stigall_ShortCourse-Paleogeografie

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rac ng pec es n pacerac ng pec es n pace

Assessing the relationshipsAssessing the relationships

,

paleoecology, and macroevolution

,

paleoecology, and macroevolution

Al cia L. Sti allAl cia L. Sti all

Department of Geological Sciences andDepartment of Geological Sciences and

OHIO Center for Ecology and Evolutionary StudiesOHIO Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies

Department of Geological Sciences andDepartment of Geological Sciences and

OHIO Center for Ecology and Evolutionary StudiesOHIO Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Studies


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OutlineOutline

New methods and emerging opportunities inNew methods and emerging opportunities in

Biogeographic controls on macroevolutionBiogeographic controls on macroevolution

Biogeographic range and paleoecology/extinctionBiogeographic range and paleoecology/extinction

Potential for synthesisPotential for synthesis

Miocene Radiation ofMiocene Radiation of EquinaeEquinae

Late Ordovician Richmondian InvasionLate Ordovician Richmondian Invasion

Future research directionsFuture research directions


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Controls on species rangeControls on species range

Historical FactorsHistorical Factors

Primar durin s eciationPrimar durin s eciation

1 4 1 ,3 1,4,5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 3 2

1 1 1 21 1 2

11

Ecological FactorsEcological Factors

1

Primary during speciesPrimary during species

duration & extinctionduration & extinction

1

1,4

Traditionally separateTraditionally separate

subdiciplinessubdiciplines

Historical BiogeographyHistorical Biogeography

Ecological BiogeographyEcological Biogeography


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Integrated biogeographic approach, part IIntegrated biogeographic approach, part I

Relationship between biogeography & macroevolutionRelationship between biogeography & macroevolution

Research uestions:Research uestions:

Speciation modeSpeciation mode CladeClade historyhistory

Adaptive radiationsAdaptive radiations

TectonicTectonic vsvs climatic influencesclimatic influences

,,


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Phylogenetic biogeographyPhylogenetic biogeography

Evolutionary relationshipsEvolutionary relationships Evolution of biogeographic areasEvolution of biogeographic areas

1,2 1 6 4 1 1 1,3 1,6 3 1 3 3 4 4,6

1,4,6 1

1 31,3

3

33,4

Areas of Endemism:Areas of Endemism:Areas of Endemism:Areas of Endemism:

1

1

1

1 1 Northern Appalachian basin1 Northern Appalachian basin

2 Southern Appalachian basin2 Southern Appalachian basin

3 Michigan Basin3 Michigan Basin

4 Iowa Basin4 Iowa Basin

5 Missouri Basin5 Missouri Basin

6 Western United States6 Western United States

1 Northern Appalachian basin1 Northern Appalachian basin

2 Southern Appalachian basin2 Southern Appalachian basin

3 Michigan Basin3 Michigan Basin

4 Iowa Basin4 Iowa Basin

5 Missouri Basin5 Missouri Basin

6 Western United States6 Western United States

1

S eciation modeS eciation mode Relationshi of bio eo ra hic areasRelationshi of bio eo ra hic areas1,2 1 6 4 1 1 1,3 1,6 3 1 3 3 4 4,6

1,4,6 1

1

1,31,3

3

33,4

Ancestor

Bolivia

Europe

W. Canada

Ancestor

Bolivia

Europe

W. Canada

1

1

1

1

1 Michigan B.

Appalachian B.

Western US

Central US

Michigan B.

Western US

Appalachian B.

Central US


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Example 1: MioceneExample 1: Miocene EquinaeEquinae

Maguire & Stigall (2008), Palaeo3


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EquidEquid PhylogenticPhylogentic BiogeographyBiogeography

Speciation modeSpeciation mode

mode of speciationmode of speciation

Dispersal

yc ca processesyc ca processesdrive evolution ofdrive evolution of

area relationshipsarea relationships

Vicariance vs. GeodispersalVicariance vs. GeodispersalMaguire & Stigall (2008), Palaeo3


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Example 2: Late Devonian Biodiversity CrisisExample 2: Late Devonian Biodiversity Crisis

Species invasions due toSpecies invasions due to

continental assembly andcontinental assembly and

trangress onstrangress ons resu te nresu te n

greatly reduced faunalgreatly reduced faunal

endemismendemism

Extinction rates elevatedExtinction rates elevated

Speciation ratesSpeciation rates

North AmericaNorth America Europe N. AfricaEurope N. Africa NorthernNorthern

depresseddepressed

Cosmopolitan FaunaCosmopolitan FaunaLateLate

DevonianDevonian

Basin/OldBasin/Old

WorldWorld

MichiganMichigan ENAENA Old WorldOld World

VenezuelanVenezuelan--

ColumbianColumbian

MiddleMiddle

DevonianDevonian


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Late Devonian Speciation ModeLate Devonian Speciation Mode1,2 1 6 4 1 1 1,3 1,6 3 1 3 3 4 4,6

1,4,6 1

1,31,3

3

33,4

0 1 4 4 3 3,4 2 3,4 2 1 3 4 1 1,3,4 3 0 1,2,4 1,3,4 5 2 1,3,4,5

44

4

4

4 44

4

44

3,4

1

1

1

1

1

episode of vicarianceepisode of dispersal (invasion)

episode of vicarianceepisode of dispersal (invasion)

4

44

4

4 4

44

AreaArea cladogramcladogram fromfrom

Sti all Rode 2005Sti all Rode 2005AreaArea cladogramcladogram fromfrom

1

5200 0 000000

0

0

0

0 00 01 1 13 544 2 7

00

0 0

0

000

2,8

0,1,47,9 0 00 0 0 00 1 1 13 556

00

00

0

00

0

00

00

0

11

0,5 0,1

1 4 1 ,3 1,4,5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 3 2

1 1 1 21 1 2

10

0

0

0

0 1

1

00,3AreaArea cladogramcladogram fromfrom

Rode & Lieberman (2002)Rode & Lieberman (2002)

Overall,LOW rates of vicariance,

but rampant dispersal

1

1,4

AreaArea cladogramcladogram

from Rode (2004)from Rode (2004)

Low vicariance due to lack of opportunities for isolation duringLow vicariance due to lack of opportunities for isolation duringinvasive regime & contributed to speciation rate declineinvasive regime & contributed to speciation rate decline


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Late Devonian Speciation ModeLate Devonian Speciation Mode

Speciation by vicariance virtually nonSpeciation by vicariance virtually non--existentexistent

spec a on v a spersa .e. spec es nvas onsspec a on v a spersa .e. spec es nvas ons

Number of Number of Percent Percent

events

events

vicariance

by dispersal

Schizophoria (Schizophoria) 2 17 11% 89%

ower a

Leptodesma (Leiopteria) 2 6 25% 75%

Archaeostraca 6 13 32% 68%

Overall 17 43 28% 72%

Modern Fauna 70% 30%

, ., .


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Late Devonian Speciation RateLate Devonian Speciation Rate

Extinction not elevated above background during Late DevonianExtinction not elevated above background during Late Devonian

Speciation rate declines to near zeroSpeciation rate declines to near zero Stigall (2008)Stigall (2008)


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Late Devonian Speciation SummaryLate Devonian Speciation Summary

During the Late Devonian crisis interval:During the Late Devonian crisis interval:

S eciation rates a roach zeroS eciation rates a roach zero

Extinction elevated, but not in excess of background ratesExtinction elevated, but not in excess of background rates

--

SpeciationSpeciation byby vicariancevicariance virtually nonvirtually non--existentexistent

All speciation via dispersal (i.e. species invasionsAll speciation via dispersal (i.e. species invasions))

Breakdown ofBreakdown of biogeographicbiogeographic andandpaleoecologicpaleoecologic barriers resulted inbarriers resulted in

s u own os u own o a opa r ca opa r c spec a onspec a on

Rode & Lieberman (2004), PalaeoRode & Lieberman (2004), Palaeo33


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Integrated biogeographic approach, part IIIntegrated biogeographic approach, part II

Relationship between biogeography &Relationship between biogeography &

paleoecologypaleoecology

Research questionsResearch questions Range contractions andRange contractions and

Niche evolution vs. nicheNiche evolution vs. niche

constancyconstancy

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Habitat tracking of communities vs.Habitat tracking of communities vs.

individualistic species responseindividualistic species response

--

incorporating environmental variablesincorporating environmental variables

Provides data amenable toProvides data amenable to

testingtesting


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Methods of quantitative range modelingMethods of quantitative range modeling

GIS based approachesGIS based approachesPraewaagenoconchaPraewaagenoconcha speciosaspeciosa

Polygon enclosure modelsPolygon enclosure models

Requires robust set ofRequires robust set of

Create minimum convexCreate minimum convex

hullshulls 17,000 km17,000 km22

Ecological niche modelsEcological niche models

Requires (1) robust set ofRequires (1) robust set of

spec es occurrence a aspec es occurrence a aAND (2) robust set ofAND (2) robust set of

environmental parametersenvironmental parameters

determined fromdetermined from

sedimentologicalsedimentological proxiesproxies53,500 km53,500 km22

Stigall Rode & Lieberman (2005)


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Environmental data and interpolationEnvironmental data and interpolation

Ecological Niche ModelsEcological Niche Models

Predict species ranges to occupy the geographicPredict species ranges to occupy the geographic

extent of the fundamental nicheextent of the fundamental niche

Utilize computer learning based (genetic) algorithm toUtilize computer learning based (genetic) algorithm to

known occurrence sites and environmental dataknown occurrence sites and environmental data

Water de thWater de th Le todesma s ineri umLe todesma s ineri um

100 0 200100 0 200

Data collectionData collectionEnvironmental interpolationEnvironmental interpolation

Range predict ionRange predict ion



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GISGIS--based geographicbased geographic

range reconstructionrange reconstruction,,

2000; detailed in Stigall, 2006)2000; detailed in Stigall, 2006)

Over 5000 data points usedOver 5000 data points used

to reconstruct ranges of 341to reconstruct ranges of 341

species in 19 temporal binsspecies in 19 temporal bins(Rode & Lieberman, 2004)(Rode & Lieberman, 2004)

######

#

#

#

######

###

##

#

# #

###

### ##### Range ofRange of TylothyrisTylothyris mesacostalismesacostalis

FrasnianFrasnian): 10,309 km): 10,309 km22

Rode & Lieberman (2004), Palaeo3


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ENM analysisENM analysis

factors:factors:Percent mud, silt, sandPercent mud, silt, sand Ox enationOx enation Substrate t eSubstrate t e

Percent limestonePercent limestone IchnofaciesIchnofacies BiofaciesBiofacies

Depositional environmentDepositional environment Bedding styleBedding style Water depthWater depth

Inferred water depthInferred water depth

Inferred water depthInferred water depthPercent mudPercent mudPercent siltPercent silt



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Temporal range changeTemporal range changePraewaagenoconchaPraewaagenoconcha speciosaspeciosa CariniferellaCariniferella carinatacarinata

(Late varcus zone)(Late varcus zone)punctatapunctata ZoneZone LateLate varcusvarcus ZoneZone

linguiformislinguiformis ZoneZone linguiformislinguiformis ZoneZone



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IdentifyIdentify interbasinalinterbasinal species invasionsspecies invasions

Example:Example: PseudatrypaPseudatrypa devonianadevoniana

Two invasion events:Two invasion events:

(mid(mid FrasnianFrasnian, onset of TR cycle, onset of TR cycle IIcIIc))

2)2) Iowa to New Mexico basins inIowa to New Mexico basins in rhenanarhenana zonezone(Late(Late FrasnianFrasnian, onset of TR cycle, onset of TR cycle IIdIId))

