Stem Cells and Neurological Disorders Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) Pluripotent cells make all types of cells Multipotent cells make some types of cells unipotent cells make just one type of cells ryonic cells are the most potent but have ethical &rejection -The best days to take the embryo cells are from 4-5 days
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Stem Cells and Neurological Disorders
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
Pluripotent cells make all types of cellsMultipotent cells make some types of cellsunipotent cells make just one type of cells
-Embryonic cells are the most potent but have ethical &rejection problems-The best days to take the embryo cells are from 4-5 days
Stem Cells and Neurological Disorders
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs): (By a Japanese scientist and took the Nobel prize after 5 years of the discovery)
Pluripotent embryonic like stem cells are produced
Reversal of normal process
Does Not require human embryos
No donor…..No rejection
Less expensive
No Ethical issues
Induced means that not naturally exist and we make it
Pluripotent=acts like embryonic cell
In this procedure we format the cell and make it forget its function and back it to its native home which is the embryonic cells
Main Key Genes:- iPSCs are derived from adult somatic cells by inducing expression
of certain Stemness genes: (usually by viral vectors: risk !!!)
- eg: Master transcriptional regulators:
Oct-4
Sox2
Nonog
- other genes: c-Myc (oncogene: cancer risk !!!!)
Stem Cells and Neurological Disorders
These master transcription factor can activate any type of genes but they are inactivated in differentiated cells so we put an external master transcription gene by a viral vector and this master key can activate all genes so the cell becomes a pluripotent cells and the scientists even can make more earlier cells (Totipotent) !!
So from this induced stem cell now we can make any type of cells we want
In each cells there are many genes but there are just a fraction of them are active depending on the type of the cell,so the heart and liver cells have the same genes but in each of them some genes have been activated and the rest are sleepy
Pluripotency:
Believed to be identical to embryonic stem (ES) cells in many respects:
- expression of certain stemness genes
- chromatin methylation patterns
- doubling time
- embryoid body formation
- teratoma formation
- viable chimera formation
- potency and differentiability
Stem Cells and Neurological Disorders
(1) Isolate and culture donor cells.
(2) Transfect stemness genes into cells by viral vectors. Red cells express those genes
(3) Harvest and culture the cells according to ES cell culture, on feeder cells (light gray)
(4) A subset of the transfected cells become iPS cells and generate ES-like colonies
Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells