Steam Turbine Basic Training - Module 1_1

8/10/2019 Steam Turbine Basic Training - Module 1_1

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STEAM TURBINE PART - 1 ENGINEERING BASICS

STEAM TURBINE PART - 4 OPERATION

STEAM TURBINE PART - 6 INSPECTION & MAINTENANCE

STEAM TURBINE BASICS POWER PLANT TRAINING - NGINEERING BASICS


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HISTORY

HERON, DARI ALEXANDRIA - YUNANI , 120 BC.

FINDING THE PRINCIPLES OF REACTION FORCE

FORMED UNDER THE SPEED OF STEAM beam emittedBALL OUT OF HERON (REACTION TURBINE).

Contrary MOVE TOWARDS THE DIRECTION OF SPIN

SPEED STEAM beam.

GIOVANI de BRANCA, ITALY, 1029

FINDING THE PRINCIPLES OF STYLE FORMED UNDER

PRESSURE IMPULSE (impact) BETWEEN STEAM , STEAM

emitted mashing WHEEL, WHEEL ROTATING. (TURBINE

ACTION)

WHEEL SPIN MOVE TOWARDS the direction of the beam

STEAM PRESSURE DIRECTION

GUSTAV de LAVAL, SWEDIA , 1890

FINDING THAT FORMED UNDER THE PRINCIPLES OF

ACTION PRINCIPLE (IMPULSE). Applied TUBINE ACTION

WITH ONE LEVEL (ONE AND ONE ROTOR PANCAR PIPA /

NOZZLE).

PANBCARAN STEAM FROM nozzle punch spoon (BLADES)

INSTALLED AT THE WHEEL.

CONTAINING ONLY ONE TURBINE TINGKAT.DIA. BIG.



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ENGINEERING BASICSHISTORY

ZOELLY , SWEDIA, 1904

TURBINE WITH THE PRINCIPLE OF ACTION (IMPULSE), DEVELOPED IN ACTION

WITH LEVEL PRESSURE TURBINE (MULTI STAGE PRESSURE). Max. s / d 12

LEVEL. LOT IN USE AS A MARINE PROPELANT.

EACH LEVEL CONSIST OF TURBINE de LAVAL (turbine action one level) STATORWITH NOZZLE TYPE REACTION

Amended PRESSURE LEVEL FROM WHICH ONE BIG ENOUGH next level

CHARLES ALGEMOND PARSONS, BRITISH, 1890

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF TURBINE WITH REACTION, DEVELOPED IN

MULTI-LEVEL PRESSURE REACTION TURBINE. NUMBER OF LEVELS

OF COMPOUND (S / D 30-AN) POWER AND BIGGER. RELATIVELYSMALL DIAMETER.

Genuine transformation STEAM PRESSURE FROM THE FLOOR OF A

SMALL MADE TO THE NEXT LEVEL TO NOT surprise.

THOMAS W. CURTIS, , AMERICA, 1900 ( TURBIN AKSI DENGAN TINGKAT

KECEPATAN ) IMPULSE TURBINE WITH PRINCIPLE (SCAI), DEVELOPED IN ACTION TURBINE 2

(TWO) LEVEL SPEED.

CAN WORK WITH THE STEAM PRESS HIGH (dikelak later on apply / combined with

a reaction turbine basically can not work with high pressure steam).

DECREASE IN SPEED FROM ONE LEVEL TO THE NEXT LEVEL VERY DRASTIC


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Turbine cross Spoon


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Turbine cross Spoon

action ( Impulse Turbine )

blade reaction turbine section

( Double Pressure Turbine )

P -1

DESCRIPTION ACTION REACTIONA. ANGLE IN AND OUT IN = OUT IN < OUT

B. SPEED OF STEAM IN AND OUT C 1 = C2 C1 < C2

C. FORMATION OF POWER 100 % IMPULSE 50 % IMPULSE PLUS50 % REACTION

D. STEAM NOZZLES SEGMENT CIRCULAR 360 0

E. TOTAL LEVEL LEVEL 1 OR 2 MULTI ( S/D 32 TK )

F. SHAPE Tangerang BLADES SEMITRI AN-SEMITRI

G. ROUND HIGH HIGH RELATIVELY LOW

H. OUTPUT POWER SMALL BIG

I. DIMENSIONS DIAMETER / LENGTH LARGE / SHORT SMALL / LARGE



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DESIGN ROTOR DRUM TURBINE BERKAPASITAS BESAR

CONTROLLED STAGE

(CURTIS 2 LEVEL SPEED)

