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BROADBAND ACCESSWIRELINE AND WIRELESS – ALTERNATIVES FOR INTERNET SERVICES

Written by experts in the field, this book provides an overview of all forms of broadband subscriber access networks and technology, including fiber optics, DSL for phone lines, DOCSIS for coax, power line carrier, and wireless. Each technology is described in depth, with a discussion of key concepts, historical development, and industry standards. The book contains comprehensive coverage of all broadband access technologies, with a section each devoted to fiber-based technologies, non-fiber wired technologies, and wireless technologies. The four co-authors’ breadth of knowledge is featured in the chapters comparing the relative strengths, weaknesses, and prognosis for the competing technologies.

STEVEN GORSHE, PMC-Sierra, Inc., USAARVIND RAGHAVAN, Blue Clover Devices, USATHOMAS STARRSTEFANO GALLI, ASSIA Inc., USA

Key Features:O Covers the physical and medium access layers (OSI Layer 1 and 2), with

emphasis on access transmission technologyO Compares and contrasts all recent and emerging wired and wireless standards

for broadband access in a single referenceO Illustrates the technology that is currently being deployed by network

providers, and also the technology that has recently been or will soon be standardized for deployment in the coming years, including vectoring, wavelength division multiple access, CDMA, OFDMA, and MIMO

O Contains detailed discussion on the following standards: 10G-EPON, G-PON, XG-PON, VDSL2, DOCSIS 3.0, DOCSIS Protocol over EPON, power line carrier, IEEE 802.11 WLAN/WiFi, UMTS/HSPA, LTE, and LTE-Advanced

Broadband Access will be of interest to broadband service providers, access network equipment vendors, regulators, telecommunications consultants, technical sales and marketing, field application engineers, and product validation and testing organizations. University students and researchers in topics related to broadband access will also find the book useful as a quick reference to a wide range of technologies.

BROADBAND ACCESSWIRELINE AND WIRELESS – ALTERNATIVES FOR INTERNET SERVICES

STEVEN GORSHE | ARVIND RAGHAVANTHOMAS STARR | STEFANO GALLI

BROADBAND ACCESS

BROADBAND ACCESSWIRELINE AND WIRELESS –

ALTERNATIVES FORINTERNET SERVICES

Steve GorshePMC-Sierra, Inc., USA

Arvind R. RaghavanBlue Clover Devices, USA

Thomas Starr

Stefano GalliASSIA Inc., USA

This edition fi rst published 2014© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Registered of ficeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

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Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing thisbook, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this bookand specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on theunderstanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the authorshall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of acompetent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for

ISBN: 9780470741801

Set in 9/11pt TimesLTStd-Roman by Thomson Digital, Noida, India

1 2014

To my wife Bonnie Gorshe, and sons Alex and Ian Gorshe; S.D.G.Steve Gorshe

To the Lord, in the spirit of Karma Yoga.Arvind Raghavan

To my wife, Marilynn Starr.Thomas Starr

To Tobey and Hannah.Stefano Galli

Contents

About the Authors xv

Acknowledgments xvii

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xix

1 Introduction to Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 A Brief History of the Access Network 21.3 Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) 3

1.3.1 DSL Technologies and Their Evolution 31.3.2 DSL System Technologies 5

1.4 Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable (HFC) 51.5 Power Line Communications (PLC) 61.6 Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 71.7 Wireless Broadband Access 101.8 Direct Point-to-Point Connections 12

Appendix 1.A: Voiceband Modems 12

2 Introduction to Fiber Optic Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 152.1 Introduction 152.2 A Brief History of Fiber in the Loop (FITL) 162.3 Introduction to PON Systems 18

2.3.1 PON System Overview 182.3.2 PON Protocol Evolution 19

2.4 FITL Technology Considerations 212.4.1 Optical Components 212.4.2 Powering the Loop 222.4.3 System Power Savings 232.4.4 PON Reach Extension 25

2.5 Introduction to PON Network Protection 302.5.1 Background on Network Protection 312.5.2 PON Facility Protection 312.5.3 OLT Function Protection 352.5.4 ONU Protection 402.5.5 Conclusions Regarding Protection 42

2.6 Conclusions 42Appendix 2.A: Subscriber Power Considerations 43References 43Further Reading 43

3 IEEE Passive Optical Networks 453.1 Introduction 453.2 IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet-based PON (EPON) 45

3.2.1 EPON Physical Layer 463.2.2 Signal Formats 463.2.3 MAC Protocol 483.2.4 Encryption and Security 493.2.5 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 503.2.6 ONU Discovery and Activation 513.2.7 ONU Ranging Mechanism 523.2.8 EPON OAM 523.2.9 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 53

3.3 IEEE 802.3av 10Gbit/s Ethernet-based PON (10G EPON) 543.3.1 10G EPON Physical Layer 543.3.2 Signal Format 583.3.3 MAC Protocol 593.3.4 Forward Error Correction 593.3.5 ONU Discovery and Activation 613.3.6 ONU Ranging Mechanism 613.3.7 10G EPON OAM 613.3.8 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation 61

