Development
Where private-sector investment and activities are not supporting the required
provincial development, government (e.g. local government structures) must play
three key roles in promoting sustainable economic development – through 1)
regulation, 2) the provision of public infrastructure and 3) the facilitation of direct
interventions (such as continuing to focus on public employment programmes).
KEY PRIORITY: Maximising the provincial be nefits from the mining and energy
sectors while mitigating any environmental impacts
SUPPORTING OPTIONS:
• Target beneficiation of mineral resources
• Target mining transport infrastructure – to maintain and expand the transport infrastructure, so
that coal hauling does not endanger the safety of tourism routes.
• Target clean technologies – to reduce air and water pollution resulting from current and
abandoned mining operations.
• Target natural resource optimisation model
EXISTING PROGRAMMES & PROJECTS:
• The Coal Haulage Strategy
KEY PRIORITY: Enhancing social cohesion and develop ing human capital
SUPPORTING OPTIONS:
• Target electronic communications
• Target sports and recreational facilities
• Target sustainable human settlements (including managing urbanisation)
EXISTING PROGRAMMES & PROJECTS:
• Expansion of ICT infrastructure in schools to promote e-learning initiatives.
• Implement BNG policy .
Theme 2: Job Creation
A significant change in the rate of job creation is required to ensure that absolute
unemployment levels decrease. Hence, government must prioritise education,
skills development and training in all spheres of the economy.
KEY PRIORITY: Using indigenous resources to create jobs
Poverty has not been reduced through economic development over the past
decade. Where the economically active population can be lifted out of poverty
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through job creation in commercial activities which do not require government
funding, this should be encouraged.
KEY PRIORITY: Reducing impact of poverty through so cial services
SUPPORTING OPTIONS:
• Target information collection and interpretation
• Target state employment – in terms of both existing programmes such as EPWP, but also new
opportunities that departments and municipalities can create.
• Target solid waste management .
• Target waste water & sewerage management
• Target access to, and quality of, health care
• Target quality of and access to education
• Target integrated public transport – to ensure suitable linkage is provided between all key nodes
in a cost-effective and sustainable manner.
EXISTING PROGRAMMES & PROJECTS:
• Water for All Flagship Programme.
• Intensification of the EPWP.
• HIV and Aids Programme.
• Revitalization of Hospitals.
• Housing Delivery.
• Thusong Service Centres .
Theme 4: Environmental Sustainability
Mining, electricity generation, manufacturing and agricultural activities all impact
negatively on the conservation of the natural environment as an asset. Future
development must be environmentally sustainable – for both the physical and
economic health of the people.
KEY PRIORITY: Strengthening sustainable development
SUPPORTING OPTIONS:
• Target environmental planning
• Target land use management and planning
• Target protection of endangered biomes
• Target water management
• Target demand-side resource efficiency – improving utilisation of water, electricity and all other
resources for the benefit of all.
• Target renewable energy – not just industrial biofuels and electricity generation, but also domestic
• Target urban greening
• Target urban agriculture – developing and supporting people in growing their own food
EXISTING PROGRAMMES & PROJECTS:
• Municipal SDFs and IDPs
KEY PRIORITY: Governance and Spatial Integration
SUPPORTING OPTIONS:
• Target holistic spatial planning
• Target environmental rehabilitation – (creation of jobs through rehabilitation programmes)
• Target the establishment of an innovation hub
EXISTING PROGRAMMES & PROJECTS:
• Review of local and district SDFs
4.1.11 Mpumalanga Provincial Integrated Spatial Fra mework (MPISF)
In contrast with conventional Provincial SDFs to which all District and Local
Municipalities must align their respective Development Frameworks, the
Mpumalanga Provincial Integrated Spatial Framework (MPISF) does not provide
a concrete spatial framework. Instead, the MPISDF provides:
i. A provincial-wide perspective on social, environmental, economic,
transport, settlement and land-use factors, and other development
trends and impacts in the province; and
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ii. Strives to develop a spatial rationale of the scope and location of areas
with economic (e.g. tourism, agriculture, petro-chemical) development
potential, as well as the areas with the major challenges in terms of
addressing poverty, service backlogs, etc. in the Province and for the
various district municipal areas.
In turn, to ensure co-ordinated and strategic infrastructure investment and
development spending, the LMs and DMs should use the development directives
and understanding provided by the ISF as a common platform to inform their
respective Development Frameworks.
Based on the NSDP, the ISF puts forward the following directives which should
be adhered to in the formulation of an SDF for the District:
• Focusing on localities with greater economic potential ;
• Focusing on localities that will facilitate the creation of more
sustainable human settlements through the provision of more than
just houses and basic infrastructure;
• Focusing on the development of people through skills development and
the creation of social opportunities; thus facilitating choice and ability to
move between settlements;
• Broadening the range of housing products in appropriate localities to
address an extended and diverse need, including the elderly, people
with disabilities, children headed households, single headed
households and migrant families;
• Broadening the range of suitable localities within existing settlements
for infill housing developments , for example, appropriate brown field
sites in close proximity to the inner cities; and
• Upgrading inadequate forms of housing – e.g. informal settlements
and hostels.
4.1.12 Mpumalanga Tourism Growth Strategy
In line with the directives given by the PGDS and ISDF, the Provincial
Government wishes to develop the tourism sector as a driver of economic
activity and diversification. According to the Provincial Government, the Province
has without any doubt, the natural and cultural resource base upon which to
develop a sustainable industry. Consequently, the PGDS has set the formidable
challenge of growing the tourism contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
by 10 percent per annum. The goal put is that by 2016, tourism should represent
approximately six percent of Gross Domestic Regional Product.
In response to the targets set by the PGDS, the Provincial Government in
cooperation with the Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency (MTPA)
formulated the Mpumalanga Tourism Growth Strategy (MTGS) (2007). As part of
the strategy, an indicative assessment was undertaken of what the market
Essentially then, to align itself with the directives provided by the Mpumalanga
Provincial Integrated Spatial Framework, a SDF for Steve Tshwete should ensure
that it adheres to the NSDP principles, in that:
• Development is focused in areas with proven economic potential;
• Development and growth is sustainable;
• Development facilitates growth and empowers people;
• Targeted settlements become more functional, i.e. denser (infill), integrated,
providing mixed uses and diverse options.
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wants, of which the results were correlated with what the Province can
realistically supply in terms of product development. The analysis demonstrated
that Mpumalanga’s tourism product can be diversified and expanded to cover a
wide range of product market segments, namely:
• Nature tourism; • Residential;
• Activity tourism; • Sports;
• Adventure; • Shopping;
• Golf; • Medical;
• Eco-resorts; • Conference;
• Special interest; • Festivals/events; and
• Touring; • Leisure/entertainment.
Based on the market opportunities, and feedback from consultations with
stakeholders, a tourism vision up to 2016 was formulated for the Province (see
Figure 5 ). Hence, to realize “Vision 2016”, the MTGS proposes a number of
“Flagship Projects”, some of which are directly applicable/ relevant to Steve
Tshwete LM, namely:
• World Class Theme / Amusement Park
• The Mpumalanga Route
• Development of Flagship Integrated Resorts
• Commercialisation of MTPA Parks and Reserves
• Luxury Steam Train
• Industrial Museums
• Loskop Area Tourism Centre
The guiding principles to be applied in pursuit of achieving the MTPA’s vision
and commercialisation objectives are:
• Developing a diverse range of alternative tourism products to meet the
requirements of different market segments, including providing affordable
access to local communities and others from previously disadvantaged
backgrounds;
• Developing products that complement and do not compromise or threaten
the natural resources on which the tourism developments rely;
• Planning and zoning developments spatially within protected areas to ensure
an integrated approach between conservation and development and to
maintain the integrity of the biodiversity and cultural resources;
• Partnering with land claimants and other local communities to promote a
conservation economy in and around the parks in support of local economic
development in line with the PGDS;
• Following a consultative and integrated approach by involving all relevant
stakeholders in the development process, including alignment with municipal
IDPs;
• Creating an enabling and investor friendly environment;
• Promoting the involvement of the private sector in the development, funding
and management of tourism facilities; and
• Complying with all relevant legislation and regulations, including the PFMA
and Treasury Regulations, the Tourism BEE Charter and Scorecard, as well
as environmental legislation such as Environmental Impact Assessment
Regulations.
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4.1.13 Conclusive Summary
Municipalities throughout South Africa are finding it increasingly difficult to
provide its inhabitants not only with cost-effective and equitable infrastructure,
but also with sufficient social infrastructure and economic opportunities. For this
reason, development is guided and directed by a range of national, provincial
and local development policies. After the summarised discussions above, a
number of policy directives can be deduced from all the policies. Most notably,
the majority of them seek to facilitate land use integration, and especially land
use and transportation integration as this is key to the sustainable development
of both urban and rural areas.
Below then follows several high level policy directives and development
objectives which, combined, form a strategic framework upon which to base an
SDF for the Steve Tshwete Municipality. Notably, the framework seeks to
achieve land use and transportation integration as mentioned above, and with it
the sustainable social and economic integration and development of the area.
Directive 1: Settlement and investment should be en couraged in areas with high development and -economic growth potential
Infrastructure is necessary to enable economic growth, which in turn is a prerequisite for the achievement of other policy objectives, such as poverty eradication and equitable development. However, investment in infrastructure should preferably be concentrated in areas of high development potential or economic growth potential, to exploit and enable the inherent potential in such areas. This will inevitably encourage settlement growth in these ‘‘areas with proven potential’’.
This directive is especially relevant to rural Sout h Africa , where settlements are dispersed, and do not have sufficient economic development potential to warrant the focused provision of infrastructure development to all settlements. Importantly though, Directive 1 does not imply that all rural areas or settlements do not have economic development potential, but rather that infrastructure development should be focussed on those rural settlements that do have su ch economic potential . Specific objectives relating to this directive include:
• Discourage a dispersed rural settlement pattern by directing infrastructure development to selected rural growth areas;
• Strengthen the central place function of existing towns through well-maintained transportation linkages;
• Enable the development of regional service centres in rural areas through the development or upgrading of transportation linkages to such centres and the use of clustering mechanisms such as MPCCs;
• Encourage rural settlement consolidation through investment in transportation and bulk services infrastructure in targeted areas;
• Use transportation infrastructure to open up areas with development potential; BUT only areas with sufficient water availability for settlement and economic activity should be opened up to ensure environmental sustainability; and
• Unlock and make available well-located land within metropolitan areas for affordable housing and economic development through the provision of appropriate infrastructure.
To align itself with the directives provided by the MTGS, a SDF for the LM should help to:
• Develop a diverse range of alternative tourism products to meet the requirements of different market segments;
• Develop products that complement and do not compromise or threaten the natural resources on which the tourism developments rely;
• Create an enabling and investor friendly environment; and • Focus development around strategically identified t ourism
development nodes to create critical mass and by so-doing, creating tourism areas of national and international significance.
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Directive 3: Promote the development of an integrat ed settlement pattern
The integration of settlement development, areas of economic opportunity and potential requires focusing future settlement and economic development activities into activity corridors and nodes that a re linked to main growth centres . Such corridors should be designed to encourage growth within the key economic sectors found along those corridors – i.e. be based on local competitive advantages. Specific objectives relating to this objective include:
• Discourage urban/ settlement sprawl through the sensible location of new transportation and other municipal infrastructure;
• Establish a network of corridors containing combined road and rail transport infrastructure where possible;
• Develop infrastructure that is public transport orientated and encourages public transport use in key economic and residential areas;
• Integrate fragmented urban areas through strategic transportation infrastructure development that is conducive to nodal development – i.e. Ensure that land development is concentrated in and around transport corridors, and that corridors are orientated towards providing sustainable rail transport rather than road-based transport modes (e.g. the N4 Development Corridor Initiative);
• Ensure the development of compact, mixed land use, diverse, life-enhancing environments; and
• Ensure that low-income housing is provided in close proximity to areas of opportunity.