ROTOR DRUM

( TEMPAT PENASANGAN

REAKSI BLADES )JOURNAL BEARING

MAIN SUPPORT

JOURNAL BEARINGMAIN SUPPORTAXIAL BEARING MAIN

SUPPORT

LABYRINTH

DRUM DEPAN

LABYRINTH

DRUM

BELAKANG

AXIAL SLIDING

PROBE

STEAM TURBINE BASICS POWER PLANT TRAINING NGINEERING BASICS


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ENGINEERING BASICS

HISTORY

GIOVANI de BRANCA, ITALY, 1029(ACTION 1 LEVEL SPEED TURBINE)

ACTION ONE LEVEL PRESSURE TURBINE (P) AND

ONE LEVEL SPEED (C)

ROUND VERY HIGH, SMALL POWER.

TEAM CONSUMPTION very wasteful (EFFICIENCY

LOW)

NOT USED AS A DRIVER (THEORY FOR ONLY) AS A

BASIS FOR TURBINE CURTIS (TURBINE SPEED

LEVEL ACTION)

TURBINE CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTION, sectional

BLADE WITH LEFT HALF RIGHT HALF SEMITRI

TURBINE WITH ACTION CAN WORK WITH STEAM

TEKANGGAN KRN HIGH RELIANCE ON collision /

IMPULSE STEAM. In front and behind PRESSURE

TURBINE AT LARGE.

P1 P2

BLADES

1- STAGE

STEAM

EXHAUST

PRESSURE

BALANCE HOLE

STEAM PRESSURE

STEAM VELOCITY


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ENGINEERING BASICS

CHARLES ALGEMOND PARSONS , BRITISH. 1890

(MULTI STAGE TURBINE REACTION)

PRINCIPLES OF EXPANDING INTO THE TURBINE

Applied REACTIONS AND REACTION WITH SPEED

AND PRESSURE LEVEL -2 (REFERRED TO LEVEL

PRESSURE TURBINE)

SPEED OF STEAM IN (R1) UP (for expansion),

ACROSS THE BLADE BEYOND (S1) BEHIND its

direction, speed DOWN (??? Because blade action)

AND CONSTANT PRESSURE, INTO BLADE (R2),SPEED KINETIC ENERGY UP AND DOWN HIS

(pressure drops) .. DST. BY THE SAME TO STATOR

(S2) TO ROTOR (R3, DST) STATOR AND NEXT TO

KINETIC ENERGY contains OUT. IF STILL HIGH

KINETIC ENERGY, retransmitted STEAM TO THE

NEXT LEVEL

REACTION TURBINE: TURBINE also called DOUBLE- PRESSURE. (TURBINE WITH LEVEL PRESSURE)

DIRECTIONS TO MORE PRESSURE STEAM

TURBINE BACK, LITTLE MORE .. INITIAL

PRESSURE STEAM should be lowered (krs. Turbine

r3eaksi can not work with the High tek.steam)

POWER GENERATED FROM 50% 50% PLUSLABOR FORCE IMPULSE IMPULSE.

GRAPHICS AND VELOCITY PRESSURE

STEAM TURBINE STATOR AND ROTOR IN

REACTION

50%

50%

ROTOR

-1

ROTOR

-2

STATOR( SUDU

BALIK )

REAKSI REAKSINOZZLE

P =

PRESSURE

C= VELOCITY

REAKSI

50%

HISTORY

ENGINEERING BASICS


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ENGINEERING BASICS

THOMAS W. CURTIS. AMERICA, 1900

(ACTION 2 LEVEL SPEED TURBINE) DEVELOPING THE PRINCIPLE OF IMPULSE, Applied TURBINE INTO

ACTION 2 (TWO) LEVEL SPEED (SPEED STEAM STORY. PRESSURE

STEAM Fix)

EACH LEVEL TYPE 2 ACTION (IMPULSE) WHERE CONSTANT

PRESSURE LEVEL in each. (P1 = P2) ALSO BEHIND THE BLADE ACTION

NOZZLE ATTACHED TO SEGMENT ONLY (NOT CIRCULAR 360 0)

JUST TO DRIVE AUX. (Eg Pump, Fan, etc.)

ROUND VERY HIGH POWER RELATIVELY SMALL.