TotalTotal interbasinalinterbasinal invasionsinvasions

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Rode & Lieberman (2004), Palaeo3Stigall & Lieberman (2006), J Biogeo


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Examine survival vs. geographic rangeExamine survival vs. geographic range

1. Comparison of geographic range size vs. survival1. Comparison of geographic range size vs. survival

VictimsVictims SurvivorsSurvivors

N=30N=30

Mean range: 6212Mean range: 6212

SE mean: 895SE mean: 895

N=127N=127

Mean range: 15446Mean range: 15446

SE mean: 3592SE mean: 3592

2. Com arison of survival status vs. invasive histor2. Com arison of survival status vs. invasive histor

TT--test: Htest: Hoo:: ss >> vv N=157N=157 p= 0.009p= 0.009

X2 table

Invasive speciesInvasive species NonNon--invasive speciesinvasive species

ExtinctExtinct 181827.8627.86

10910999.1499.14

SurviveSurvive1616 1212

N= 155N= 155 pEE

.. ..

Rode & Lieberman (2004), Palaeo3


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Integrated biogeographic approach IIIIntegrated biogeographic approach III

Complex feedback loops between biogeography,Complex feedback loops between biogeography,

paleoecology, and macroevolutionpaleoecology, and macroevolution

Research questions:Research questions: Biodiversity crisesBiodiversity crises

n er as nan er as na nvas on o c n erc ange even snvas on o c n erc ange even s

Tools: integrated analyses of phylogenetic andTools: integrated analyses of phylogenetic and

environmental patternsenvironmental patterns


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Case Study 3:Case Study 3: RichmondianRichmondian InvasionInvasion

Late Ordovician invasion ofLate Ordovician invasion of taxataxa fromfrom

W. North America into ENAW. North America into ENA

Related to oceanographic changesRelated to oceanographic changes(Holland &(Holland & PatzkowskyPatzkowsky, 1997), 1997)

(Holland &(Holland & PatzkowskyPatzkowsky, 2007), 2007)

Stratigraphic frameworkStratigraphic framework(after Holland &(after Holland & PatzkowskyPatzkowsky, 1996), 1996)


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GISGIS--based geographic range reconstructionbased geographic range reconstruction

Geographic range ofGeographic range ofEntire speciesEntire species

occurrence data setoccurrence data sete erte ae erte a occ enta socc enta s

C4C4 C5C5 C6C6

C1C1 C2C2 C3C3

Stigall & Smith, in reviewStigall & Smith, in review


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StratigraphicStratigraphic distribution of speciesdistribution of species

Native species:Native species:

Species C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6

Dalmanella multisecta

Leptaenagibbosa

Platystrophia auburnensis

Platystrophia corryvillensis

Platystrophiacrassa

Platystrophia hopensis

Platystrophia morrowensis

RestrictedRestricted toto

MaysvillianMaysvillian

Platystrophia sublaticosta

Plectorthis aequivalis

Plectorthis fissicosta

Plectorthis neglecta

Plectorthis plicatella

Sowerbyellarugosa

Strophomenamaysvillensis

Strophomenaplanoconvexa

Native species:Native species:

Carryover toCarryover to

RichmondianRichmondian

ygosp rac nc nna ens s

Dalmanellameeki

Hebertellaoccidentalis

Hebertellasubjugata

Platystrophiacypha

Platystrophialaticosta

Platystrophiaponderosa

Rafinesquina

alternata

Zygospira modesta

DescendantsDescendants ofof

native species:native species:

SpeciateSpeciate inin

Hebertella alveata

Platystrophia acutilirata

Platystrophiaannieana

Platystrophiaclarksvillensis

Platystrophiacummingsi

Platystrophiaelkhornensis

Platystrophiaforestei

Platystrophiamoritura

RichmondianRichmondian Strop omenaconcor ens s

Strophomena nutans

Strophomena planumbona

Strophomena sulcata

Strophomena vetusta

Austinella scovellei

Catazyga schuchertana

Eochonetes clarksvillensis

Gl torthis inscul ta

RichmondianRichmondian

extrabasinalextrabasinal

invadersinvaders

Hiscobeccuscapax

Holtedahlinasulcata

Lepidocyclusperlamellosum

Leptaenarichmondensis

Plaesiomys

subquadrata

Retrorsirostra carleyi

Rhynchotrema denatum

Tetraphalerella neglecta

Stigall & Smith, inStigall & Smith, inreviewreview


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Native species vs.Native species vs. extrabasinalextrabasinal invadersinvaders

All Native SpeciesAll Native Species

1. Comparison of geographic range of native vs. invasive species1. Comparison of geographic range of native vs. invasive species

TT--test: N = 59test: N = 59

12001200 2400240018001800 3000300095% CI for mean geographic range (km95% CI for mean geographic range (km22))

. .

MaysvillianMaysvillian onlyonly

CarryoverCarryover TaxaTaxa

TT--test: N = 39test: N = 39

p < 0.0005p < 0.0005

. ompar son o surv va s a us o na ve spec es vs. geograp c range. ompar son o surv va s a us o na ve spec es vs. geograp c range

00 2400240012001200 36003600

95% CI for mean geographic range (km95% CI for mean geographic range (km22))

3. Comparison of species groups vs. geographic range3. Comparison of species groups vs. geographic range

ANOVA: N = 59ANOVA: N = 59

p = 0.025p = 0.025

MaysvillianMaysvillian RestrictedRestricted

ExtrabasinalExtrabasinal InvadersInvaders

CarryoverCarryover TaxaTaxa

00 2400240012001200 3600360095% CI for mean geographic range (km95% CI for mean geographic range (km22))

RichmondianRichmondian SpeciationSpeciation

Stigall, 2008Stigall, 2008


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HebertellaHebertella phylogeny & biogeographyphylogeny & biogeography

Geographic

Area

MidcontinentSpeciation

style

Nashville

Dome

Northern

Canada

Dispersal

(Invasion

Events)

Vicariance

KlingensmithKlingensmith (2007)(2007)


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Integrating historical and ecologicalIntegrating historical and ecological

pa eo ogeograp ypa eo ogeograp y

feedbacks often masked in single approach analysesfeedbacks often masked in single approach analyses

In the Late Devonian and Late Ordovician caseIn the Late Devonian and Late Ordovician case

studies:studies:

ranges (=ecological generalists)ranges (=ecological generalists)

Preferential survival of invader taxa (typicallyPreferential survival of invader taxa (typically

ecological generalists)ecological generalists) Reduced opportunities for vicarianceReduced opportunities for vicariance

Increased invasions result in decreased speciationIncreased invasions result in decreased speciation


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ConclusionsConclusions

Quantitative methods provide new analytical rigor toQuantitative methods provide new analytical rigor topaleobiogeographypaleobiogeography

Potential to analyze complexPotential to analyze complex paleobiologicalpaleobiological patternspatterns

Capacity for hypothesis testing and generationCapacity for hypothesis testing and generation

Emerging research questionsEmerging research questions

Relationship between species ranges and speciationRelationship between species ranges and speciation Range expansion and contraction under shiftingRange expansion and contraction under shifting

paleoecologicalpaleoecological regimesregimes

Impact of invasive species on community structure andImpact of invasive species on community structure and

macroevolutionarymacroevolutionary dynamicsdynamics Mechanics of transitions between endemic andMechanics of transitions between endemic and

cosmopolitan faunascosmopolitan faunas

How ecology and geographic range impact extinctionHow ecology and geographic range impact extinction

during both background and crisis intervalsduring both background and crisis intervals


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AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Collaborators:Collaborators: Bruce LiebermanBruce Lieberman

Students:Students: B.B. KlingensmithKlingensmith, K. Maguire, J. Smith, K. Maguire, J. Smith

Funding:Funding: Ohio University, ACSs PetroleumOhio University, ACSs Petroleum


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