Steam Protection with Small Cable Yarding System

8/3/2019 Steam Protection with Small Cable Yarding System

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STREAM PROTECTION WITH .SMALL CABLE YARDING SYSTOtS

Penn A. P e t e r sC h r i s B . LeDouxNor th e a s t2 rn F o re s t Expe ri inen t S t a t i o n

USDA F o r e s t Se r v i c eXorgantobu, W V 26505

ABSTRACTS m al l c a b l e y a r a e r s y s t m s t h a t c a n b e p u rc ha se d a n d o p e r at e d b y

i n d e pe n d en t l o g g in g c o n t r a c t o r s h av e l e s s p o t e n t i a l n e g a t i v e i mp ac t onv a t e r q u a l i t y t h a n gro un d-b ased s y s t m s o p e r a t i n g on s t e e p t e r r a i nb e c au s e t h e y do n o t ' r e q u i r e s uc h a n i n t e n s e road s y s t a . Stream pro-t e c t i o n c o s t s were e s t h a t e d a t $3.78 p e r l i n e a l f o o t o f s t r e a m vh en at y ~ i c a l m al l y a r de r ( Xo l l er K-300) o p e r a t e d Fn a h y p o t h e t i c a l c o v e

- . hardwood stand. - - -- .

C a b l e y a r d i n g i s b e i n g u se d a g a i n i n t h e E a s t e r n U n it ed S t a t e sa f t e r an a b s e nc e o f a ~ p r o x i m a t e l y 0 years. Efuch of t h e sceep t e r r a i nt h a t was h a r v e s t & a ro un d t n e t u r n of t h e c e n t u r y bas h a r v e s t e d ~ 5 t hc a b l e y a rd i n g s y s t a s . T5ey r e q u i r ed m r e r i g g i n g an d c o r e manpovert h a n modern c a b l e ya r di n g s y s t m s , b u t t h ey a i d e n p lo y c a b l e as t h ep r i m a ry m ean s o f t r a n s p o r t f ro m st um p t o l a n d i n g , as t oda y ' s sys t e a ' s do.M os t o f t h e s e o p e r a t i o n s c e a s e d by 1 9 2 0 , when most of t h e t im ber i and hadbe e n c u t ove r a nd bu rne d. I n the e a r l y 1 9 70 ts , t o o v e rc me t h e ~ r o b l e ~ so i e n v i r o n m e n t a l damage an d l o v p r o d u c t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c o n v e n t i o n a lh a r v e s t i n g o n s t e e ? t e r r a i n , c a b l e s y s t e s s we re r e in t r o d uc e d Fn t h eE a s t e r n U n i te d S t a t e s .

One of t h e m ajor p i on e er s i n t h i s a r e a gas WestvSco Corp., sno usedt h e U a s h i n g t o n 7 3 Skylok >, a r u n n in g s k y l i n e y a r a e r , n e a r R u p e r t , WestV i r z i n i a . I t v o u l d b e c l a s s e d as a ne dium-s i ze ya r de r on t h e KestC o a s t, b u t b o u ld b e co n s i de r e d l a r g e f o r E a s t C o a s t c o n d i t i o n s . They a rd i ng c o s t s with the Washington 7 8 w r e h i g h , b u t i t bas c a pa b l e o fhigh p r o d u c t i o n &ring i n c l e n e n t v e a t h e r when m o d s u p p l i e s c o u l d becomec r i t i c a l l y l ow a t tne mill+ .I

j .>...-.:r1/ The u s e of t r a d e , f i n , o r c o rp or a t io n names i n t h i s p u b l ic a t i o n 1s

fay t h e i n f o r m a t i o n and c o n v e n i e n c e of t h e r e a d e r . Such u s e d o e s n o t, c o n s t i t u t e an o f f i c i a l e nd o r s me n t o r a p p r o v a l b y t h e U . S . D e p a r m e n t ofA g r i c u l t u r e o r t h e F o r e s t S e r v i c e o f any p r od u ct o r s e r v i c e t o t h ee x c l u s i o n of o t n e r s t h a t may b e s u i t a b i s .


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R e ce n t e f f o r t s h av e c o n c e n t r a t e d o n small c a b l e y a r de r s t h a t c o u l db e purchased and opera ted by independent logging con tr ac t ors . Somem a l l c a b l e y a r d e r s on t h e E a s t C o a s t a r e r h e Ap pa la ch ia n T h i n ne r ,K o l l e r K-300, S m i t h T i m b e m a s t e r , C l e a r v a t e r , C h r i s t y , a nd B i t t e r r o o tMin iya rde r . A c a b l e y a r d er w i l l be def ined as small i f i t has a t o v e rl e s s t h a n 50 f e e t h i g h , weighs l e s s th an 50,000 pounds, and co s t s l e s sthan $100,000.

SXAL,L CABLE SARDISG SYSTFfST he r i g g i n g c o d i g u r a t i o n s t h a t h av e b ee n u se d on c a b l e l o g g i n gs y s t e m s i n t h e U ni te d S t a t e s ha ve b e e n de s c r i b e d by S t u d i e r a nd E i n W e y(1974). Fa lk (1980) has de sc r ibe d t he ma jor cab le ya rd ing conf igura -

t i o n s t h a t a r e e s p e c i a l l y s u i t a b l e f o r e a s t e r n lo gg in g, t h e o p e ra t i n gc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f e ac h, t h e c mr co nl y use d c a r r i a g e s , a n d . t h e m aj ora d v a n t a g e s and dis adva nta ges of each sy st en . Bau'kes (1979) de sc r i be smore than 40 c a b l e h a r v e s t i n g s y s t e n s f o r s m a l l t imber, and g ives t h ea d d r e s s e s o f ma n u fa c t u r er s a nd d i s t r i b u t o r s . A suniaary of c a b l ey a r d i n g f i e l d t r i a l s i n ea st er n hardr ;oods i s presen ted by Fishe r andPeters (1982). Cab lk ya rde r s y s t m s a r e ca tego r ized by t h e number o fvincn drums on t h e y a r a e r ; t he y are : - - .. . - . . . . . -Single-arm yarde r s . A t y p i c z l s y s t e n i s shovn L? f i g u r e 1. TheAppa lach ian Th inne r , shove l loa de r s , and t r uck mounted c r anes a r ee x a a p l e s o f t h i s s y s t e z . Y ar di ng i s d on e u p h i l l . Tongs a re f r e q u e n t l yused because they can be hooked and u ~ o o k e d u ic kl y and e x pe r ie n cef w e r hangups du r in g i n ha u l , e s p e c i a l l y i n p a r t i a l c u t s . The s y s t e np r o v i d e s l i t t l e l i f t t o t h e f r o n t end of t h e l o g ( a ls o c d l e d groundl e a d ) , s o t h e r e ~ A l l e some s o i l d i s t ur b a nc e i n t h e n a i n s l d d p at h.S i ng le d rum ya rde r s have maxinun y a r d i n g d i s t a n c e s of a p p r o x h i a t d y 400f e e t .Two-drum y a r d e r s . Cmnon sys tens are t h e h i gh l ea d , l i v e s k y l in e , andm u l t i s p a n s k y l i n e . I n t h e h i gh l ea d s y s t a , f i g u r e 2 , the r ca in l ine ya rdsl o g s t o t h e l an d in g and t h e h au lb ac k l i n e r e t u r n s t h e r i g g i n g andc h o k e r s t o t h s w oo is . High lead sys tens can y ar d u p h i l l and d o m i h i l l -