P1 P2

PRESSURE

BALANCE HOLE

BLADES

STAGE 1 & 2

STEAM

EXHAUST

REVERSE BLADES(BLADE BEYOND)

Stator

Nozzle

Speed chart Steam (v) and steam pressure (p) of the level-1 blade,

blade turning and blade level-2

Rotor-1 Stator Rotor-2

Pressure

p1 = p2

Steam velocity

( C1 > Cb > C3 )

C1

Cb

C2

HISTORY



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THOMAS W. CURTIS. AMERICA, 1900

Hole on the rotor TURBINE ARE-2 to balance the

front and back WHEEL PRESSURE (= PRESSURE

FLAT)

NOZZEL IN SEGMENT (NOT circular WHEEL)

AS A MOVER Pump / KOMPRESOR

BE INSTALLED VERTICAL / HORIZONTAL

SEGMENT NOZZLE

Balancing hole PRESSURE

BLADE 2 SPEED

LEVEL

HISTORY

ENGINEERING BASICS


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ENGINEERING BASICS

ZOELLY, SWEDIA , 1904

LEVEL PRESSURE TURBINE WITH

ACTION.

EACH LEVEL CONSIST OF ONE LEVEL

WITH SPEED = ACTION LEVEL

PRESSURE TURBINE.

TURBINE ZOELLY drawn half above the fold.

(Example) CONSIST OF PRESSURE

LEVEL 6

IN EACH NOZZLE, PRESSURE STEAM

DOWN, UP SPEED.

ROTOR IN, STEAM CONSTANT

PRESSURE, DOWN SPEED GRAPHIC SPEED STEAM (C) AND PRESSURE (P)

REACTION IS EACH NOZZLE bulkhead, EXPANSION

OCCURRED (P down, C up)

ROTOR BLADES ARE EVERY ACTION, ARISINGESTABLISHMENT OF POWER. (P constant, C down)

STEAM

INLET

STEAM

OUTLETP1

P1

P2

P2

C

HISTORY

Turbine Zoelly


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Turbine Zoelly

P1

P

2

STEAM INCONTROLLED

STAGE = 2 ST

TB ACTION 10 FY.

PRESSURE

BALANCE

HOLES

LABIRINTH

LABIRINTH

STEAM OUT

AXIAL /

THRUST

BEARINGS

JOURNAL

BEARINGS

REGULATOR

DEV

ICES

CONTROLLED stages (1 OR 2 OF ACTION) USED TO REDUCE THE VERY HIGH PRESSURE

BEING P1 P1 'LOWER. YALAH GOAL TO REDUCE POSSIBLE LEAK STEAM THROUGH THE

BLADE TIP. MECHANICAL ENERGY TO FORMATION IN BLADES (10 TK) OPTIMAL.

ZOELLY TURBINE POWER TO MAKE A GREAT WITH THE RELATIVE DIMENSIONS LENGTH

KECIL.MIS. MARINE USED. MORE IMAGES CLEARLY CHECK COVER BOOK 2 (I & M)

TB. TK. 1 S / D 6 HIS STILL HIGH PRESSURE. TIP BLADE WITH Shroud (BELT)

P1


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PART ONE ( BASICS )


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PART ONE ( BASICS )

FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TURBINE

1.Turbine Action/ Impulse Turbine 2.Turbine Reaction /Reaction Turbine

Energy formed (95-98)% by pressure /

steam punches to the surface area of the

curve and (2-5)% by working out of steam

reaction blades.

Angle = Angle Inlet outletLeft-right cross-section blade shape semitri

Formed 50% of work force plus 50%

employment action reaction

High efficiency. Multi stages.

Diameter of the stator and rotor blades growing

at a rate of steam pressure decreases.

Inlet angle> discharge angle

Steam

inlet

stator rotor rotorstator

Steam

outlet


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TURBINE REACTION


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2.Turbine Reaction /Reaction Turbine

rotorstator

C1

C3

PRINCIPLES OF REACTIONS

OCCUR IN LINE STEAM OUT OF

BLADES

PROCESS = FLOW FLOW IN

GAS / STEAM IN VENTURI

Area "A" PRESSURE BIG, SMALL

VELOCITY (C1). ALWAYS SEEK

THE NATURE OF PRESSURE

PRESSURE AREA WITH

LESSER.

Typed "B" cross-sectional area

LEAST. SMALL PRESSURE,

FLOW RATE OF C2.

Area "C" cross-sectional area

BIGGEST. BIGGEST SMALLEST

PRESSURE VELOCITY C4. THIS

SPEED = REACTION

Turbine work action

C2

TURBIN REACTION PARSONS. AMERICA,


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PARSONS. AMERICA,

CONTROLLED

STAGE ( AKSI )

1 TKTB. Reaction

14 TK

JOURNAL

BEARINGJOURNAL

BEARING

THRUST /

AXIAL

BEARING

DRIVING

MOTOR

LABIRINTHBELAKANG

LABIRINTH

DEPAN

REGULATOS

& SAFETY

P1

P1R

P2

TURBIN REACTION


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TB. REACTION CAN ONLY WORK (OPTIMAL) STEAM

PRESSURE P1 IF NOT TOO BIG (opposite of TB. SCAI). IF

TOO HIGH PRESSURE P1, TEND STEAM LEAK / BOCOR

THROUGH THE TOP BLADE AND BOCOR towards TAKES

BACK AGAINST THE EXPANSION BLADE.

NOT TO GET TOO HIGH PRESSURE STEAM (P1R go to tb.,

Reaction) BUT REMAIN HIGH CONTENT enthalpy

(remember, P & T tall containing a high enthalpy) PRESSURE

OF STEAM BOILER lowered FIRST STAGE IN

CONTROLLED (ACTION)

TB. NEVER IN REACTION REACTION FOR PURE. ALWAYS

combined with TURBINE ACTION LEVEL 1 OR 2 TER

[PQASANG IN FRONT TB. REACTION .. CONTROLLED,

THE TURBINE.

ORDER OF STEAM PRESSURE LEVEL TO THE NEXT

LEVEL NOT TOO HIGH, TEK. RATA ALLOCATION OFSTEAM TURBINE TO THE LEVELS. D.K.L. TURBINE

ACTION SHOULD CONSIST OF MULTI stages.

DIMENSIONS OF TURBINE LONG TO BE BIGGER /

LONGER. MAKIN WAY BACK TO, THE LITTLE PRESSURE

STEAM. WORKERS ARE ABLE TO PRODUCE LARGE

RELATIVE, BLADE SIZE TO BE MORE AND MORE LONGWIDE. BLADE THICKNESS THIN.TURBINE REACTION

TURBINE

ACTION

( PRESSURECONTROL)

BASICS


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Introduction

WORK BASED PROCESS CHEMICAL ENERGY genuine transformation (in pcs. Bakr)

MENJADINTENAGA Physics (kinetic) AVAILABLE IN STEAM AND BECOME MORE

ENERGY changed by MECHANICS (in the form of rotating turbine)

Chemical

Energy

( Fuel)

Kinetic Energy( heat latent )

Mechanical

Energy

(in Turbines)

DESIGN & ENGINEERING

The higher the heat value bh. Fuel, the higher the chemical

energy

The more complete the combustion process in the furnace,

the higher the heat energy released buisa...

The higher temperature steam, the higher the velocity of the

steam molecules. (Factor T = temp.)

The higher molecular steam velocity, the higher the steam

pressure. (Factor P = pressure)

The higher the P and T, the higher the calorie content in

steam or energy in = energy latent (factor H or I = enthalpy)

The higher the P & T steam, more power to press curved

blades (the impulse) and more power for air expansion (the

reaction).

Impulse power and / or expansion resulted in the spinning

turbine (mechanical power)

BASICS DIMENSION BLADES DAN ROTOR


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PRINCIPLES OF KINETIC ENERGY genuine transformation BE MECHANICAL ENERGY IS

HOW IMPULSE AND / OR ENERGY expansion FROM THE FLOOR TO THE NEXT LEVEL

IMPULSE ENERGY (PRESSURE) INCREASE ENERGY LOSS / SMALL INCREASE pressure.

SMALL INCREASE PRESSURE.

BLADES MADE THIN THICKNESS INCREASE.

FROM THE FLOOR NEXT KETINGKAT, latent INCREASE ENERGY SMALL SMALL INCREASE

STRENGTH BEREXPANSI .. Overcome by GROWING SPACE STEAM will be skipped.

BLADES SIZE AND INCREASE INCREASE LONG THIN

DIMENSIONS

LENGTH

(reaction)

THICKNESS

DIMENSIONS

(action) and

torsion

(reaction))

MOLLIER DIAGRAM

BASICS


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Mollier diagram is very important for power calculations and thermodynamic the turbine in

the steam cycle

Temperature

TURBINE

SUPERHEATER

BOILER

CONDENSER

ST-HPST-LP CYCLE WATER STEAM

1-2 FW pumped INTO THE

BOILER

2-3. FW. HEATED IN THE

BOILER (CAIR)

3-4. BOILING PRESSURE ONP1 (saturated)

4-5. CONTINUES TO BE

HEATED superheated

5-6. EXPANSION IN TURBINE

HP

6-7. STEAM IN reheat

7-8. EXPANSION IN TURBINE

LP Condensation process

8-1 IN CONDENSER

1

P1

P2

STEAM PROCESS WITH superheating

BASICS MOLLIER DIAGRAM


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TURBINE HP TURBINE LP

Condensation PROCESS IN

CONDENSER

BASICS PENGGUNAAN ST. TURBINE


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Industrial steam turbines

TWO TYPE OF USE:

a. Top cogeneration

- The use of steam for the steam turbine mainly powerhouse. The rest for the- By condensing or non - condensing / back pressure.

- With / without controlled or uncontrolled extractions

b. Bottom cogeneration

- The use of steam, especially for the process, the remaining steam turbine for power

generation.

- Controlled or uncontrolled extractions

1. Flexibility in use:- industrial ( for process ) ( 2 - 60 eMW )

- industrial / utility ( 25 - 125 eMW )

- utility ( s/ d 800 eMW )

2- classification:

small capacity ( marine, auxiliaries dsb )

medium capacity ( >150 eMW - 800 eMW )

hi-capacity- Utility ( Power generator ) ( > 100 eMW and more )

- Auxiliary ( compressors , pumps, special uses )

TURBINE DESIGN BASICSBASICS


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Thermodynamic Rating

Influenced by the condition of steam. (Pressure and Temperature)

Described in the heat balance diagram (Steam flow diagram)

boiler generatorHp Ip L p

H

P

H

LP - Bypass

H

Condensing Pump

H

Stop & CV

Deaerator

Ax

HP pre-

heating

bleed points

CONDITIONS AS A DRIVER STEAM TURBINE


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Live steam superheated P = 120-250 bar and T = 525-560 0C

enter the high pressure turbine (Hp).

Exhaust press. of HP 40 bar and 250 0C. reheated in the boiler (Reheater)

Reheated steam at 525 0C expansion turbine intermediate pressure (IP) at P = 40

bar

Expansion in the low-pressure turbine (LP) (double-flow)

MECHANICAL DESIGN

Factors affecting the design of turbine components. :

Static and dynamic power of different large and its direction

Different temperatures

Blades/ barrel-barrel

Blades should be able to withstand

a static load as follows:

1. Steam pressure drop between

the inlet and outlet pressure

2. Impact of steam power on

curved blades.

3. Centrifugal force as the rotor

rotates.

SELECTION of MATERIAL


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The parts of the turbine must be able to withstand the force arising -2 as follows:

1. Temperature and pressure / stress is very high (centrifugal, press, pull, twist)

2. The selection of the right kind of material to withstand the force-deformation 2 tsb

with safe (expansion does not cause friction stator - rotor) and erosion and abrasion

resistant.rotor

- Low - Alloy (HP rotor: CrMoV and 12CrMoVCbN

- Moderately heat-treated

- Can be welded with ferritic steels with 12% Cr steel to withstand high temperatures (566 0C and

load 1,000 MW)

Bearings

- Resistance to shear loads (abrasion resistant) and low thermal expansion.Bucket / diaphragm

- Serves also for installation / placement reverse blades (blades turning)

- High temp resistant and thermal expansion rate has been 10 CrMoV CBN.

- Design of blade roots selected "Dovetail".

casings

- The material is resistant to temperature selected high - low

- Materials are selected Cast Steel, Cast Iron and Nodular Fine Grained Steel PlatesBlades

- Standard 12% Cr steel

Last stage balding stationary (stator blades for the last level)

- Nodular Cast Iron, Austenitic Steel with 17% Cr.

bolting

- Hold temp. s / d 566 0C been Materials 12 Cr-alloy and Nickel based alloy steel or alloy or Inconel .

ROTOR DESIGN DAN STATOR


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MAKIN BIG TURBINE DIMENSIONS, TIME REQUIRED FOR

MORE OLD HEATING. GOAL TO GIVE TIME TEMPERATURE

BALANCE BETWEEN THE STATOR AND ROTOR expand / shrink

in TIME SIMULTANEOUSLY. BY THE CLEARANCE BETWEEN

THE STATOR - ROTOR IN ANY PART OF THE SAME AMOUNT.

THRUST BEARING -AXIAL BEARING & TILTING PAD BEARING


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RADIAL BEARING DENGAN

TILTING PADS

Tilting COMBINATION WITH

AXIAL BEARING PADS AND

JOURNAL BEARING

Tilting - serves to hold SHAFT PADS ARE NOT

INLIGNMENT

THRUST BEARING SHAFT DIRECT resist forces

RADIAL bearing withstand the force of GRAVITY AND

STYLE RADIAL

TURBINE BLADINGSHROUD = SABUK


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INTEGRATED SHROUD

Search BLADE MADE WITH

EQUIVALENTS

BLADE SEAL TYPE "C"

WORKS FOR: -

Hinder STEAM LEAK AT BLADE TIPS

TIAPBL ARISING IN PREVENTING vibration; ADE

SHROUD SABUK

BLADE SEAL TYPE A

BLADE SEAL TYPE B

KELING

BLADE SEAL TYPE D

BLADING STRESS

S1


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X

Y

Z

Pi

Po

Static loads :

1. Pressure drop Pin - Pout

2. Impulse force Pin

3. Centrifugal Fc

G. U

2

= ---- ----------g. R

3loads

tempThe durability of the heat load

2

1

S1

S2

R

+

G

U

Pi Po

Blade Design against Vibration


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1. Riveted Shrouding (belt riveted ) 3. Lacing or Tie Wires ( wire)

Integrated Shroud (belt dicior fused with blades )

4. Combine Lacing with Ferrule

A nominal clearance (Cl) between blade

give wire "C1". Diameter wire "d

C1

d

3. Lacing or tie wires

1. Riveted Shrouding

2. Integrated shroud

Ferrule = connect the ANT. END-2 Lacing WIRE

BLADE DESIGN VS LEAKAGE

St ti ll


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Leakage clearance

Stationary wall

rotor

shrouding

Covered bucket

Leakage clearance

rotor

Uncovered bucket

Turbulence

Stationary wall

NO STEAM FLOW TRENDS move from LOW PRESSURE HIGH PRESSURE TO

(BOCOR)

THE FLOW DISHARMONIS colliding, RESULT vortex (turbulence). FLOW DUE TO HARM

THE KINETIC ENERGY LOST WITHOUT MAKING POWER PLAY.

Turbulence HAPPENS IN MOST BLADES WILL PRODUCE OR STRICT minister

THUNDER SOUND, VIBRATION RISING, THE USE OF STEAM HIGH (CAN SEE WITH

VALVE OPENING BESSARNYA), EFFICIENCY LOW.

Besides withstand RELEASE FUNCTION Shroud also arrested VIBRATION

When the blades are not able to meet the requirements frequency, can be

b th


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overcome by the:

Changed the shape / size profile

Z changed the number of blades in each row

Replacing the outer belt around the blades (shrouds)

Wiring the vibration damper (damper wires)

0.03 bar

potentially steam in the turbine. Turbines in

the design of steam can pass with P and T

specific.

Exhaust pressure is low (high vacuum

pressure) turbine requires tek. low (Lp) with

uk. length and height (h) is large. Stage

length blades (h) (900-2000 mm)

Blades vibration occurred at the lowest level.

Measurements were taken before blades in

pairs.

P1

P2

Blades are made of material 12% Cr-steel for the final stage and 17% Cr(austenitic steel) for level-2 first in the high pressure turbine.

Life steam & CV (Controlled Valve )

hohi

SERVICE LIFE (lifetime)


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Lifetime of turbine components depends on:

Creep fatigue at high temperatures.

A large voltage at start up (without heating)Corrosion or Erosion

Efforts to extend the life span:

Preliminary heating before start-up

Not operate a turbine with a full load for long term.

Use the superheated steam above the minimum (right-2 dry)Do not be too frequent start-up and shut-down

Avoid turbines operate on speed critical or phase vibration

Avoid "water carry-over" during boiler operation

Avoid not too often changed the load

Steam Turbine Basic Training - Module 1_1

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