Stephen L. Doggett Stephen L. Doggett Senior Hospital Senior Hospital Scientist Scientist Department of Medical Entomology Department of Medical Entomology Institute for Clinical Pathology & Medical Institute for Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145 Westmead Hospital, Westmead NSW 2145
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Stephen L. Doggett Senior Hospital Scientist Department of Medical Entomology Institute for Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead.
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Stephen L. DoggettStephen L. DoggettSenior Hospital ScientistSenior Hospital Scientist
Department of Medical EntomologyDepartment of Medical EntomologyInstitute for Clinical Pathology & Medical Research, Institute for Clinical Pathology & Medical Research,
Worldwide – about 800 sp.Worldwide – about 800 sp. Australia – 75 (~15 attack humans)Australia – 75 (~15 attack humans) 2 groups – Soft & Hard ticks2 groups – Soft & Hard ticks
Most important - Most important - Ixodes holocyclusIxodes holocyclus Paralysis tick, scrub, bush, shell back Paralysis tick, scrub, bush, shell back Seed, grass (larval stage)Seed, grass (larval stage)
Survival dependant on humiditySurvival dependant on humidity
Most activeMost active:: Following rainFollowing rain Periods of high humidityPeriods of high humidity
Larvae far more common than other stagesLarvae far more common than other stages High mortality in larval stage to nymphHigh mortality in larval stage to nymph
When are ticks active?When are ticks active?
Animal HostsAnimal Hosts
Red-necked Wallaby
House Mouse
Magpie
Australian Raven
Domestic Fowl
Human
Dog
Cat
Pig
Eastern Grey Kangaroo
Norwegian Rat
Bush Rat
Grasslands Melomys
Water Rat
Crimson Rosella
Pied Butcherbird
Echidna
Common Dunnart
Feathertail Glider
Red-legged Pademelon
Northern Brown Bandicoot
Southern Brown Bandicoot
Long-nosed Bandicoot
Mountain Brushtail Possum
Common Brushtail Possum
Brush-tailed Phascogale
Koala
Swamp Wallaby
Rabbit
Black Rat
After Roberts (1970)
Main Host Main Host BandicootBandicoot
MAKE SURE MAKE SURE YOU REMOVE YOU REMOVE THE HEAD!!!THE HEAD!!!
Tick RemovalTick Removal
Cultural Control: Cultural Control: Behaviour modificationBehaviour modification
Studies show:Studies show: IF better protection than DIYIF better protection than DIY IF more washes than DIYIF more washes than DIY IF less environmental impactsIF less environmental impacts Permethin better protection than repellentsPermethin better protection than repellents Widely used by armiesWidely used by armies
Human SafetyHuman Safety Risk analysisRisk analysis
What is worse: bites or repellents?What is worse: bites or repellents?
DEET first registered, 1957DEET first registered, 1957 Billions of usesBillions of uses Recommended by WHO & CDCRecommended by WHO & CDC Only product recommended by CDCOnly product recommended by CDC US EPA: adverse reactions 1:100millionUS EPA: adverse reactions 1:100million
EPA: EPA: ““permethrin factory-treated clothing is unlikely to permethrin factory-treated clothing is unlikely to pose any significant acute or chronic hazard to peoplepose any significant acute or chronic hazard to people””