3.4 Summary Comparison of EPON and 10G EPON 613.5 Transport of Timing and Synchronization over EPON and 10G EPON 613.6 Overview of the IEEE 1904.1 Service Interoperability in Ethernet Passive Optical

Networks (SIEPON) 633.6.1 SIEPON MAC Functional Blocks 653.6.2 VLAN Support 673.6.3 Multicast Service 673.6.4 SIEPON Service Management 673.6.5 Performance Monitoring and Verification 693.6.6 SIEPON Service Availability 703.6.7 SIEPON Optical Link Protection 703.6.8 SIEPON Power Savings 703.6.9 SIEPON Security Mechanisms 713.6.10 SIEPON Management 71

3.7 ITU-T G.9801 Ethernet Passive Optical Networks using OMCI 713.8 Conclusions 71

Appendix 3.A: 64B/66B Line Code 72References 75Further Readings 75

4 ITU-T/FSAN PON Protocols 774.1 Introduction 774.2 ITU-T G.983 Series B-PON (Broadband PON) 78

viii Contents

4.3 ITU-T G.984 Series G-PON (Gigabit-capable PON) 794.3.1 G-PON Physical Layer 794.3.2 G-PON Frame Formats 814.3.3 G-PON Encapsulation Method (GEM) 874.3.4 G-PON Multiplexing 914.3.5 Encryption and Security 924.3.6 Forward Error Correction 924.3.7 Protection Switching 944.3.8 ONU Activation 944.3.9 Ranging Mechanism 954.3.10 Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment (DBA) 964.3.11 OAM Communication 974.3.12 Time of Day Distribution 974.3.13 G-PON Enhancements 101

4.4 Next Generation PON (NG-PON) 1014.4.1 Introduction to G.987 series XG-PON (NG-PON1 – 10Gbit-capable PON) 1024.4.2 XG-PON Physical Layer 1024.4.3 XG-PON Transmission Convergence Layer and Frame Structures 1054.4.4 Forward Error Correction 1084.4.5 XG-PON Encapsulation Method (XGEM) 1094.4.6 XG-PON Management 1104.4.7 XG-PON Security 1104.4.8 NG-PON2 40 Gbit/s Capable PON 110Appendix 4.A: Summary Comparison of EPON and G-PON 112References 113Further Readings 114

5 Optical Domain PON Technologies 1155.1 Introduction 1155.2 WDMA (Wavelength Division Multiple Access) PON 115

5.2.1 Overview 1155.2.2 Technologies 1165.2.3 Applications 120

5.3 CDMA PON 1205.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet 1225.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing and OFDM 123

5.5.1 Introduction 1235.5.2 OFDMA PON 123

5.6 Conclusions 125References 126Further Readings 126

6 Hybrid Fiber Access Technologies 1276.1 Introduction and Background 1276.2 Evolution of DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) to Passive

Optical Networks 1276.2.1 Introduction and Background 1276.2.2 DOCSIS Provisioning of EPON (DPoE) 1286.2.3 Conclusions for DPoE 135

Contents ix

6.3 Radio and Radio Frequency Signals over Fiber 1356.3.1 Radio over Fiber (RoF) 1366.3.2 Baseband Digital Radio Fiber Interfaces 1366.3.3 Radio Frequency over Glass (RFoG) 138

6.4 IEEE 802.3bn Ethernet Protocol over Coaxial Cable (EPoC) 1406.5 Conclusions 140

References 141Further Readings 141

7 DSL Technology – Broadband via Telephone Lines 1437.1 Introduction to DSL 1437.2 DSL Compared to Other Access Technologies 144

7.2.1 Security and Reliability 1447.2.2 Point-to-Point Versus Shared Access 1457.2.3 Common Facilities for Voice and DSL 1467.2.4 Bit-rate Capacity 1467.2.5 Hybrid Access 1467.2.6 Future Trends for DSL Access 146

7.3 DSL Overview 1477.3.1 Voice-band Modems 1477.3.2 The DSL Concept 1477.3.3 DSL Terminology 1497.3.4 Introduction to DSL Types 1517.3.5 DSL Performance Improvement, Repeaters, and Bonding 1527.3.6 Splitters and Filters for Voice and Data 1537.3.7 Other Ways to Convey Voice and Data 155

7.4 Transmission Channel and Impairments 1567.4.1 Signal Attenuation 1587.4.2 Bridged Taps 1597.4.3 Loading Coils 1627.4.4 Return Loss and Insertion Loss 1637.4.5 Balance 1637.4.6 Intersymbol Interference (ISI) 1637.4.7 Noise 1647.4.8 Transmission Channel Models 170

7.5 DSL Transmission Techniques 1707.5.1 Duplexing 1707.5.2 Channel Equalization and Related Techniques 1717.5.3 Coding 172References 174Further Readings 174