Directive 2: Settlements of exclusion should be lin ked to areas with economic opportunity
Investment in economic infrastructure must not only address the basic needs of people, but should also create an environment that is conducive to income generating activities and productive employment. To achieve this, areas of exclusion (rural and urban) should be linked to growth centres , rather than investing heavily in areas with limited economic growth potential. Growth centres can be towns or settlements within rural areas that show high level s of economic development potential . Specific objectives relating to this directive include:
• Link rural settlements that have high population concentrations to towns or areas that exhibit economic opportunities;
• Use transportation corridors to link towns/ settlements to metropolitan areas; • Integrate areas of exclusion within a metropolitan area with nodal areas containing
economic opportunities, using public transport; and • The development and provision of infrastructure should take into account the
general depopulation of rural areas due to the migration of people to larger towns/ metropolitan areas.
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Directive 5: Key rural areas should be developed in to sustainable economic entities
Emphasis must be placed on facilitating the change of key rural areas/ settle ments into sustainable economic entities . This requires focused development or spatial targeting, directing resources to selected areas/ nodes in response to development opportunities. Key to such an initiative is selecting programmes that reflect the diversity and uniqueness of rural communities, specifically in the agricultural, forestry and tourism industries. These three primary economic sectors are essential to the livelihood of rural areas. Hence, the presence or lack of these sectors largely determine the economic development potential of the area. Specific objectives related to this directive include:
Agriculture • Facilitate the transportation of agricultural products to international markets; • Exploit opportunities to better utilize areas with agricultural potential through
infrastructure development – e.g. the establishment of Agri-hubs dams, irrigation schemes, water and sanitation infrastructure;
• Enable subsistence agriculture to enter commercial markets through infrastructure development;
• Upgrade access roads to irrigation schemes that have potential for expansion; and • Establish good transport linkages between agricultural areas, agro-processing
plants and local markets.
Forestry • Unlock the potential of forestry by improving and constructing access roads to
woodlots and supportive economic infrastructure.
Tourism • Align tourism routes with key tourist attractions; • Provide access infrastructure to unlock the development potential of untapped
tourist resources; and • Develop a diverse range of alternative tourism products to meet the requirements
of different market segments.
Directive 4: Growth and development should be socia lly and environmentally sustainable
Economic growth and development cannot be continued over the long-term if it is not done in a socially and environmentally sustainable manner. This includes the conservation of natural resources , such as high-potential agricultural soils and ecologically sensitive areas, the sensible management of mineral resources , and providing social and community infrastructure in an effective and responsible manner. As such, Directive 4 especially applies to rural development. Specific objectives relating to this objective include:
• Discourage development on valuable agricultural land and in areas of natural beauty (through the sensible location of new bulk municipal and transportation infrastructure);
• Protect and provide access to areas of natural beauty; • Protect valuable natural resources from both intra- and inter-competing land uses
by clearly delineating specific development areas for each land use; • The provision of social, community and educational services in a purposeful and
financially sustainable manner through adopting a nodal approach – i.e. supporting social and productive investment in a concentrated locality; and
• Increased access to land, especially by previously disadvantaged people, via restitution, tenure reform, and redistribution.
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Usefully, all of the aforementioned development directives and objectives
represent a specific spatial form, which when combined, can be spatially
translated into a schematic spatial framework model with which to achieve
sustainable social and economic integration and development of a specific
geographic area’s urban and rural settlements (see Figure 6 ).
In essence, the model which represents government policy direct ives can be
described as being characterised by a settlement pattern comprising a number
of large and medium-sized urban growth centres, con nected via corridors
Directive 7: Comparative and competitive advantages of regions should be exploited A primary objective should be to unlock the comparative and competitive advantages of regions. Although much of this potential is centred within and surrounding urban areas, areas and nodes within rural areas may also have po tential that is unique to that area or node . In other words, certain rural areas may have comparative and competitive advantages that can compete on a national and international level. In respect of rural areas, the mining sector and mineral deposits provide advantages that can be effectively be exploited. Hence, the presence or lack of this sector or natural resource largely determines the economic developmen t potential of a rural area . Specific objectives relating to the unlocking of this directive includes: Mining
• Provide road and rail access to large, untapped mineral deposits, such as coal deposits;
• Expand transportation infrastructure in line with growth in mining; and • Reassess the role of infrastructure serving abandoned mining areas and towns.
Industry
• Enhance the strategic advantages of key industrial location in metropolitan areas through infrastructure development;
• Provide industry with an entire logistics network, emphasizing transport services and logistic hubs; and
• Transport infrastructure must support existing and envisaged Industrial Development Zones (IDZs).
Directive 6: Industrial development should focus on international markets
It is impossible to achieve a spatially uniform distribution of economic activity, and that the best policy is to encourage industrial development at a relatively li mited number of locations (focussing on cluster developme nt) which are able to develop a competitive edge in regional and international markets. Hence, industrial development must focus on international markets and the export of manufactured goods as a means to accelerate economic growth. As such, industrial areas need to be linked to major harbours or airports to enhance the export-orientated focus of these industrial areas Transportation and industry specific infrastructure development is essential for industrial development and enabling a competitive export industry. Specific objectives relating to this objective include:
Mining • Link large mineral deposits to export and accumulation points with appropriate
logistical capabilities; and • Prevent the over-utilization of roads used for the transportation of bulk mining
products by considering other modes of transport – e.g. rail.
Industry • Provide an efficient freight transportation network that links industrial areas to
export and accumulation points; and • Areas displaying significant economic development potential should be developed
by means of delineating Special Economic Zones, and hence become the focus of more extensive infrastructure spending.
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of continuous or intermittent nodal development . The rural landscape is
characterised by a limited number of rural service nodes.
Investment spending by government within the model is informed by both
the existing or latent economic development potenti al of an area (mostly
resource based), as well as the relative need of an area . Areas with economic
development potential become the primary focus for the provision of economic,
municipal and transportation infrastructure needed to successfully facilitate
exploitation of the competitive advantages of these areas.
This said, the model views rural development as a crucial part of achieving
sustainable urbanization. Hence, the model promotes the development of rural
service centres connected to one another and to urb an growth centres via
strategic rural transport linkages (road and rail). Importantly, rural service
centres are selected based on their ability to sustain surrounding rural
areas, as well as their ability to facilitate the c onsolidation of a dispersed
rural settlement pattern . Government spending within rural service centres is
directed at projects and programmes that aim at providing a platform for the
development of sustainable rural communities.
Notably, the model presented by Figure 6 is being proposed by the National
Transportation Master Plan (NATMAP) as the best means with which to achieve
land use integration and development, as it represents a balanced approach to
government spending on urban and rural areas . Furthermore, by following a
balanced approach, the model encourages a form of urbanisation that is not
developed at the cost of rural areas, but enables a symbiotic relationship
between the existence of urban and rural areas.
Essentially then, to ensure alignment with national, provincial and local
government policy directives, a SDF for the Steve Tshwete Local Municipality
should seek to translate the schematic model presen ted by Figure 6 onto
the physical landscape characterising the area . This should however be
done in a manner befitting the Municipality by taki ng into consideration its
unique attributes, needs, opportunities and priorit ies.
The delineation of the Municipality’s unique attributes and development needs
are hence the focus of the remaining sections of Chapter 4.
4.2 Regional Context
Steve Tshwete local municipality is situated at the centre of Nkangala District
Municipality. It covers a geographical area of approximately 3,976 square
kilometres. The towns and settlements within Steve Tshwete include Middelburg,
species), geckos (4 species) and one species of chameleon.
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• Conservancies
Within the Steve Tshwete Local Municipality area, only one conservancy is
indicated namely, the Olifants Gorge Conservancy.
The municipal area borders onto the Bankenveld Conservancy and the
Bakoondkrans Conservancy (899.8 ha). The status of the Bankenveld
Conservancy is presently uncertain.
4.6.3.2 Environmental Sensitive/Problem Areas
The following issues are considered key to ensuring sustainability in
Mpumalanga (Mpumalanga State of Environment Report, 2003), and could also
be seen as environmental sensitive/problem areas within the province. These
issues would have to be addressed for the Steve Tshwete Municipal Area in
order to ensure sustainable development.
WATER � Intensity of water use per sector � Pesticides and herbicides � Wetland destruction � Alien fish species � Agricultural pollution � Abandoned mines � Alien plant species � Water consumption by forestry � Sulphates � Stream piracy � Heavy metals � Cross-boundary water transfer � Sand mining in rivers � Biological pollution � Payment of water � Water quality � Water consumption � Acid mine drainage
� Access to water � PH � Sanitation
WASTE MANAGEMENT
� Permitting of landfills � Inadequate land for landfills � Private waste sites � Landfill site suitability � People living near waste sites � Control of CH4 emissions from landfills � Contamination of water points � Illegal dumping � Hazardous waste transport � Waste generation � Hazardous waste � Sewage facilities � Waste separation at collection � Waste minimisation � Adequate waste collection services
AIR QUALITY
� Greenhouse gases � Air pollution � Visibility (saw dust, fires, burning) � Pollen � Vehicle emissions � Dirt roads � Domestic coal use � Reliance on coal for electricity generation � Respiratory health problems � Odours � Ambient particulate concentration � Asbestos � Coal dumps � Abandoned mines � Industrial and other emissions
LAND
� Afforestation � Increasing industrialisation � Encroachment of agriculture onto natural land � Land invasions
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� Conflicts over land use � Degradation of natural resources � Overgrazing � Land degradation � Degradation of soil resources � Soil erosion � Soil quality
BIODIVERSITY
� Riparian destruction � Habitat fragmentation � Bio-prospecting � Wetland destruction � Deforestation � Resource value of protected areas � Reduction of resource base � Decreasing natural vegetation � Curio trade � Impacts of tourism on natural resources � Encroachment of agriculture onto natural land � Muti trade � Loss of biodiversity � Spread of alien species
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
� Uncoordinated conservation and land use planning � Overlapping roles of national, provincial and local government departments � Private sector support for environmental management � Uncoordinated approach to the EIA process � Control of illegal activities � Government capacity to fulfil their monitoring role � Government capacity to control activities � Government capacity for implementation of policies, plans and programs
POVERTY AND VULNERABILITY
� Economic development and growth � Education � Unemployment � Literacy rate � Health care provision/access � HIV/Aids � Typhoid � Malaria
� Cholera � Human settlements � Provision of services and infrastructure � Health � Poverty � Human Development Index
The applicability of these indicators to the Steve Tshwete Local Municipal
Area will have to be determined.
4.6.4 Power Stations and Mines
The south western region of the Nkangala District Municipality is known as the
Energy Mecca of South Africa due to its rich deposits of coal reserves and power
stations such as Matla, Duvha, Komati, Arnot, Kendal, Hendrina and Kriel. While
some of these power stations have not been in operation for a number of years,
Eskom is planning to rejuvenate these “mothballed” stations to supplement
energy supply. These plans could have a positive effect on the development of
these settlements and the coal mines feeding the power stations. Apart from
feeding the power stations in the District, the coal mines also serve as the main
source of coal export of South Africa via Richards Bay.
4.6.5 Industry (Manufacturing)
Manufacturing dominates the local economy. This is followed by the mining,
electricity and community services sectors. As a result of growth in the remaining
sectors, the relative importance of the manufacturing sector decreased during
1996-1999 but during 1999-2002 the relative contribution of the manufacturing
sector increased to levels higher than in 1996. Conversely, the mining sectors
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proportional contribution increased during 1996-1999 and decreased to levels
lower than in 1996.
Middelburg is identified by major industries such as Columbus Steel and
Middelburg Ferreochrome. Ancillary service industries to the mining industry has
developed over the past few years. The area to the east of Samora Machel Drive
(formerly Samora Machel Street) and to the north of the N$ Freeway has seen
some major developments in terms of industrial townships.
4.6.6 Business Activities
The business activities in the Steve Tshwete Local Municipality are closely
related to the hierarchy of settlements. There are business activities occurring in
the majority of the towns and villages throughout the Municipal area of
jurisdiction.
Middelburg has the highest order and diversity of business activities including
retail, wholesale trade, financial services and offices. Similar activities also occur
in the secondary node of Hendrina. The tertiary/rural nodes have businesses on
a limited scale purely to serve the local community.
Middelburg is identified by a primary node which is the traditional CBD area
followed by a series of secondary nodes dispersed throughout the town.