I n t h e l i v e s k yl i n e , f i g u r e 3 , t h e s k y l i n e c a n be s l ac k en e d o rt i g h t e n e d a s r e q ui r e d d u r i n g t h e y ar d i n g cy c l e . Yarding i s d o n e u p h i l l .T h e c a r r i a g e r e z u r n s t o t h e uo od s by gr av i t y when t he mainline i ss l a c k e n e d . Xhen t n e c a r r i a g e r e a c he s t h e d e s i r e d p o s i t i o n on t h es k y l i n e , i t c la mp s t o t h e s k y l i n e ( o r e ng ag es a s t o p ) and r e l ea s e s t h em a i n l i n e , k h i c h pays o u t t h r ou gh t h e c a r r i a g e . The main l ine i s a t t a c h e dt o t h e d o g s and r ee le d i n . men t h e e nd o f t h e m ai nl in e r e ~ c h e s 'nec a r r i a g e , t h e s k y l i n e c lamp i s r e l e a s e d a nd t h e c a r r i a g e a nd l o g s a r ep u l l e d t o t h e l a nd i ng . The s k y l i n e often p ro vi de s s u f f i c i e n t l i f t rora i se the f r o n t e nd o f t h e l o g o f f the ground during inhaul .


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I n t h e m u l t i s p a n s k y l i n e s y st e m, f i g u r e 4 , t h e s k y l i n e i s su p p o r t edat i n t e r m e d i a t e p o i n t s a l o n g i t s l e n g t h b y d o u b l e - t r e e i n t e r n e d i a t es u p p o r t s . I n o t h e r r e s p e c t s , t h e m ul t is p an s k y l in e i s s i m i l a r t o t h elive s k y l i n e .

The maximum y a rd in g d i s t an ce fo r a sm a l l cab le y a rd e r s y s t mr i g g e d a s a h ig h lead i s 400 f e e t . T he n ax i 3u n y a r di n g d i s t a n c e f o r t h el i v e s k y l i n e , o r t h e maximum y a r d i n g d i s t a n c e be t ue e n s u p p o r t s f o r t h em u l t i s pa n s k y l i n e o n a c o n s t a n t s l o p e o r c onvex p r o f i l e , i s a l s o 400f e e t . The maxiaum y a r d i n g d i s t a n c e o f a s k y l i n e s y s t a o n a concavep r o f i l e d ep en ds o n t h e p r o d u ct i o n r e q u i re d .T h r e e - a r m y a r d e r . Common s y s t s l s a r e t h e r un ni ng s k y l i n e a nd t h e l i v es k y l i n e k i t n haulback.

In t h e r un ni ng s k y l i n e , f i g u r e 5 , t h e s k y l i n e p a s s e s a ro un d as h e a v e f a s t e n e d t o a t a i l t r e e o r t a i l h o l d s t u np and ae ad en ds o n t h ec a r r i a g e . T h er e f or e t h e s k y l i n e a l s o s e r v e s as t h e h au lb ack. T he o t h e rt wo l i n e s a r e t h e u ia i n li n e an d t h e s f a c k p l l i a g l in e . The runnings k y l i c e c an ya rd u p h i l l a nd d ow n hi l l , a nd w r k s veil i n p a r t i a l c u t sb e ca u s e t h e c a r r i a g e c an be p o s i t i o n e d p r e c i s e l y v i h e x c e l l e n t c o n t ro l .Hovever, very few c om me rc ia ll y a v a i l a b l e r u nn ic g s k y l i n e y a r c e r s ~ e e tt h e a e f k i t i o n o f a s i n a l l c a b l e > x r d e r .

. . . - . - The l i v e s k y l i n e ~ 5 t h au lb ack (not shown) can yard u p h Z l andd o wn h i l l . The t i m e r e q u i re d t o r i g t h e s y s t a cp an d t ak e it down oftenexceeds 4 h o u r s , d e ? en d i ng on y a r d i n g d i s t a n c e an d t e r r a i n , vhichl i i r i t s i t s r an g e o f e c o n m i c a p p l i c a t i o n ,

STEEPGround v e h i c l e l o g g i n g s y s t a s r e q u i r e a d en se n et wo rk o f s k i d r o ad s

( t y p i c a l l y 1 m i l e p e r 20 a c r e s ) a s t h e t e r r a i a g e t s s r ee p e r. S m e v h e r ei n t h e n e ig hb or ho od o f 40 p e r c e n t and g r e a t e r s l op e , c a b l e y a r d i n gs y s t e n s a r e ex p ec t ed t o b e c o s t c o m p et i t iv e with g ro u n d v eh ic l e sy s t ems .Th e s lo p e a t which ca b l e y a rd in g wou ld h ave th e ad van tay e i s dependento n t h e ro ad c o s t s , t i m b e r s i t e , v o l u e pe r a c re , t e r r a i n , equ ipm en tenployed , e ~ v i r o m e n r x o t e c r i c s c o s t s , e t c .

In t h e n e a r t e r m , s-11 c a b l e ya r di n g s y s i m s k i l l b e used mainlyf o r y a rd in g u p hU.1 . T h e p r i n c i p a l r e a so n i s t h a t uphill y a r d i n g s y s t e n sa r e much e a s i e r and f a s t e r t o ris. The most c m m n t im be r h a r v e s t u n i tl a y o u t s a r e p a r a l l e l o r fa n-s ha pe d, f i g u r e 6. P ar a l le l c ~ r r i i o t s ,p e q e c d L c u l a r t o t h e c o n t o u r s , a r e c w m n vhen t h e r e i s a prominentr i dg e l i n e , a s t h e r e i s i n t h e r id g e and v a l l e y s e c t i o n s o f P e n ns y l va n i a.Pa r a l l s l C Z Z Z ~ G ~ Sie c f c s n us= t- i j a r t i a l cucs. Fan -shaped u n i t s a r eo f t e n l o c a t & on s ec o nd a r y r i z g e s . 13 broke: terrain , a s i n g l e s p an m a yb e a b l e t o r e a c h from o n e r i d g e t o t h e ne x t , r e s u l t t ri g i n - , a h a r v es t u n i tw i t h e x c e l le n t d e f l e c t i o n and p a y l o a d c a p a b i l i t y . ~ a ~ l o . a c t ~ c a ~ a b i l i t ~c a n be p red ic t ed an d i s a very impor tan t e lement i n h a rv e s t u n i tp lann ing . Techniques are a v a i l a b l e t o c a l c u l a t e p ayl oad c a p a b i l i t y byhand (Bink ley and S e s s i o n s , 1978). by hanaheld c a l c u l a t o r ( F a l ~ , 981)and by n in ico mp u te r (Nick e r so n , 1980) .


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GATES QUAL I TY EFFECTSTh e p r in c ip a l imp ac t o n bater q u a l i t y f rom t imb er h a rv e s t in g i s

sed iment In th e s t reams. Most of tk e sedi ment productxi canes from~ c l n e r a l o i l exposed i n harvest -a rea t ru ck roads , sk i d roads , andl a n d i n g s . h y harvesting s y s t a t h a t r ed uc es t h e road d e n s i t y a l s or e du c e s t h e p o t e n t i a l for environmenta l inpac t .

Kochenaer fer ( 1977 ) f ou nd t h a t on s t e e p s l o p e s i n t h e C e n tr a lA p p a l a c ni a n s , r oa d d e n s i t i e s e r e 1 a i l e p e r 19.8 a c r e s f o r a r e a sharvested w i t h a wheeled s ki dd er and 1 mile p e r 31.1 a c r e s f o r a r e a sh a r v e s t e d by janmer ( t ruck-mounted cran e) , ta b l e 1. For a sail c a b l ey a r a e r w l t h a 40U-foo t re ach , road de ns i t i es required would be 1 milep e r 48.5 a c r e s . Cable y a r i i n g s y s t e s have less p o t e n t i a l a v i r o n m e n t a li n p a c t t h ro u g h s e d i n e n t pr o du c t io n be c au s e t h ey r e q u i r e l e s s ro admileage. Also , t h e r o ad s f o r c a bl e ya rd in g s y s t e n s a r e n o m a l l y l o t t t e dfarther from the s t r e m s , so t h e r e i s a g r e a t e r o p po r tu n it y f o r t h es e d i m e n t t o b e c a p t u r e d b e f o r e i t r e a c h e s t h e stream (Megahan andScnwei the lm, 1983).

T a b l e 1. Exposed mineral soil i n h a r ~ e s t r e a t r u ck ro ad s , s 'k id ro ad s,and l a nd i n gs , by h a r v e s t s y s t a .Yarder Z o f a r e a Ac r e s p e r c i l e Roaa v i d t n -neacn

ui h min e ra l of r oa d ( f e e t ) ( f e e t )

h l e e l ed siddder 10.3 19.8 16.8 103Jammer 7.8 31.1 20.0 250E r us ( l a r g e ) s k y l i n e 2.3 105.4 20.5) 869S n a l l skyline 5.0 48.5 20.0 401)

Sources : Kochender fer 1 9 7 7 , Patrlc and Gorman 1 9 7 8 , c w p u t e d .

A no th er p o t e n t i a l a d v e r s e b p a c t on h a t e r q u a l i t y i s a s s o c i a t e dv i t h t h e f e l l i n g o pe ra t io n. T re ec cp s l e f t i n t h e s t r eam co u ld p o ten -t i a l l y b l o c k the stream and tmporarLly reduce oxygen i n t h e st re a m t oun de si ra b l y low Levels (Brown, 1980) . T hi s p o t e n t i a l impact i s n o tu n i q u e t o c a b l e y a r di n g a nd i s b e s t c o n t r o l l e d by d i r e c t io a a L L y f e l l i n gt h e t r e e s a vay f r a a t h e stream o r by l e a v i n g a b u f f e r zone o f u n f e l l e dt r e e s .


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THE COST OF STREA??PROTECTIONThe implied c o s t of stream p r o t e c t i o n will b e i l l u s t r a t e d by a nexample. A h y p o t h e t i c a l harvest a r e a of 20.a6 a c r e s (5UU x 1800 f e e t )

which includes a perennial stream k i l l be ha rves ted by one of three0 p t i o a s :

(1) Opt ion 1 a f f o r d s maxb um p r o t e c t i o n t o t h e s tr ea m b ye s r a b l i s h i n g a b u f f e r zoae of 100 f e e t o n e i t h e r s i d eof the stream, L( 2 ) Oprion 2 a f f o r d s m f nh um p r o t e c t i o n t o t h e stream becauset r e e s a r e f e l l e d , l i m be d , t op pe d and yarded t r e e l e n g t h .

T r e e s o n the far side o f t h e strean are dragged throught h e stream d u r i n g y a r d i n g ,( 3 ) Opcion 3 affords some p r a t e c t i o n r D t h e stream becauset r e e s on t h e far s ide of t h e stream a re bucked t o maximum

lengths of 24 f e e t , s o turns of logs can be f u l l ysuspenaed when yarded across the s t r e a n .The harvesting o p t i o n s are i l l u s t r a t e d i n figure 7.-- - - . -

The s t and i s a cove hardmod stand h o s e r a j o r c mp on en ts a r e h a r dmaple, r e d oak, bassvood, ye1 ow poplar and beech. The h a r v e s t pre-s c r i p t i o n i s clearcur. The average d iamete r ac breast h e i g n t i s 12.7inches; t r e e s o f 5- in ch d b h and above a r e i nc luded i n t h e a v e ra g e . Thestand contains 11.34 I%f/acre of saulogs and an a d d i t f o n d 24 c o r d s / a c r eo f fue lmod; a l l from 1 4 8 trees per acre. The d.11 savlog v a lu e s a r e$ 2 5 0 / f i f , $20U/Ebf , and $100/3f for Grade 1, 2 , and 3 sawlogs,r e spec t ive ly . Fue lwood i s valued a: $20/cord a= t h e l anc ing . Sawlogsa r e 33 percent Grade 1, 26 percen t Grade 2, and 4 1 p e r c e n t Grade 3. .T o t a l p r o a u c t value o r revenues are $2,47O/acre.

The yarding p r o d u c t i o n and cost were estimated fran t h e p e r f o r m a n c ec h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e Koller K-300 cable yarde r (Rossie, 1983; Stuartand Rossie, 1984). The average c y c l e ti me , i n c l u d i n g d e l ay s , f o r t h eK o l l e r K-300 i s given by:

-where c - average cycle t ime, m i n u t e sx = ave rage slope yarding d i s t a n c e , f e e tz = average lareral y a r i i n g dlsranceh, ferr


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~ f o d u c t i o n a t e s and c o s t s were e s t h a t e d by a procedure similar t ot h o s e p re s e n t e d by P e t e r s ( 1984 ) and LeDoux 21 . The e s t h a t e d yard ingproduct ion a n d c o s t s a r e presen ted i n t a b l e 2.

Table 2. Ef fec c of ha rve s t ing op t io n on ya rd i sg p roduc t ion and3cos t s ; 4612 ft. (148 t r e e s ) r a o v e d p er acre.

I t a t i p t i o n 1 a p t i o n 2 , Option 3(hf e r ) ( d r a g ) ( f l y >

Acres yarded~ h x h u n o r i z o c t a ly a rd i ng d i s a n ce , f .3Ft . / p i ece r enoved

P i e c e s / a c r e3F t . / t u r cCycle t ime, minutes .

3Product ion , ft. /day -3 a /Cosr, $/ft. -

T o t a l c a s t S9.150 S 16,100 $17,530i n c l u d e s y a r d i n g, s k y l i n e c o r r i d o r chaages, and move in and o u rc o s t s .

P a r a l l e l settings were used t o h a r z e s t t h e a rea . Each u n i t or setvss 200 f e e r v i d e by 500 feer long (Option 2 and 3) o r 200 f e e t ktde by300 f e e t lcng (Option 1 ) . The t ine required to change skyline c o r r i d o r sw a s 60 d n u c e s . Th e t h e r equ i r ed to mv e ha rves t ing equipmen t i n andout of t h e a r e a vas 360 minutes. Mechanical do wn th e Las estimated a t10 percen t of t h e t o t a l scheduled time. Ground s l o p e was 50 percent. APr ea t i ce 210 loa de r was u s 4 a t e ac h l a nd i ng t o k e e p t h e l a n d i n g c l e a r .The co s t f o r th e Ko l l e r R-300 ya r de r , t h e Prenc ice 210 loader, and af ive-persan crez. was $70/hour (Xassie , 1983).

2 / LeDoux, C. 8. S t u a p t o m i l l t imber production c o s t e q u a t i o n sf y r e a s t e rn hardxoads. Gnpubl i shd r e p o r t on file a t the l o r t h e a s t e r nF o r e s t E x ~ e r h e z t t a t i o n , 190 Canf i e ld S t r e e t , Xorgantokn, UV 26505.


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The p r i n c i p a l e f f e c t s of t h e h a rv e s t i ng o p t i o n s on y a r d in g pro-d u c t i o n and c o s t a re summarized in t a b l e 2. Oprion 1, w i t h maximumenvi romnen ta l p ro tec t ion , had a 300-foot maximum yarding d i s t a n c e ,p roduc t ion o f 3 ,497 cub ic f e e t pe r day, and uni t yarding c o s t s( i n c lu d i n g s k y l i n e c o r r i d o r changes and move i n and ou t) of $0.160 p e rcub ic foo t . Op tion 2 , v i t h minimum enviro nmenta l pr ot ec ti on , had a5 0 b f o a t maximum yarding distance, product ion of 3 ,32 2 c u b i c f e e t p e rd ay , an d u n i t ya r di n g c o s t s of $0.169 per cub ic foo t, Option 2 c o s t 'more than Option 1 because yarding dis ta nc e and cyc le time wereincreased . Option 3 was s h i l a r t o O p ti on 2 e x c e p t t h a t t r e e s on t h ef a r side of the strean were requi red to be f u l l y suspended over thestream. T h i s re q ui r ed t h a t t r e e l e n g t h s t e n s be b u c ~ e d o a mximuml e n g t h of 2 4 f e e t ~ r h i c h educed the average volume per piece froa 25.2to '23 .0 cubi c fe et , th e average volume per tu rn frcxn 46.9 t o 44.1 c u b i cf e e t , a n d p r o d u c t i o n f rm 3,322 t o 3 ,043 cub ic f e e t pe r day . Costi nc re as ed f r m $0.169 t o $0.184 p e r cubic foot . The r e t u r n t o t h elandowner i s a l s o a f f ec t e d by the harves t ing op t ion chosen .

The he t r e t u r n s t o t h e l a nd ow ne r f r a n t h e p o t e n t i a l h a r v es t o f20.66 acres are S11,500, $18,310, and $16,570 f o r Optio ns 1, 2, and 3,respectively, (Table 3 ) . The d i f fe re nc e berween Opt ion I and Option 2,$6 ,810 , r ep resen t s t h e c o s t o f stream p r o t e c t i o n f a r t h e 2 0 .6 6 acres.S i n c e 1,800 f e e t of stream a r e c on ta in ed i n t h e u n i t , t h e i m pl ie d c o s t

. . of istre-pro-tection i s $3.78 pe r fooc of s t ream. Opt ion 3 r e p r e s e n t s ac m p r m i s e b e tv ee n =izizun and maximum p r o t e c t i o n ; i n the exaap le thelandovner incur s a 9 p e r c e n t r e du c ti o n i n r e t u r n s by f u l l y su sp e n d i n gt h e l o gs across the s t ream.

Table 3. Ef fe c t o f ha rves t i ng op t ion on r e t u rn t o the landowner;34622 f t . (148 t r e e s ) r m ov e d p e r acre.Gprion 1 Option 2 Uption 3( b u f f e r ) (drag) ( f p )

T o t a l revenues $30,630 $51,030 $51,030Less :

F e l l , buck, l b b 2,010 3,340 3,650 -Yarding 9,150 16,100 17,530Loading 1,140 1,900 1 900Hau1 g 5, E30 11.380 11.380-o t a l c o s t s 19,139 ;? 32,720 3 4 , 4 60* ... . ...,Net revenu e $11,500 $18,310 "' $16,570


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CONCLUSIONS1. Small c a b l e y a r d e r s yard ing u p h i l l a r e t h e most probable

near-term c w m e r c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n of c a b l e yarding i n t h eNo r t h e a s t e r n United S t a t e s .2. Ca b l e yard ing can r educe environmental i a p a c t , bben c o r r e c t l y

enpioyed, b y minimizing t h e area d i s t u rb e d i n truck roads , sk id roads ,and landings.3. T h e c o s t s of stream p r o t e c t i o n can b e e s t i m a t e & - - f o r a cable yardingsystea i f th e a p p r o p r i a t e data f r om field t e s t s o f that s y s t m are

a v a i l a b l e . For t h e example presen ted he re , a K o l l e r K-300 cab leyarder o p e r a t i n g i n a cove hardmod s tand which averayed 11,340board feet p e r acre o f sawlogs (%-inch I n t e r n a t i o n a l S c a le ) and 24c o r d s p e r a c r e of fue lwood, a c o s t o f $3.78 p e r l i n e d f o o t o fstream protected =as es t ima ted .

LITE.'U'K!!E CITED- - - . . .Binkley , V. W. and J. - S e s s i o n s . - - 1978. - -Chain--and boa rd . hand boo^. . - - "' -" - -

for skyline tension and d e f l e c t i o n . USDA Fo r . S e r ~ . PSWFor. Ex?. Sta . , Avai l ab le f rm: OSU Bookstore, C o r ~ a l l i sOR 97331. 193 p.

Brotm, G. W. 1980, Fo r e s t r y and m t e r quality. OSL! Baoicstore,C o r v a l l i s , OR 97331.F a l k , G. D. 1980. A c a n p a r i s o n of cable l ogg ins s y s t e con f igu ra t ions .

In: Cable Yarding Conference, 1980 Se pt mb er 9-10, Asnev i l l e ,UC. Tennessee Val ley Au tho r i ty , Norris , TN: 25-57.Fisher, E. L. and P . A. P e t e r s . 1982. Analysis of Eastern United

States cable h a r ~ e s t i n g p e r a t i o n s . ASAE Paper No. 82-1602.27 p.Havk s , E. G. 1975. C a b l e harvesting s y s t e n s f o r scull t h b e r .

Vermont Dept. of Far , , Parks, and Recrea t ion . 6 9 p .Kochenderfer , J . N . 1 9 7 7 . Area i n a k i dr o ad s , t r u c k roads , and landingsi n t he Cen t r a l Appa lach ians . Journal. of F o r e s t r y 75(5): 507-508.


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Megahan, W, F. and J. Schueithelm. 1983. Appendix C, G u i d e l i n e s f o rreduc ing nega t iv e impacts o f logg ing . In : Hamilton, L. S, andP. N . King, eds . , Tropi cal k 'a tershrds : Hydrologic and s o i l s r e sp o ns et o m ajo r u s e s o r co n v er s ion s , U es tv i ev Press, Boulder , CO: 143-154,

Nickerson , D. B. 1980. Sky l ine pay load ana ly s i s us ing a desktopcomputer. USDA For. Sen-. , Div. o f T i m b e r Managenent,R6-Di-012-1980. Portland OR. 136 p.

P a t r i c , J. 8. and J. L. Corman. 1978. S o i l d i s t u r b a n c e caused bys k y l i n e cable l o g gin g o n s t e ep s l o p es i n West Virginfa'. J 6 u r n eo f S o i l and Uater Cons. 33(1): 32-35.

P e t e r s , P. A. 1984. Steep s l o p e c l e a r c u t harvesting w i t h c a b l e yarders.In: Proc. , 'damesting t h e South ' s mall t r e e s , 1983 A p r i l 18-20, Bi loxi ,MS. FPSS, Madison, G I . ( I n press).

R o s s i e , M. R. 1983. A c a s e s t u d y o f t h e K o l l e r 6-300 y a r d e r o n aN a t i o n a l F o r e s t t h b e r s a l e i n the Appalachian Region. MS Thesis,V i r g i n i a Tech,, Elacicsburg, VA. 115 p.

.S r u d i e r , D. D . and V. . sinklev. 1974 . Cable l og gi ng s y s t e s . USDA

.- - . - For. ' Sen., Div. o f Timber Xanagezaent, P o r t l a n d , OR. AvaFLablefrom: 0% 3ooks to re , Corna l l i s , 05 97331. 205 p.

S t u a r t , W. B . and M. K. Rossie. 1985. Production s t u d y o f the K o l l e rK-300 cable yarder o p e r s t i n g i n t h e m ou ntains of V i r g i n i a , 'in:Peters, P. A. and J . Lucnok, ecis., Proc., Mountain Logging Syaposiun,1984 June 5-7, WVG, Morgantota, WV: 351-362.


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Steam Protection with Small Cable Yarding System

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