8 The Family of DSL Technologies 1758.1 ADSL 175

8.1.1 G.lite 1768.1.2 ADSL2 and ADSL2plus 1778.1.3 ADSL1 and ADSL2plus Performance 178

8.2 VDSL 1798.2.1 VDSL2 1818.2.2 VDSL2 Performance 182

x Contents

8.3 Basic Rate Interface ISDN 1848.4 HDSL, HDSL2, and HDLS4 1858.5 SHDSL 1858.6 G.fast (FTTC DSL) 187

Reference 188

9 Advanced DSL Techniques and Home Networking 1899.1 Repeaters and Bonding 1899.2 Dynamic Spectrum Management (DSM) 1909.3 Vectored Transmission 1909.4 Home Networking 195

References 195Further Readings 195

10 DSL Standards 19710.1 Spectrum Management – ANSI T1.417 19710.2 G.hs – ITU-T Rec. G.994.1 19910.3 PLOAM – ITU-T Rec. G.997.1 20010.4 G.bond – ITU-T Recs. G.998.1, G.998.2, and G.998.3 20110.5 G.test – ITU-T Rec. G.996.1 20210.6 G.lt – ITU-T Rec. G.996.2 20210.7 Broadband Forum DSL Testing Specifications 20310.8 Broadband Forum TR-069 – Remote Management of CPE 204

References 205

11 The DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification) Protocol 20711.1 General Introduction 20711.2 Introduction to MSO Networks 20711.3 Background on Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) Networks 20811.4 Introduction to DOCSIS 21011.5 DOCSIS Network Elements 210

11.5.1 CMTS (Cable Modem Terminating System) 21111.5.2 CM (Cable Modem) 21211.5.3 FN (Fiber Node) 21311.5.4 RF Combiner Shelf 213

11.6 Brief History of the DOCSIS Protocol Evolution 21311.6.1 DOCSIS 1.0 21411.6.2 DOCSIS 1.1 21411.6.3 DOCSIS 2.0 21411.6.4 DOCSIS 3.0 21511.6.5 Regional History and Considerations 215

11.7 DOCSIS Physical Layer 21611.7.1 DOCSIS Downstream Transmission 21611.7.2 DOCSIS Upstream Transmission 218

11.8 Synchronization and Ranging 22211.8.1 Synchronization 22311.8.2 Ranging 224

11.9 DOCSIS MAC Sub-Layer 22611.9.1 Downstream MAC 22711.9.2 Upstream MAC 228

Contents xi

11.9.3 MAC Management Messages 23211.9.4 MAC Parameters 233

11.10 CM Provisioning 23911.11 Security 24011.12 Introduction to Companion Protocols 242

11.12.1 The PacketCableTM Protocol 24211.12.2 The OpenCableTM Protocol 24211.12.3 PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM) 242

11.13 Conclusions 243References 243Further Readings 243

12 Broadband in Gas Line (BIG) 24512.1 Introduction to BIG 24512.2 Proposed Technology 24512.3 Potential Drawbacks for BIG 24512.4 Broadband Sewage Line 247

Reference 247

13 Power Line Communications 24913.1 Introduction 24913.2 The Early Years 25013.3 Narrowband PLC 251

13.3.1 Overview of NB-PLC Standards 25213.4 Broadband PLC 253

13.4.1 Overview of BB-PLC Standards 25413.5 Power Grid Topologies 257

13.5.1 Outdoor Topologies: HV, MV, and LV 25713.5.2 Indoor Topologies 258

13.6 Outdoor and In-Home Channel Characterization 26113.6.1 Characteristics of the HV Power Line Channel 26213.6.2 Characteristics of MV Power Line Channel 26213.6.3 Characteristics of LV Power Line Channel 26313.6.4 Power Line Noise Characteristics 263

13.7 Power Line Channel Modeling 26913.7.1 Recent Results on the Modeling of Wireline Channels: Towards a Unified

Framework 27113.8 The IEEE 1901 Broadband over Power Line Standard 273

13.8.1 Overview of Technical Features 27313.8.2 The MAC and the Two PLCPs 27413.8.3 Access-Specific Features 275

13.9 PLC and the Smart Grid 27713.9.1 PLC for MV 27913.9.2 PLC for LV 279

13.10 Conclusions 283References 284Further Reading 285

xii Contents

14 Wireless Broadband Access: Air Interface Fundamentals 28714.1 Introduction 28714.2 Duplexing Techniques 287

14.2.1 Frequency-Division Duplex 28814.2.2 Time-Division Duplex 288

14.3 Physical Layer Concepts 28914.3.1 The Wireless Channel 28914.3.2 Diversity 29014.3.3 Channel Coding 29114.3.4 Interleaving 29114.3.5 Multi-Antenna Techniques and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) 291

14.4 Access Technology Concepts 29514.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 29514.4.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 29514.4.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 29514.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 29714.4.5 MAC Protocols 299

14.5 Cross-Layer Algorithms 30014.5.1 Link Adaptation 30014.5.2 Channel-Dependent Scheduling 30014.5.3 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) 302