4.6.7 Tourism
Steve Tshwete Local Municipality with Middelburg as the Primary node is
strategically located in terms of the major tourism opportunities in the eastern
parts of South Africa. The N4 and N12 and N11 freeways provide links from
Gauteng to the major tourism centres in Mpumalanga, specifically the Kruger
National Park to the east and Pilgrim’s Rest, Graskop, Lydenburg and Hoedspruit
to the northeast, as well as the Loskop Valley to the northwest.
The importance of the tourism sector in the regional economy of the Nkangala
District is increasing significantly.
4.7 Community Facilities, Sport & Recreation Facili ties, and
Cultural & Historic Sites
4.7.1 Community Facilities – Overview
Table 6 indicates the distribution of community facilities in the Steve Tshwete
area. Most of the facilities are found in the major towns, with some facilities in the
secondary towns. Middelburg has the most community facilities in the region,
strengthening its role as primary node in the Municipality.
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Table 6: Community Facilities in the Municipal area
Land Use Mbg Hendrina Rietkuil Pullens
hope Komati
Library 3 2 1 - -
Community hall 3 1 1 1 1
Sport stadium 4 2 1 1 -
Golf Course 1 1 1 1 1
Police Station 2 2 - 1 1
Clinic 8 2 1 1 1
Post Office 1 1 1 1 1
Crèche 3 3 1 2 1
Primary School 17 3 1 1 1
Secondary School 7 4 - - -
Technical college 1 1 - - -
Cemetery 8 2 1 - -
4.7.2 Sport and Recreational Facilities
The Regional Sport and Recreation Master Plan provide an assessment of the
type of facilities currently in the municipal area (e.g. soccer, netball, athletics
etc.), location (town) and condition. The existing facilities are divided into four
categories, namely regional, major, secondary and tertiary or informal facilities,
and are summarised in the table below:
Table 7: Sport and Recreational Facilities in the M unicipal area
NAME CLASSIFICATION CONDITION FACILITIES OFFERED
Kees Taljaard Stadium, Middelburg
Regional Facility Very good. Main playing field should be remarked to be closer to the pavilion.
Rugby club with very good facilities and floodlights. Adequate pavilions. B-field and two soccer fields with weak floodlights.
Multipurpose Sport Complex
Regional Facility Very good. Olympic standard swimming pool. Wrestling hall. Three badminton courts. Two squash courts. Two gymnastics halls. Exercise facility for the elderly. Tennis courts. Four netball courts. Basketball courts with floodlights. Two bowls pitches. Jukskei courts. Cricket field, clubhouse and change rooms.
Nazaret Stadium, Middelburg
Could be upgraded to Secondary Facility
Good. Goal posts of soccer field require nets. Change rooms require maintenance.
Grass athletics tracks. Soccer field. Two tennis courts.
Hlalamandi, Middelburg
Informal Facility Poor No grass. Close proximity to existing housing.
Soccer field.
Eastdene Sport Complex, Middelburg
Major Facility Good Goal posts of soccer field require nets.
Two soccer fields. Three open temporary pavilions. Two tennis courts
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with floodlights and clubhouse. One beach volleyball court.
Mhluzi Stadium Major Facility Very good. Nets of soccer posts require maintenance.
Soccer field. Athletics track. Floodlights. Two B-field practice soccer fields. Two tennis courts. Three basketball courts. Two practice courts: one for tennis and one for cricket. Two volleyball courts. Two netball courts. Pavilion and ablution facilities.
Greater Mhluzi Informal Poor Eight soccer fields used for practice and informal games.
Mhluzi Swimming Pool
Secondary Facility Very good Adult pool and children’s pool. Lawns with grass umbrellas. Ablution facilities. Fenced off.
Kwazamakuhle Sport Stadium, Hendrina
Could be upgraded to Secondary Facility
Fair. Requires urgent maintenance. No floodlights.
Playing field. Athletics track. Soccer field. Ablution facilities. One basketball court. One netball court. One tennis court.
Hendrina Proper Secondary Facility Fair. Two facilities, one vacant, one used as squash courts.
4.7.3 Formalisation of Cultural and Historic Sites
Due to the presence of culturally and historically import sites and areas within the
local municipalities of the Nkangala District (as demonstrated above), BKS
Consulting Engineers and Cultmatrix was contracted to provide an assessment of
these.
What follows are direct extracts from the document entitled “Formalisation of
Cultural and Historic Sites in the Nkangala District, 2004”, and highlights
important features found within the municipal area, currently protected by the
National Heritage Resources Act (Act no 25 of 1999):
The Middelburg municipal area is traversed by the historic Pretoria-Maputo
railway line, which played an important role during the Anglo-Boer War. The
northern part of the municipal area consists of Bushveld and Bankenveld
with level ridges. The heritage of this area is characterised as mostly
agricultural, with historic farmsteads and a few small villages such as
Selonsrivier.
This particular region has a long history of human habitation dating back to
the Middle Stone Age (120 000 years ago) ant there are some major Iron
Age settlement sites, notably the Little and Great Olifants River valleys,
including the Loskop Dam Nature Reserve. It is also associated with major
forced removals involving the Botshabelo, Doornkop and GroenSamora
Machel communities. Near Siyabuswa, the tradition of a female ‘king’ of
women was stated at Doornkop near Middelburg and the inauguration of the
Village Women Leader is still practiced at Phathisizwe.
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The southern part of the municipal area is typical Highveld, with pans and
grassy downs. It is rich in coal deposits and many collieries operate here.
The coal deposits were also responsible for the erection of some of Eskom’s
power stations that dominate the landscape today. The region is more
heavily populated and there are a number of villages associated with the
mines and power stations.
Priority sites identified in the rural areas include:
• Zulu royal graves, Farm RietSamora Machel, west of Middelburg;
• Pan railway station, 1894; and
• Arnot railway station precinct.
Figures13a and 13b indicate the Cultural Historic Sites in the municipal area
including Middelburg and Botshabelo. This includes elements of military history,
cemeteries, industries, royal tribal and architectural/engineering. The Middelburg
area has a large collection of heritage resources, but the town itself lacks
urban legibility – the result is that it appears as if there is no coherent strategy to
showcase these, even if there is. The two main axes of the town and its
related places and elements must be strengthened th rough good urban
design, and heritage related information transfer i nstalled along it .
The Anglo Boer War Route in Middelburg includes the English Bridge, old canon
blockhouse and cemetery, concentration camp cemetery, the Drift, a Canal and
the Lane of the English Garrison. During the war, almost a thousand children died
in the area and more than 1 300 women and children died in the Concentration
Camp from May 1900 to 1902. The Anglo Boer War history of the town should be
more aggressively marketed and sites must be better signposted. It is advised
that a central heritage information centre be established at the historical core of
the town near the NG Church with a map of Anglo Boer War sites and directions.
The Middelburg Colliery is the largest opencast mine strip in the world situated at
approximately 20 km south of Middelburg. The mine came about as a result of
the merger between Duvha Opencast Services and Middelburg Mine in 1995.
Integration with the initiatives to conserve the NZASM Oosterlijn and its related
centres from Pretoria to Maputo along the Maputo Corridor as a possible World
Heritage Site, has to be included in development thinking in Middelburg.
The township of Mhluzi is located across the ridge on the north-western side
towards Botshabelo. The black history of Middelburg is however not visible to the
visitor or inhabitant. Signage and information transfer at all the sites identified in
the asset register is advised.
Botshabelo (meaning “place of shelter” or “sanctuary” was the name of the farm
that was bought from the Berlin Mission Society by two young missionaries.
These missionaries, Alexander Merensky and Heinrich Grutzner arrived in Natal
to spread the Word and settled in Botshabelo in 1865. The church and parsonage
of 1865 have been conserved in Botshabelo.
Botshabelo is the premier cultural historic site of Middelburg and probably the
whole of Nkangala – it has the potential to explain the Missionary venture in
South Africa, and also the colonising mindset and experience of the colonised –
this site also has the potential to be a World Heritage Site. Deterioration of
structures and the lack of an integrated development strategy, which includes
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current heritage conservation philosophy, must receive immediate attention. A
complete Heritage Impact Assessment is required for any future development.
Priority sites identified include:
• NZASM Middelburg Station, 1890’s;
• NZASM Railway houses;
• Kanonkop Concentration Camp;
• Old Magistrate Office (currently SA Police Detective HQ),
1908;
• Fort Wilhelm (Merensky) at Botshabelo, (1865+);
• Berlin Mission complex at Botshabelo, (1865+);
• Corrugated sheet metal ex-military house – turn of 19th
century;
• Middelburg old cemetery (war graves);
• First house in Mhluze (Hermaans Street); and
• First church in Mhluze.
Figures 14a and 14b indicate the multitude of Cultural Historic Sites in and
around Hendrina, which include historic houses, shops, mining areas and graves.
The town of Hendrina has a low residential density and sparse vegetation, with a
few important heritage assets. The town is however economically depressed due
to its location far from major cities. The town has potential to be a good living
environment, but requires integrated space planning. The town should market its
historic spatial qualities and heritage assets more aggressively in the district’s
tourism initiatives – the town has an excellent tourism map, which is a good basis
for further action.
4.8 Engineering Services
Analysis with respect to infrastructure services, i.e. water, sanitation, roads and
storm water, and electricity are briefly outlined as part of the analysis phase.
4.8.1 Water
General water supply to Middelburg is from Rondebosch-, Pienaars- and Kruger
Dam. Hendrina and all the former mining and Eskom villages obtain water from the
Eskom Network. The existing water supply infrastructure comprises of pipelines,
reservoirs and treatment works. Doornkop obtains water from boreholes.
• Middelburg & Mhluzi
Water is provided from Middelburg dam, Pienaars Dam and Kruger Dam. A
pipeline is also in place to provide water from Emalahleni Dam when the
existing sources are not sufficient. The water is purified at the Vaalbank and
Kruger Dam water purification works. Networks provide water to households
except at the informal settlement of Newtown where communal taps are
available.
• Hendrina / Kwazamokhule
Raw water is purchased from the Department of Water Affairs and supplied
from the Nooitgedacht Dam. The water is purified at the water treatment
works, and networks provide water to the households in Hendrina and
Kwazamokhule.
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The networks need upgrading and communal standpipes will be replaced by
metered connections to stands. Certain capital works have already been
performed to upgrade the networks.
• Rietkuil
Bulk water is supplied by Eskom. The network is being upgraded where
after it will be transferred to Council, whom will be responsible for
maintenance.
• Pullen’s Hope
Bulk water is supplied by Eskom. The network is being upgraded where
after it will be transferred to Council, whom will be responsible for
maintenance.
• Komati
Bulk water is supplied by Eskom. The network is being upgraded where
after it will be transferred to Council, whom will be responsible for
maintenance.
• Presidentsrus
The water purification works is operated by the Municipality.
• Doornkop
A borehole at the school provides water to the residents. This is not
sufficient to provide in all the needs and water must be transported over long
distances.
• Rural area in general
Data captured during the compilation of the rural study is indicated per Ward.
A total of 70% of the settlements obtain water from boreholes. In various cases
these boreholes are fitted with either hand pumps or electric or diesel pumps.
Dams and tanks are normally used as storage facility. In cases where piped water
or stand pipes are available the network is fed from a dam or tank.
A total of 16, 5% of the settlements only obtain water from rivers / streams
including springs. These water sources are normally shared with cattle.
This results in a water source not necessarily fit for human consumption. With the
drought certain of the rivers and streams dried up leaving residents with no water.
Water tankers are supplying water to 2, 5% of the settlements. Three percent of
villages have no water available on the specific property and residents need to
obtain water from neighbouring farms.
4.8.2 Sanitation
• Middelburg & Mhluzi
Full waterborne sewerage networks are available except in Newtown
where biological toilets are provided. The ratio is one toilet per four stands.
Sewerage is purified at the Boskrans sewerage purification works which
has sufficient capacity.
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• Hendrina / Kwazamokhule
A new sewerage purification works was recently commissioned and has
sufficient capacity. As money becomes available the existing septic tanks
will be phased out and where no service is available, it must be provided
as a matter of urgency.
• Rietkuil
Sewerage purification is done by Eskom and Council is only responsible
for the opening of blockages.
• Pullen’s Hope
Sewerage purification is done by Eskom and Council is only responsible
for the opening of blockages.
• Komati
Sewerage purification is done by Eskom and Council is only responsible
for the opening of blockages.
• Presidentsrus
Owners must provide their own septic tanks.