14.6 Example Application: Satellite Broadband Access 30314.7 Summary 303

Further Reading 304

15 WiFi: IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN 30515.1 Introduction 30515.2 Technology Basics 306

15.2.1 System Overview 30615.2.2 MAC Layer 30815.2.3 Physical Layer 311

15.3 Technology Evolution 31215.3.1 802.11 b 31215.3.2 802.11 a/g 31315.3.3 802.11 n 31415.3.4 802.11 ac 316

15.4 WLAN Network Architecture 31815.5 TV White Space and 802.11 af 32015.6 Summary 320

Further Readings 321

16 UMTS: W-CDMA and HSPA 32316.1 Introduction 32316.2 Technology Basics 324

16.2.1 Network Architecture 32416.2.2 Protocol Architecture 32516.2.3 Physical Layer (L1) 32716.2.4 Layer-2 33416.2.5 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 336

Contents xiii

16.3 UMTS Technology Evolution 33816.3.1 Release 99 33816.3.2 Release 5: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 33916.3.3 Release 6: Enhanced Uplink 34316.3.4 Release 7 34716.3.5 Release 8 and Beyond 348

16.4 CDMA2000 35016.5 Summary 351

Further Readings 352

17 Fourth Generation Systems: LTE and LTE-Advanced 35317.1 Introduction 353

17.1.1 LTE Standardization 35317.1.2 LTE Requirements 354

17.2 Release 8: The Basics of LTE 35517.2.1 Network Architecture 35517.2.2 PDN Connectivity, Bearers, and QoS Architecture 35817.2.3 Protocol Architecture 36017.2.4 Layer-1: The Physical Layer 36117.2.5 Layer-2 and Cross-Layer Algorithms 37017.2.6 Layer-3: Radio Resource Control (RRC) 380

17.3 Release 9: eMBMS and SON 38317.3.1 Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS) 38417.3.2 Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 386

17.4 Release 10: LTE-Advanced 38617.4.1 Carrier Aggregation 38817.4.2 Heterogeneous Networks with Small Cells 391

17.5 Future of LTE-Advanced: Release 11 and Beyond 39517.5.1 Cooperative Multi-Point (CoMP) 39617.5.2 Release 12 and the Future of LTE 398

17.6 IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX Systems 39917.7 Summary 400

Further Readings 402

18 Conclusions Regarding Broadband Access Networks and Technologies 403

Index 407

xiv Contents

About the Authors

Steve Gorshe

Steve Gorshe is a Distinguished Engineer in the CTO organization of PMC-Sierra, Inc., where his worksince 2000 has included technology development and telecommunications standards. He received hisBSEE from the University of Idaho (1980) and both his MSEE (1982) and PhD (2002) degrees fromOregon State University. Since 1983, he has worked in product development, applied research, andsystems architecture of telecommunications access and transport systems. His standards activity includesover 300 contributions across six standards bodies, serving as technical editor for nine North Americanand international standards, and currently serving as Associate Rapporteur for the Q11 group of ITU-TStudy Group 15.Steve is a Fellow of the IEEE. His IEEE activities include Communications Magazine Editor-in-

Chief (2010–2012), Associate Editor-in-Chief (2006–2009), and Broadband Access Series co-editor(1999–2006). He has also served as the IEEE Communications Society Director of Magazines andChair of the Transmission, Access and Optical Systems Technical Committee.Steve has 37 patents issued or pending, over 24 published papers, and is co-author of two textbooks and

co-author of chapters in three other textbooks.

Arvind R. Raghavan

Arvind R. Raghavan heads research and development at Blue Clover Devices, where he is involved withthe design and implementation of innovative products for the Internet of Things, with current emphasis onBluetooth Low Energy technology. Before joining Blue Clover Devices, he was part of the RadioTechnology and Strategy group at AT&T Labs, where his work focused on the impact of QoS on LTE,design and analysis of heterogeneous networks, and advanced MIMO techniques for standardization in3GPP. Prior to joining AT&T Labs, he played a lead role in the Systems Engineering group atArrayComm, LLC, where they developed specifications for their multi-antenna signal processingproducts, conducted performance analyses, and made contributions to the standardization of WiMAXsystems. Arvind holds MS and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from Clemson University.

Thomas Starr

Thomas Starr is a Lead Member of Technical Staff at AT&T Laboratories in Hoffman Estates, Illinois.Thomas is responsible for the development and standardization of local access and home networkingtechnologies for AT&T’s network. These technologies include ADSL, HDSL, SHDSL, VDSL and G.hn.In 2009, Thomas received the prestigious AT&T Science and Technology Medal. He serves as Chairmanof the Broadband Forum and has also served as a member of the Board of Directors since its inception asthe ADSL Forum in 1994. Thomas has been a distinguished fellow of the Broadband Forum From 1988 to2000, has served as Chairperson of ANSI accredited standards working group T1E1.4, which develops

xDSL standards for the United States, received the Committee T1 Outstanding Leadership Award in2001, and now serves at ATIS COAST-NAI Chairman. In the ITU-T SG15, Thomas serves as Chairmanof Working Party 1, addressing fiber, DSL, and home networking standards, and participates in the ITUSG15 Q4 group on xDSL international standards.Thomas is a co-author of the books DSL Advances, published by Prentice Hall in 2003, and

Understanding Digital Subscriber Line Technology, published by Prentice Hall in 1999. Thomas isalso the author of the Science Fiction novel Virtual Vengeance. Thomas previously worked for 12years at AT&T Bell Laboratories on ISDN and local telephone switching systems, and twenty USpatents in the field to telecommunications have been issued to him. Thomas holds a MS degree inComputer Science and a BS degree in Computer Engineering from the University of Illinois in Urbana,Illinois.

Stefano Galli

Stefano Galli received his MS and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Rome“La Sapienza” (Italy) in 1994 and 1998, respectively. He is currently the Director of Technology Strategyof ASSIA – the leading developer of automated management and diagnostics tools for broadbandnetworks. Prior to this position, he held the role of Director of Energy Solutions R&D for PanasonicCorporation and Senior Scientist at Bellcore.Dr. Galli is serving as Chief Information Officer of the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc),

director of Smart Grid activities for the IEEE ComSoc Technical Committee on Power Line Communi-cations, member of the Energy and Policy Committee of IEEE-USA, and as Editor for the IEEETransactions on Communications and the IEEE Communications Magazine. Dr. Galli is also serving asRapporteur for the ITU-T Q15/15 “Communications for Smart Grid” standardization group. Pastpositions include serving as Co-Chair of the “Communications Technology” Task Force of IEEE2030 (Smart Grid), Leader of the “Theoretical and Mathematical Models” Group of IEEE 1901(Broadband over Power Lines standard), Coexistence sub-group Chair of the SGIP/NIST PAP 15,elected Member-at-Large of the IEEE Communications Society (ComSoc) Board of Governors, and avariety of other leadership positions in the IEEE. He has also served as Founder and first Chair of the IEEEComSoc Technical Committee on Power Line Communications.Dr. Galli is a Fellow of the IEEE, has received the 2013 IEEE Donald G. Fink Best Paper Award for his

paper on Smart Grid and Power Line Communications, the 2011 IEEE ComSoc Donald W. McLellanMeritorious Service Award, the 2011 Outstanding Service Award from the IEEE ComSoc TechnicalCommittee on Power Line Communications, and the 2010 IEEE ISPLC Best Paper Award. He holdsseveral issued and pending patents, has published over 90 peer-reviewed papers, has co-authored threebook chapters on power line communications, and has made numerous standards contributions to theIEEE, the ITU-T, the Broadband Forum, and the UK NICC.

xvi About the Authors

Acknowledgments

Thanks are given to the experts who provided assistance for the chapters on DSL technology: GeorgeGinis, Ken Kerpez, Vladimir Oksman, Craig Schelp, Massimo Sorbara, and Arlynn Wilson. Thanks alsoare given to Marilynn Starr for her support and assistance.Steve would like to thank the following people for their generous help, excellent comments and reviews

for portions of his chapters: Frank Effenberger, Alon Bernstein, Chris Look, Onn Haran, Jeff Mandin,Lior Khermosh, Bob Murray, Valy Ossman, and Jim Dahl. Steve also wants to thank PMC-Sierra forallowing some of his white paper material to be adapted for this book.Arvind would like to acknowledge the significant contributions of his wife, Sanchita Shetty, for

painstakingly generating all the figures in the wireless chapters, and her unwavering support throughoutthe writing of this book. He would also like to express his heartfelt gratitude to Paul Chiuchiolo, RichKobylinski, Milap Majmundar, and Tom Novlan, for reviewing the wireless section of the book andproviding excellent feedback for improving the quality and accuracy of the manuscript. Finally, he wouldlike to thank his family and all his wonderful friends in Austin for their love and encouragement.

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

2G Second Generation3G Third Generation3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project10GE 10 Gigabit/s Ethernet specified in IEEE 802.310G EPON 10 Gbit/s Ethernet Passive Optical Network specified in IEEE 802.3

ABS Almost Blank SubframesAC Alternating CurrentAC Access CategoryACK AcknowledgementACM Adaptive Coding and ModulationADC Analog-to-Digital ConverterADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line specified in ITU-T G.992.1ADSL2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2 specified in ITU-T G.992.3ADSL2plus Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 2plus specified in ITU-T G.992.5AES Advanced Encryption StandardAFE Analog Front EndAICH Acquisition Indicator ChannelAM Acknowledged ModeAMI Advanced Metering InfrastructureA-MPDU Aggregate MAC Protocol Data UnitAMPS Advanced Mobile Phone SystemAMR Automatic Meter ReadingA-MSDU Aggregate MAC Service Data UnitANSI American National Standards InstituteAP Access PointAPD Avalanche Photo DiodeAPS Automatic Protection SwitchingARIB Association of Radio Industries and BusinessesARP Allocation and Retention PriorityARQ Automatic Repeat Request, RetransmissionAS Access StratumASE Amplified Spontaneous EmissionASF DOCSIS Aggregated Service FlowA-TDMA Advanced TDMA (used with DOCSIS)ATIS Alliance for Telecommunications Industry SolutionsATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol

AWG American Wire GaugeAWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating WDM filter/multiplexer

BB Broad BandBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelBE Best Effort serviceBEMS Building Energy Management SystemBER Bit Error Rate (or Ratio)BIP Bit Interleaved ParityBMC Broadcast Multicast ControlBMSC Broadcast Multicast Service CenterB-ONU DPoE Bridge ONUBPL Broadband over Power LinesB-PON FSAN/ITU-T Broadband PON protocol specified in the ITU-T G.983 seriesBRI-ISDN Basic Rate Integrated Services Digital networkBSS Basic Service SetBTS Base Transceiver Station (for a wireless network)

CA Carrier AggregationCAPEX Capital ExpenseCAPWAP Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access PointsCATV Community Access TelevisionCBR Constant Bit RateCBS Committed Burst SizeCC Component CarrierCCA Clear Channel AssessmentCCCH Common Control ChannelCCK Complementary Code KeyingCCO Capacity and Coverage OptimizationCDD Cyclic-Delay DiversityCDMA Code Division Multiple AccessCENELEC European Committee for Electotechnical StandardizationCEPCA Consumer Electronics Powerline AllianceCES Circuit Emulation ServiceCFP Contention Free PeriodCIF Carrier Indicator FieldCIR Committed Information RateCM Cable ModemCMCI DOCSIS Cable Modem CPE InterfaceCMTS DOCSIS Cable Modem Terminating SystemCN Core NetworkCO Telephone company Central OfficeCoMP Cooperative Multi-PointCP Contention PeriodCP Cyclic PrefixCPC Continuous Packet ConnectivityCPE Customer Premises EquipmentCPICH Common Pilot Channel

xx List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

CPRI Common Public Radio InterfaceCQI Channel Quality InformationCRC Cyclic Redundancy CheckCRE Cell Range ExpansionCRS Cell-specific Reference SignalCS Circuit SwitchedCS Channel SensingCSA Carrier Serving AreaCS/CB Coordinated Scheduling/Coordinated BeamformingCSG Closed Subscriber GroupCSI-RS Channel State Information Reference SignalCSM Collaborative Spatial MultiplexingCSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision AvoidanceCSO Cell Selection OffsetCTCH Common Traffic ChannelCTS Clear-to-sendCTS Common Technical Specification for G-PONCV Code ViolationC-VID Customer VLAN Identifier (Ethernet)CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing

DAC Digital-to-Analog ConverterDAS Distributed Antenna SystemdB Decibel, ten times the common logarithm of the ration of two powersDBA Dynamic Bandwidth AssignmentDBC Dynamic Bonding Change (in DOCSIS 3.0)DBG Downstream Bonding Group (in DOCSIS 3.0)DBR Dynamic Bandwidth ReportDC Direct CurrentDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDCF Distributed Coordination FunctionDCH Dedicated ChannelDCS Downstream Channel Set (in DOCSIS 3.0)DELT Dual Ended Line TestDEMARC Carrier owned Demarcation device between the carrier and the CPEDER Distributed Energy ResourcesDFE Decision Feedback EqualizerDFT Discrete-time Fourier TransformDHCP Dynamic Host Configuration ProtocolDIFS Distributed Interframe SpacingDL DownlinkDLC Digital Loop CarrierDLL Data Link LayerDL-SCH Downlink Shared ChannelDM-RS Demodulation Reference SignalDMT Discrete Multi Tone modulationDOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface SpecificationD-ONU DPoE ONUDownstream Data flowing towards the customer

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi

DPB Dynamic Point BlankingDPCCH Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPoE DOCSIS Protocol over Ethernet protocolDPS Dynamic Point SelectionDPSK Differential Phase Shift KeyingDQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift KeyingDR Demand ResponseDRX Discontinuous ReceptionDS Direct SequenceDS1 Digital Signal level 1 in the North American asynchronous telephone network

hierarchyDS-CDMA Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple AccessDSCP DiffServ Code PointDSID Downstream Service ID (in DOCSIS 3.0)DSL Digital Subscriber LineDSLAM DSL Access MultiplexerDSM Dynamic Spectrum Management (in DSL)DSM Demand Side Management (in Smart Grid)DSP Digital Signal ProcessingDSSS Direct Sequence Spread SpectrumDTX Discontinuous TransmissionDVB Digital Video BroadcastDVB-RCS Digital Video Broadcast Return Channel via SatelliteDVB-S2 Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite - Second generationDWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

E-AGCH Enhanced Absolute Grant ChannelEBS Excess Burst SizeECH Echo Cancelled HybrideCM embedded Cable ModemEDCA Enhanced Distributed Channel AccessE-DCH Enhanced Dedicated ChannelEDFA Erbium Doped Fiber AmplifierEDGE Enhanced Data-rates for GSM EvolutionE-DPCCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical Control ChannelE-DPDCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical Data ChannelE-HICH Enhanced HARQ Indicator ChanneleICIC Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference CoordinationEIR Excess Information RateeMBMS Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast ServiceEMC Electro-Magnetic CompatibilityEMS Element Management SystemEO Electrical to Optical signal conversioneOAM Extended OAM messages used in DPoEEOC Embedded Operations ChannelEONT Embedded ONTeNodeB Evolved Node-BEPC Evolved Packet Core

xxii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

EPON Ethernet Passive Optical Network (1 Gbit/s rate)EPS Evolved Packet SystemE-RGCH Enhanced Relative Grant ChanneleSAFE embedded Service/Application Functional EntityESP Ethernet Service PathESS Extended Service SetETSI European Telecommunications Standards InstituteE-UTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkEVC Ethernet Virtual CircuitEVSE Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment

FACH Forward Access ChannelFBI Feedback InformationFCC Federal Communications CommissionFCS Frame Check SequenceFDD Frequency Division DuplexingFDM Frequency Division MultiplexingFDMA Frequency Division Multiple AccessF-DPCH Fractional Dedicated Physical ChannelFEC Forward Error CorrectionFeICIC Further Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference CoordinationFEXT Far End crosstalkFFT Fast Fourier TransformFH Frequency HoppingFH-CDMA Frequency Hopping Code Division Multiple AccessFHSS Frequency Hopping Spread SpectrumFITL Fiber in the LoopFN Fiber Node (in a HFC network)FSAN Full Service Access Network industry consortiumFSK Frequency Shift KeyingFTTC Fiber to the CurbFTTCab Fiber to the CabinetFTTCell Fiber to the Cell siteFTTH Fiber to the HomeFTTN Fiber to the NodeFTTO Fiber to the OfficeFTTP Fiber to the Premises

G.hn ITU-T G.9960/9961 home networking standardG.hs ITU-T G.994.1 DSL handshake protocolG.lite ITU-T G.992.2 reduced complexity ADSLG.lt ITU-T G.996.2 standard for DSL line test functionsG.test ITU-T G.996.1 standard for testing of DSL modemsGBR Guaranteed Bit RateGE Gigabit/s EthernetGEM G-PON Encapsulation MethodGERAN GSM Edge Radio Access NetworkGFP Generic Framing Procedure specified in ITU-T G.7041GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii

GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching CenterGP Guard PeriodG-PON FSAN/ITU-T Gigabit-capable PON protocol specified in the ITU-T G.984 seriesGPRS GSM Packet Radio SystemgPTP generalized Precision Timing ProtocolGSM Global System for Mobile communicationsGTC G-PON Transmission Convergence

HAN Home Area NetworkHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat RequestHCF Hybrid Coordination FunctionHD-PLC High Definition Power Line CommunicationHDR High Data RateHDSL High bit rate Digital Subscriber LineHDSL2 High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line, 2 wire versionHDSL4 High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line, 4 wire versionHE Head EndHEC Header Error CheckHEMS Home Energy Management SystemHetNet Heterogeneous NetworkHF High FrequencyHFC Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial cable networkHLR Home Location RegisterHSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet AccessHS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical Control ChannelHS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared ChannelHSPA High Speed Packet AccessHS-PDSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared ChannelHS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control ChannelHSS Home Subscriber ServerHSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet AccessHV High Voltage

IAD Integrated Access DeviceICIC Inter-cell Interference CoordinationIEC International Electrotechnical CommissionIED Intelligent Electronic DevicesIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic EngineersIETF Internet Engineering Task ForceIFS Inter-Frame SpacingIGMP Internet Group Management ProtocolIMT International Mobile TelecommunicationsIP Internet ProtocolIP-HSD DOCSIS IP High-Speed Data serviceIPP Inter-PHY ProtocolIPTV Television delivered over Internet ProtocolIPv6 Internet Protocol version 6IR Infra-RedIR Incremental Redundancy

xxiv List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

IRC Interference Rejection CombiningIS-54 A second generation cellular standardIS-136 A second generation cellular standard, an improvement on IS-54ISI Intersymbol

interferenceISI Inter-symbol InterferenceISM Industrial, Scientific, and MedicalISO International Organization for StandardizationISP Internet Service ProviderISP IEEE 1901 Inter System ProtocolITU-T International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication Standardization Sector

JP Joint ProcessingJT Joint Transmission

kft kilofeet (length of wire)

L1 Layer-1L2 Layer-2L3 Layer-3LAN Local Area NetworkLDPC Low Density Parity CheckLDR Low Data RateLED Light Emitting DiodeLF Low FrequencyLLID Ethernet Logical Link IdentifierLOF Loss Of FrameLoS Line of SightLOS Loss Of SignalLSB Least Significant BitLTE Long Term Evolution (mobile telephone standard)LV Low Voltage

MAC Medium Access ControlMAN Metro Area NetworkMBMS-GW Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service GatewayMBR Maximum Bit RateMBSFN Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency NetworkMCCA MCF Controlled Channel AccessMCE Multicell/Multicast Coordination EntityMCF Mesh Coordination FunctionM-CMTS Modular CMTSMCS Modulation and Coding SchemeMEF Metro Ethernet ForumMELT Metallic line testMF Medium FrequencyMF-TDMA Multi-Frequency Time Division Multiple AccessMIB Management Information BaseMIMO Multiple Input Multiple OutMLB Mobility Load Balancing