• Doornkop
No sewerage purification system is in place. Geo-hydrological surveys
must be done to ensure that underground water is not contaminated. A
health hazard will be created if this situation is not treated correct.
Doornkop Phase 2 will have VIP-toilets installed.
Sanitation systems throughout the study area differ substantially. Services
vary between house connections (water borne system), septic tanks, pit
latrines, VIP-toilets, biological toilets and none.
A total of 64% of all settlements have access to pit latrines, compared to only 1%
that has access to VIP toilets, the latter being more environmentally friendly.
Furthermore 11% of settlements have access to septic tanks and 4% access to a
water borne system. Twenty present of settlements have no form of sanitation and
residents utilize the surrounding area as a toilet, thereby polluting the environment.
In one instance a stream has been utilized by the community as a toilet.
Ward 17 being the ward with the largest number of households, namely 1229 is
also the ward with the highest percentage (30%) of settlements without any
sanitation. Ward 21 and 23 are the wards in which 24% and 26% of the
settlements do not have any sanitation.
This is alarming as these are the wards adjoining Middelburg and also being in the
catchments area of Rondebosch and Loskop Dam which poses a real threat
towards the environment.
4.8.3 Roads and Stormwater
A variety of National, Provincial and Local roads and streets traverse the area of
jurisdiction of Steve Tshwete Local Municipality.
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The most prominent of these are the N4, crossing the area from east to west. The
responsibility of this road falls under the jurisdiction of the Department of Transport,
but forms part of the agreement between TRAC – a private consortium and the
Department of Transport. In terms of this agreement, TRAC has the right to
develop the road to a toll road. Another National route traversing the area is the
N11, traversing the area from north to south. The Provincial roads are as follow:
• P154 Middelburg to Emalahleni and WonderSamora Machel;
• P127 Middelburg to Van Dyksdrift;
• P180 Emalahleni to Van Dyksdrift;
• P182 Hendrina to Van Dyksdrift;
• P30 Middelburg to Bethal; and
• P52 Hendrina to Bethal and Carolina.
These roads as well as a number of district roads fall under the jurisdiction of the
Mpumalanga Department of Public Works, Roads and Transport. The Middelburg
Roads Branch is the responsible office for the maintenance of these roads.
Table 8: Type of link roads in the rural area
Ward Graded % Gravel % Tar %
Ward 10 75 83% 15 17% - -%
Ward 17 40 52% 36 47% 1 2%
Ward 20 113 75% 38 25% - -
Ward 21 50 27% 132 71% 3 2%
Ward 22 24 83% 5 17% - -
Ward 23 121 70% 47 27% 4 3%
Ward 24 30 73% 11 27% - -
Total 453 61% 284 38% 8 1% Source: Rural Study 2003
In other words a total of 35% of villages obtain access via a graded link road and
46% via a gravel link road. Only 19% obtain access via a tar road.
In terms of internal roads the majority consist mainly of graded roads (61%) whilst
38% have gravel roads and only 1% has tar roads.
• Middelburg & Mhluzi
The majority of the roads are tarred and provided with storm water drainage.
Upgrading of the storm water system in Mhluzi is being undertaken
according to a storm water plan prepared by consultants.
• Hendrina / Kwazamokhule
Relatively few roads are tarred and provided with storm water drainage.
Attention will have to be given to address the backlogs as the maintenance
cost of gravel roads is high.
• Rietkuil
The internal roads are tarred and Council is responsible for the maintenance
of the roads. Roads are in a fairly good condition.
• Pullen’s Hope
The internal roads are tarred and Council is responsible for the maintenance
of the roads. Roads are in a fairly good condition.
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• Komati
The internal roads are tarred and Council is responsible for the maintenance
of the roads. Roads are in a fairly good condition.
• Blinkpan & Koornfontein
These towns now known as Blinkpan village has been proclaimed, and was
recently taken over by Council who renders all municipal services. The mine
has made funds available to council to do some maintenance work including
patching and resealing of certain streets.
• Doornkop
No formal roads or storm water systems are in place.
• Presidentsrus
Only gravel roads are available. The low water bridge was upgraded which
reduces the possibility of flooding. The access road (P20) is in a bad
condition due to the large number of heavy vehicle from the brickworks that
make use of it.
• Kranspoort
This is a private township proclaimed as “Vakansiedorp” and all services are
rendered by the governing body. They approached the Municipality with the
request to assist with building inspections only.
4.8.4 Solid Waste
• Middelburg / Mhulzi
Household refuse is removed from all households and the dumping site is
licensed by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. Garden refuse
is removed by private contractors. Waste removal takes place once per
week in Middelburg and twice per week in Mhluzi.
• Hendrina / Kwazamokhule
Refuse is removed once per week from all households and dumped at the
dumping site situated on the Remaining extent of portion 6 of the farm
GrasSamora Machel 199 IS. The site does not comply with the legal
requirements and a permit has not been issued. A feasibility study
whether to try and legalise the site or to rather close it down, must be
done. Dumping of ash and other waste is taking place in Kwazamokhule
and must receive attention.
• Rietkuil
Waste collection takes place once per week and refuse is dumped at the
Middelburg dumping site.
• Pullen’s Hope
Waste collection takes place once per week and refuse is dumped at the
Middelburg dumping site.
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• Komati
Waste collection takes place once per week and refuse is dumped at the
Middelburg dumping site.
• Presidentsrus
Refuse’s collected once per week by the Municipality.
• Doornkop
No service is provided.
4.8.5 Electricity
• Middelburg / Mhluzi
Electricity is purchased from Eskom and distributed to all formal
households. The informal settlement of Newtown has also been provided
with electricity. Underground cables as well as overhead lines and bundle
conductors are used in the distribution network. Streetlights and/or high
mast lights are provided in all the extensions.
• Hendrina / Kwazamokhule
Electricity is purchased from Eskom and distributed to all the extensions of
Hendrina and Kwazamokhule. In Kwazamokhule Ext. 2 (Mafred) electricity
is distributed by Eskom. The networks are old and extensive upgrading is
presently being conducted to reduce the number of interruptions of supply.
• Rietkuil
The distribution of electricity is done by Eskom. The network is being
upgraded at the moment.
• Pullen’s Hope
The distribution of electricity is done by Eskom. The network is being
upgraded at the moment.
• Komati
The distribution of electricity is done by Eskom. The network is being
upgraded at the moment.
• Presidentsrus
Only the hotel and 12 other stands have electricity supplied by Eskom.
The unavailability of electricity creates a problem for prospective owners in
obtaining finance from financial institutions.
• Doornkop
Except for the supply to the borehole no other distribution is done by
Eskom in whose supply area Doornkop is situated. Council will apply for
the distribution licence as township establishment has been done by
Council.
• Rural Areas
On average only 27% of the settlements have access to electricity, thereby
leaving 73% of the settlements having to rely on other sources of energy
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such as wood, coal, gas and paraffin. Ward 24 is the ward with the highest
percentage of households with electricity namely 39%, whilst only 15% of
the settlements in Ward 20 have access to electricity.
4.9 Demographic Analysis / Socio-Economic Profile
The socio-economic analysis is specifically aimed at spatial related matters, i.e.
demographics, employment and income and economic profile.
Census 1996 and 2001 were used and comparisons made with the 2007
Community Survey where applicable.
4.9.1 Dwelling Units and Population
Table 9 indicates the growth in dwelling units by type in the Steve Tshwete area
since 1996.
Table 9: Steve Tshwete: Dwelling Units by Type 1996 , 2001, 2007
1996 % 2001 % 2007 %
Formal 24,762 74% 26,772 74% 39,795 79%
Traditional 3,169 10% 3,513 10% 2,788 6%
Informal 5,171 16% 5,853 16% 7,406 15%
Other 241 1% 74 0% 460 1%
Total 33,343 100% 36,212 100% 50,449 100%
1996 - 2001 2001 - 2007
Formal 1.6% 6.8%
Traditional 2.1% -3.8%
Informal 2.5% 4.0%
Other -21.0% 35.6%
Total 1.7% 5.7%
1996 - 2001 2001 - 2007
Formal 2,010 13,023
Traditional 344 -725
Informal 682 1,553
Other -167 386
Total 2,869 14,237
Increment
Ty
pe
of
dw
ell
ing
Ty
pe
of
dw
ell
ing
Ty
pe
of
dw
ell
ing
Average Growth p. a. (%)
The above mentioned table indicates that 79% of the 2007 population reside in
formal dwellings, an increase from 74% in 1996 and 2001.
The population residing informally has decreased slightly from 16% to 15%,
whilst the traditional settlements decreased from 10% to 6%.
The number of units increased from 33 343 in 1996 to 36 212 in 2001 to 50 449
in 2007. This represents a substantial increase of 14 237 over the previous 6
years or 5,7% per annum.
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Table 10: Steve Tshwete: Population, 1996, 2001, 20 07
1996 % 2001 % 2007 %
African 92,235 68% 114,370 80% 144,307 79%
Coloured 3,530 3% 3,552 2% 5,186 3%
Asian 1,900 1% 1,308 1% 2,598 1%
White 37,747 28% 23,544 16% 30,415 17%
Total 135,412 100% 142,774 100% 182,506 100%
1996 - 2001 2001 - 2007
African 4.4% 4.0%
Coloured 0.1% 6.5%
Asian -7.2% 12.1%
White -9.0% 4.4%
Total 1.1% 4.2%
1996 - 2001 2001 - 2007
African 22,135 29,937
Coloured 22 1,634
Asian -592 1,290
White -14,203 6,871
Total 7,362 39,732
Po
pu
lati
on
Gro
up
Po
pu
lati
on
Gro
up
Average Growth p. a. (%)
Increment
Po
pu
lati
on
Gro
up
Table 11 indicates that the African population decreased slightly from 80% to
79% of the total population in the study area (2001-2007).
A slight increase also took place in terms of the White population from 16% in
2001 to 17% in 2007. Steve Tshwete hosts the largest percentage of White
people within the Nkangala District. Skilled labour tends to move to the
metropoles and larger cities as better and more jobs are available.
The African population increased by 29 937 persons since 2001 or 4,0 on
average annually. The White population increased by 6871, the Coloured
population by 1634 and the Indian population by 1290 persons since 2001.
The total population increased by nearly 40 000 people since 2001, at an
average growth rate of 4,2% per annum.
Table 11: Population by Gender 2001 vs 2007
Male % Female %
Steve Tshwete 2001 70,596 49% 72,184 51%
Steve Tshwete 2007 97,092 53% 85,415 47%
Nkangala DM 2007 612,067 50% 614,434 50%
Mpumalanga 2007 1,769,394 49% 1,874,042 51%
The percentage of males increased substantially from 49% in 2001 to 53% in
2007. This can mainly be attributed to more job opportunities created by the
A slight increase in the percentage of young school going children was recorded
since 2001, whereas the proportion of working age population (25-64) and
pensioners (65+) increased significantly.
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1996 % 2001 % 2007 %
Employed 47423 80% 41678 65% 67594 76%
Unemployed 11574 20% 22798 35% 21068 24%
Total Economically Active 58997 100% 64476 100% 88662 100%
Total Population 135,412 44% 142,774 45% 182,506 49%
4.9.2 Education, Employment and Income
• Education
The highest level of education reached for the population in the study area is
reflected in Table 13 .
Table 13: Level of Education
Persons 2001 % None 15 769 27,8 Pre School 2 063 3,6 School 37 243 65,6 College 958 1,7 Technikon 319 0,6 University 226 0,4 Adult Education Centre 48 0,1 Other 132 0,2 Total 56 758 100
Source: 2001 Census data
° Only 3% of the population has a tertiary or higher qualification.
° 27,8% of the population have no qualification. It is noted that infants and
children less than 5 years are excluded from this figure.
° The high levels of illiteracy reflect the need for education facilities and
after school learning.
• Employment
The analysis of employment and income levels in the study area are reflected as
informal, formal and unemployed workforce, and average income per capita.
Table 14: Steve Tshwete Economically Active Populat ion, 1996, 2001, 2007
° The economic active population increased from 44% of the population in
1996 to 49% in 2007.
° Although unemployment has decreased from 35% in 2001, it is still high on
24% of the economically active population.
Income
The per capita income for the study area is presented in Table 15 .
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