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxv

MLME MAC Layer Management EntityMME Mobility Management EntityMMSE Minimum Mean Squared ErrorMoCA Multimedia over Coax AllianceModem Modulator/Demodulator, a transceiverMPCPDU Multi-Point Control Protocol PDUMPDU MAC Protocol Data UnitMPEG Motion Picture Experts Group video compression standardsMRC Maximal Ratio CombiningMRO Mobility Robustness OptimizationMSB Most Significant BitMSC Mobile Switching CenterMSDU MAC Service Data UnitMSO Multiple System Operator (cable network operator)MTA Multimedia Terminal AdapterMTL Multi-Conductor Transmission LineMU-MIMO Multi-user Multiple Input Multiple OutputMV Medium Voltage

NACK Negative AcknowledgementNAS Non-Access StratumNAV Network Allocation VectorNB Narrow BandNE Network ElementNEXT near end crosstalkNG-PON FSAN/ITU-T Next Generation PON protocolNI Network InterfaceNID Network Interface DeviceNMS Network Management SystemNode-B Base Station in a third generation cellular systemnrt-PS Non-real-time Poling Service (DOCSIS)NRZ Non-Return to Zero line codeNSR Non-Status ReportingNTU Network Termination Units

OAM Operations, Administration and MaintenanceOAM&P Operations, Administration, Maintenance and ProvisioningOBSAI Open Base Station Architecture InitiativeODN Optical Distribution NetworkOE Optical to Electrical signal conversionOEO Optical to Electrical to Optical signal conversion (repeater)OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessOLT Optical Line TerminalOLU Optical Line UnitOMCC ONU Management and Control ChannelOMCI ONU Management and Control InterfaceONT Optical Network TerminalONU Optical Network Unit

xxvi List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

OTN Optical Transport Network (ITU-T G.709)OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

PAM Pulse Amplitude ModulationPAP Priority Action PlanPBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelPBR Prioritized Bit RatePCB Physical layer Control BlockPCC Primary Component CarrierPCCH Paging Control ChannelPCCPCH Primary Common Control Physical ChannelPCF Point Coordination FunctionPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPCH Paging ChannelPCI Pre-coder IndicatorPCMM Packet Cable Multi-Media protocolPCRF Policy and Charging Rules FunctionPDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDFA Praseodymium Doped Fiber AmplifierPDN Packet Data NetworkPDN Premises Distribution NetworkPDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPDU Protocol Data UnitPEIN Prolonged Electrical Impulse NoisePF Proportionally FairP-GW PDN GatewayPHEV Plug-in (Hybrid) Electric VehiclesPHICH Physical HARQ Indicator ChannelPHS Payload Header SuppressionPHY Physical LayerPIFS PCF Inter-Frame SpacingPIN Photo diode constructed with P-type, Intrinsic, and N-type semiconductor regionsPL Power LinePLC Power Line CommunicationsPLCP Physical Layer Convergence ProcedurePLI Payload Length IndicatorPLO Physical Layer OverheadPLOAM Physical Layer OAMPMCH Physical Multicast ChannelPMD Physical Medium Dependent sublayerPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPMS-TC Physical media specific transmission convergence sublayerPON Passive Optical NetworkPOTS Plain Old Telephone ServicePRACH Physical Random Access ChannelPRB Physical Resource BlockPRIME Powerline Related Intelligent MeteringPS Packet Switched

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxvii

PSB Physical Layer Synchronization BlockPSD Power Spectral DensityPSS Primary Synchronization SignalPSTN Public Switched Telephone NetworkPTI Payload Type IndicatorPTP Precision Timing ProtocolPUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

QAM Quadrature Amplitude ModulationQCI QoS Class IdentifierQoS Quality of Service

RACH Random Access ChannelRAN Radio Access NetworkRAT Radio Access TechnologyRB Resource BlockRCS Ripple Carrier SignalingRDI Remote Defect IndicationRE Resource ElementREIN Repetitive Electrical Impulse NoiseRF Radio FrequencyRFI Radio Frequency InterferenceRFoG Radio Frequency over GlassRI Rank IndicatorRIT Radio Interface TechnologyRLC Radio Link ControlRMS-DB Root Mean Square - Delay SpreadRNC Radio Network ControllerRoF Radio over FiberRoHC Robust Header CompressionR-ONU RFoG Optical Network UnitRP RepeaterRP Reception PointRRC Radio Resource ControlRRH Remote Radio HeadRS Reed SolomonRSOA Reflective Semiconductor Optical AmplifierRT Remote TerminalRTD Round Trip Delayrt-PS Real-time Poling Service (DOCSIS)RTS Request-to-sendRTT Round Trip Time

SA System ArchitectureSAE Society of Automotive EngineersSAI Serving Area InterfaceSCADA Supervisory Control and Data AcquisitionSCB Single Copy Broadcast Ethernet frame

xxviii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms