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Sharing Best Practices in Rural Development

Case studies of few success stories in Rajasthan and UP

REPORT

Submitted to

Socio-Economic Research UnitPlanning Commission, Government of India

Submitted by

Research and Development InitiativesC-53, 1st Floor, Shivalik, Malviya nagar, New Delhi

E-mail [email protected]



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Contents

Executive Summary

Introduction 1

Success Stories- Rajasthan

Waste land Development Project 5

Community lift IrrigationProgramme 19

Success Stories-Uttar Pradesh

Boond Bachat Sanghatan 28

Project Tannery 38

Annexure



Executive Summary

Rural development is not entirely a new concept; it existed in India since Vedic

times, but serious efforts approximating to what is today known as ruraldevelopment were made only in the 19th century. Academicians divide effortstowards rural development in India into four broad phases or periods. The finalphase is the post independence phase or period.

In the post independent era, Government of India committed itself to bring abouta rapid and sustainable development in rural India through various programmes.Over the years the thrust of the rural development programmes have been on theall-round economic and social transformation of rural areas, through a multi

pronged strategy, aimed at reaching out to the most disadvantaged sections ofthe society.

In the past five decades and more, many rural development programmes havebeen launched. The aim of these programmes have been to cover all the facetsof rural life such as agriculture, animal husbandry, roads (communicationfacilities), health, education, housing, employment and nutrition.

Accordingly, all the programmes since independence have covered one facet orthe other for improving the life of three- fourths of the Indians who live in thevillages.

The Community Development Programme was the first organised attempt atrural development. The programme launched on 2nd October in 1952 focused onall round development of rural areas and it touched upon nearly all facets of rurallife such as agriculture, animal husbandry, roads (communication facilities)health, education, housing, employment and nutrition. It emphasized on higheragricultural production along with establishment of rural cottage and small-scaleindustries.

Since then many programmes have been implemented, today we haveprogrammes such as the following to mention a few: -

1. Rural Connectivity Programme2. Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana3. Employment Assurance Scheme4. Indira Awas Yojna5. National Social Assistance Programme6. Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojna



These programmes and other such programmes are implemented throughgovernment’s District Rural Development Agency. Many non- governmentalorganizations are also working alongside government in the villages.

Over the years many programmes have been successful and many have failed to

take roots. While one has always looked at the factors responsible for failure,seldom has one documented the success stories of these programmes that couldbe strengthened, if not replicated. It is Planning Commission of India’s endeavourto document the success stories in these areas. It is towards this end, it hasentrusted the task of documenting “Sharing Good Practices in Rural Development in the States of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh” to Researchand Development Initiatives.

The need of the study: The government-pioneered projects from time to timehave changed in approach and strategy. These shifts in the policy decisions aretaken on the basis of experiences from existing programmes and to reach out to

the last person in the last row. Experience tells that most of the policy decisionsare taken with a macro perspective and a very little attention is paid to the microlevel issues.

Although there is success story of micro level rural development planning andimplementation, which is well known and documented but this has been an effortof individual. Projects implemented and managed by the government agency andare a success today are yet to be documented and promoted. Therefore it isessential to document such good practices so that a mechanism to replicatethem at a wider level could be evolved.

Objectives of the study: To document best practices in rural developmentplanning and implementation. Secondly, suggest ways and system for replicationof these good practices at a larger level.

Methodology: In consultation with the Planning Commission of India, States ofRajasthan and Uttar Pradesh were selected for the study. It was agreed upon todocument two success projects in each of the study states. These successstories were selected on the following criteria:

1. The success should reflect the impact of different projects.2. The project should be in operation for more than 5 years

Based on the agreed upon criteria the following projects were selected to bedocumented. 1. Wasteland Development Project – Ajmer 2. Community liftIrrigation Project – Bhilwara 3. Tannery – Luchnow 4. Boond BachatSanghtan - Kanpur



The study was exploratory in nature. The instruments of enquiry were kept openended to gather qualitative inputs from the programme functionaries and thebeneficiaries.

The study was carried out in two districts in the States of Rajasthan and Uttar

Pradesh. In each district one project was documented. In all 4 projects havebeen documented. In each of these project districts five villages were covered toassess the extent of benefit accrued to the beneficiaries.

To identify the success stories in the rural development sector, more than onevisit were made to the DRDA offices in the respective state capitals of the studystates. The experiences at both places were very different, while the DRDA officeat Jaipur was forthcoming and cooperative. It provides the requisite information,which was very helpful in identifying the success stories. However the samecannot be said about DRDA office at Lucknow. The field activities was almostdelayed by month in Uttar Pradesh, for lack of information on exact status of the

projects and later were substituted by documenting success stories of NGOs inthe state.

Under the Wasteland Development Project in Ajmer District of Rajasthan which started in the year 1995. The main objectives of the project were:1. Soil and moisture conservation measures2. Improve the water table level3. Providing fodder and fuel wood and4. Improve the socio- economic conditions of the villagers.

Wasteland Development project is slated to be completed in March 2002. The

five study villages in Ajmer District of Rajasthan were Massina, Amba, Dumara,Bhawanta and Sardhana.

The Impact: In these seven years the project has changed the whole block ofPissagan from one of abject poverty and underdevelopment to prosperity and onthe development path. Today, Pissagan is a success story - Model for Soilconservation measures. These activities have had a major impact on the area;today Pissangan’s face has changed. The lost flora and fauna are returning andeven the villagers are reaping its benefit. The impact of this project has beenmanifolds. It has checked soil erosion and has helped in soil retain its moisture.Also, Fodder and Fuel wood is available a plenty. In fact with each year the

produce has grown and so has the distribution.

Assessment: The community participation has been the key to the success ofWaste land Development Project in the district. It was ensured all through theimplementation of the project that the people’s enthusiasm and interest does notwane away after the initial euphoria. Most importantly, the project functionaries’ from the beginning was a distant spectator, only providing the technical inputswhile actual nuisances of design, execution and management was left to the



users committee. This micro-level planning has provided people with anopportunity of learning of managing the scheme and also given them theconfidence that they can now do the government support. This project has trulybeen the project of the people, for the people and managed by the people. Theproject wasteland development project has raised hopes that wasteland can be

made fertile and bring about prosperity to the area.

Under the project Community Lift Irrigation Scheme which was approved inNovember 1996. The main objective of the project was to provide irrigationfacilities to small and marginal farmers.

The project was completed in a record time of six months i.e. by March 1997. Inthis short period community lifts were constructed and provision to bring thewater to the land was made. However, there were certain conditions to be met,for stating a community lift irrigation project. (1) A minimum of 10 farmers have tobe there and (2) one lift could irrigate up to 100 hectares of land, so only those

farmers whose land fell within the catchments area would benefit and should bepart of the group.

The project was successfully implemented in the villages of the district. For thepurpose of the study we selected the Mandalgarh Block in the district andcovered all the five villages falling in the block. These study villages are (1)Rajgarh (2) Shaympura (3) Soodi (4) Umedhpura (5) Khatwara

The Impact: In the district, earlier, cultivation was restricted to rainy season onlydue to lack of irrigation facilities and during other seasons migration to othercities and town in search of work was common. However, the project has had atremendous impact in the district, especially in the five study villages. In thesevillages prior to the community lift irrigation scheme, Maize was the main Kharifcrop and Wheat main Rabi crop. After the implementation of the scheme duringKharif season now other crops such as Groundnut, Black gram (Urad) and Green gram (Moong) are also grown and during Rabi season crops such asMustard (Sarsoon) and Bengal gram (Channa ) are also grown. In all thevillages studied in the survey, over two – fifths of the farmers are found to bebenefiting from this village.

Assessment: The government of Rajas than had withdrawn its support to projectin the year 2000. From 1997 to 2000 it was just providing technical support.Raising all the funds required for the setting up of the community lift irrigation andmanaging the project was responsibility of the Farmer’s Committee. So far thefarmer’s committee has done well and the very fact that the scheme is doing wellwith out government support shows that the project is sustainable and very muchreplicable in the other parts of the country.

Under, the micro finance programme - Boond Bachat Sangathan, which wasconceived in 1986, has so far been implemented in 92 villages. Today, there are



about 534 SHGs - 264 rural SHGs and 270 urban SHGs. Up to March 2002,members had saved Rs .149.70 lakhs and had disbursed total loan of Rs. 348.81lakhs. The main objectives of the programme were: to inculcate habit of saving inpoor women and bring them out of the clutches of money lender. Also to provideloans to manage household cash flow crisis during emergencies and again to

provide loans for income generation activities and provide business developmentservices.

Currently, as mentioned earlier, there were 264 groups in rural areas of UttarPradesh. We have selected three SHG for study - in Kalayanpur block SHG s invillages Bheemsen, Baikunthpur and Gadan Khera and in Bihtargaon block SHGin village Amour have been taken up for study. These were selected on the basisof group’s total saving, internal loan given, external loan received and repaymentof the external loan.

The Assessment: Winning the confidence of the poor has been the key to thesuccess of Boond Bachat Sanghtan. Transparency of accounts and easyavailability of loans has convinced the usefulness of the group. The groups havebeen blessing for them and it has saved them from vicious loan cycle andshaukar.

Under Professional Assistance for Development Action (PRADAN) have ruraldevelopment projects in nine states. The main focus of PRADAN projects isenabling poor people enhance their livelihoods. In Uttar Pradesh, PRADAN hasbeen working with flayers for about five years. Flayers remove hides from deadbovines. Though they perform a most useful service in villages by disposing offfallen animal carcasses, their occupation has traditionally been looked downupon and they have been consigned to the lowest rungs of the caste hierarchy.

In recent times, these primary workers who supply the basic raw material to theleather industry have suffered a decline in their livelihoods in spite of the rapidgrowth in the industry. The main aim of the PRADAN’s project, which began in1987, was to enhance and stabilize flayers’ livelihood. It aimed at:

S Reversing the past trend in flayer’s livelihoodS Creating new livelihoods for them in tanning hides and co- products such

as meat and bone meal, tallow etc.,S Enhancing their self-esteem and social status through organisation and

occupational diversification; andS

Reversing the past trend of flayers’ flight from the industry.

The Impact: The project was implemented in the in six-districts of Central UttarPradesh around Lucknow. The average membership of the co-operatives is 70.The income of flayers in the co-operatives has increased by 50 percent to 100percent, the average income being about 60 percent. The co-operatives areeconomically viable and have generated adequate surpluses. The co-operativeshave changed the life of the members both socially and economically.

S

Provides regular work



S

Value for productS Timely paymentS

Loan Facility

The Assessment: PRADAN’s project has demonstrated that complex

technologies and business and management skills can be transferred to poorand illiterate people. The flayers have mastered wet blue tanning and havelearnt other complex tasks, such as managing technological processes, dealingwith government officials and successfully asserting their traditional rights haveall added to their self-esteem of the flayers. The flayer co-operative have nowbegun thinking of education and health facilities for their families.



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1Introduction

Rural development is not entirely a new concept; it existed in India since

Vedic times, but serious efforts approximating to what is today known asrural development were made only in the 19 th century. Academiciansdivide efforts towards rural development in India into four broad phases orperiods. The final phase is the post independence phase or period.

In the post independent era, Government of India committed itself to bringabout a rapid and sustainable development in rural India through variousprogrammes. Over the years the thrust of the rural developmentprogrammes have been on the all-round economic and social

transformation of rural areas, through a multi pronged strategy, aimed atreaching out to the most disadvantaged sections of the society.

In the past five decades and more, many rural development programmeshave been launched. The aim of these programmes have been to cover allthe facets of rural life such as agriculture, animal husbandry, roads(communication facilities), health, education, housing, employment andnutrition.

Accordingly, all the programmes since independence have covered onefacet or the other for improving the life of three- fourths of the Indians who

live in the villages.

The Community Development Programme was the first organised attemptat rural development. The programme launched on 2 nd October in 1952focussed on all round development of rural areas and it touched uponnearly all facets of rural life such as agriculture, animal husbandry, roads(communication facilities) health, education, housing, employment andnutrition. It emphasised on higher agricultural production along withestablishment of rural cottage and small-scale industries.

Since then many programmes have been implemented, today we have

programmes such as the following to mention a few: -

Rural Connectivity Programme: The programme aims at 100percent connectivity of rural areas through construction of all weatherroads.

“Just as thewholeuniverse iscontained in

the self, so isndia

contained inthe villages.”-Mahatama Gandhi

t (ruraldevelopment)nvolvesrebuilding ofevery aspect ofhuman life –social, politicaland economic.

-Mahatama Gandhi



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Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana: This yojana aims at improvingthe rural infrastructure as per the needs of the village community.

Employment Assurance Scheme: Is the wage employment

programme. The focus is on the areas affected by endemic labour exodus.Through this scheme, avenues for supplemental income are opened for therural poor. Under this scheme, the developmental works are taken up inthose pockets, where additional employment is required.

Indira Awas Yojna: With aim to provide ‘Housing for all’. Thegovernment provides facilities for construction of housing; credit cumsubsidy for up gradation of Kachha houses.

National Social Assistance Programme: The programme aims atensuring minimum national standard of assistance to the poor house holds.

The programme consists of three schemes, viz, National Old AgePension Scheme (NOAPS), National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS)and the National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS).

Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojna (SJSR): Is a comprehensiveself-employment programme for the rural poor and is conceived as aholistic scheme of micro- enterprises covering various aspects of self-employment viz., organisation of the rural poor into self –help groups ,capacity building, training, planning of activity clusters, infra structure buildup, technology, credit and marketing.

These programmes and other such programmes are implemented throughgovernment’s District Rural Development Agency. Many non- governmentalorganisations are also working alongside government in the villages.

Over the years many programmes have been successful and many havefailed to take roots. While one has always looked at the factors responsiblefor failure, seldom has one documented the success stories of theseprogrammes that could be strengthened, if not replicated. It is PlanningCommission of India’s endeavour to document the success stories in theseareas. It is towards this end, it has entrusted the task of documenting“Sharing Good Practices in Rural Development in the States of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh” to Research and DevelopmentInitiatives.

Need for the Study

The government-pioneered projects from time to time have changed inapproach and strategy. These shifts in the policy decisions are taken on thebasis of experiences from existing programmes and to reach out to the last



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person in the last row. Experience tells that most of the policy decisions aretaken with a macro perspective and a very little attention is paid to the microlevel issues.

Although there is success story of micro level rural development planning

and implementation, which is well known and documented but this hasbeen an effort of individual. Projects implemented and managed by thegovernment agency and are a success today are yet to be documented andpromoted. Therefore it is essential to document such good practices so thata mechanism to replicate them at a wider level could be evolved.

Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study “Sharing Good Practices in Rural Development”were:

• To document best practices in rural development planning andimplementation.

• To suggest ways and system for replication of these good practices at alarger level.

Methodology

In consultation with the Planning Commission of India, States of Rajasthanand Uttar Pradesh were selected for the study. It was agreed upon todocument two success projects in each of the study states. These success

stories were selected on the following criteria:

1. The success should reflect the impact of different projects.2. The project should be in operation for more than 5 years

Based on the agreed upon criteria the following projects were selected tobe documented.

State Project District

Wasteland Development Project AjmerRajasthan

Community lift Irrigation Project Bhilwara

Tannery HardoiUttarPradesh Boond Bachat Sanghtan Kanpur

The study was exploratory in nature. The instruments of enquiry were keptopen ended to gather qualitative inputs from the programme functionariesand the beneficiaries. The following instruments of enquiry wereadministered for documenting the good practices.



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¾

Project Functionary Schedule¾

Committee Schedule¾

Village Schedule¾

Beneficiary Schedule¾

Case Study Schedule

Sample Design and Size

The study was carried out in two districts in the States of Rajasthan andUttar Pradesh. In each district one project was documented. In all 4 projectshave been documented. In each of these project districts five villages werecovered to assess the extent of benefit accrued to the beneficiaries.

Study Implementation

Research and Development Initiatives professionals gave thorough trainingto the investigators. RDI supervisor were on field to closely monitor thequality of interview.

Limitations of the study

To identify the success stories in the rural development sector, more thanone visit were made to the DRDA offices in the respective state capitals ofthe study states. The experiences at both places were very different, whilethe DRDA office at Jaipur was forthcoming and cooperative. It provides the

requisite information, which was very helpful in identifying the successstories. However the same cannot be said about DRDA office atLucknow. The field activities was almost delayed by month in UttarPradesh, for lack of information on exact status of the projects and laterwere substituted by documenting success stories of NGOs in the state.



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2 Waste land Development Project in

Ajmer District of Rajasthan

The National Wasteland Development Board approved the project

development of wasteland in the block Pissagan of Ajmer District inRajsathan in the year April 1994.

The Pissagan block for over two decades was facing problem of soilerosion due to flow of rainwater from the Aaravali Ranges. The rainwater inits course deposited stones and pebbles on the land. As result the land hadbecome unfit for cultivation. The soil lost moisture and the water table levelwent down.

This had tremendous effect on the economic lives of the people. As theland was not fit for cultivation the villagers earned their living as dailywageworkers in Ajmer or near by towns, majority of them lived in poverty.They had to walk up to 4 - 5 kilometres to fetch water, fodder for cattle andfuel wood.

THE PROJECT

The project development of wasteland was started in the year 1995. Themain objectives of the project were:

1. Soil and moisture conservation measures2. Improve the water table level3. Providing fodder and fuel wood and4. Improve the socio- economic conditions of the villagers.

Wasteland Development project is slated to be completed in March 2002.In these seven years the project has changed the whole block of Pissaganfrom one of abject poverty and underdevelopment to prosperity and on thedevelopment path.

Today, Pissagan is a success story - Model for Soil conservation measures.

The Management

As we mentioned earlier, it all began in January of 1995, when the projectgot approval from the wasteland development board. Meeting theobjectives of the project without people’s participation would not have beenpossible. Therefore, it was essential to create a sense of belonging towards

“In the projectarea, for last twodecades theagricultural landwas gettingconverted intowasteland due tosoil erosion”.-Executive Engineer,

Wastelanddevelopment Board

“To makewatersheddevelopmentprogrammesuccessful.and SustainablePeople’sparticipationwas given topmost priority.”

ProjectFunctionary,

Wastelanddevelopment Board



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the project, for it was envisaged to be a project for the people, of the peopleand in the long run a project managed by the people.

To begin with to elicit people’ s participation a committee called userscommittee, comprising of the villagers, farming community and the project

functionaries was formed. The users committee was formed in seven out ofthe eleven beneficiary villages. The membership of the committee variedfrom village to village. Every committee had a head and members. Toensure true representation of the community, membership was in proportionto the village population.

An Organo gram of the committee

Each users committee, in general has a total of 17 members; the membersto the post are elected through consensus. The office bearers of the userscommittee on non –performance are changed.

The users committee was entrusted with the following responsibilities:

(i) Implementation of the project(ii) Management of the project (iii) Protecting the construction activities and.(iv) Distribution of fodder and fuel wood and wages to labourer.

Chairman

Vice-Chairman

15 members

“Officebearers of thecommittee arenot fixed but ifrequired/ needbe arechanged. ”- Member Users

Committee



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Having elicited community participation, the project functionaries ofwasteland development board implemented the activities relating to theproject in a phased manner.

The Activities

The project activities were undertaken first in the Solampur village and latersimultaneously in other project villages. This village was facing problem ofsoil erosion due to flow of rainwater from the Aravali ranges, this was theproblem in other villages as well. The rainwater in its course depositedstones and pebbles on the land. As a result of this over a period of time thevast cultivable land of the village had become barren. The rainwater fromthe ranges had also made deep-water ways on the mountains.

Activity I: Construction of Check Dams

The wasteland development board to check further widening anddeepening of the waterways, taking into accounts all technicalitiesconstructed Check dams along the length of the waterways. This activityhas helped (a) allowed the eroded soil to settle on the check dams and(b) checked further widening and deepening of the waterways. Tostrengthen the bed of the check dams Moonjha and Thor plants used asfodder were planted (c) The plantation also helped to retain the moisture inthe soil.

Activity II: Construction of set guard Trenches

To check soil erosion on the cultivable land and to conserve soil, Set guardTrenches at a distance of 10 –12 meters from the slope, measuring 4x 0.3meters covering 125 hectares of land were build against the slopes of themountain ranges. The soil from the trenches was deposited along side tobuild Bunds. On the bunds plants such as Amla Chal, Desi Babbul,Kumtha and other wild plants were planted. This activity helped in (a) Inchanging the course of water flow (b) checking soil erosion and (c) allowedthe water seep into the ground and improved the water table.

Till October 2000, 2186 hectares of land was covered through set guardtrenches. With the help of these trenches about 360 litres of rainwaterseeps into the ground.



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Activity III: Plantation of trees on contour set guard trenches andcontour lines.

To increase the fertility of the soil plants such as Desi Babbul, Israeli

Babbul, Kumtha and other wild plants were planted in villages Dumara,Amba, Bhawantha, Sardhana, Balakpura and Massina. A total of 176871plants were planted. The plantation helped in (a) increased the fertility ofthe soil and it increased the produce by manifolds (b) The plantation notonly helped in conserving the soil but has also helped in bringing back thefauna to the district, which had disappeared in this area. Today, one canfind birds Baya, Goriiya (Woodpecker) and Tittar.

Activity IV: Rain Water Harvesting Structure

To store the runoff rainwater, water harvesting (Nadi) structures in

consultation with the villagers were constructed. All the wells coming in thecatchment area benefited from as it increased the water table of thesewells.

Activity V: Construction of Contour Ferro’s

To make available fodder for the animals and to conserve the fodder land invillages the project functionaries built Contour Ferro’s at a distance of 10 to12 metres from the land covering area of 0.06 square metres. This mainlyhelped in checking the flow of the rainwater. For stabilisation of the contourFerro’s on the contour‘s Stylo Hemta, Dhamana Grass and Moonjha wereplanted.

Each year in the available 10-to 12-metre land between Contour Ferro’s,Dhamna and Stylo Hemta types of grass were planted. The plantationsolved the problem of fodder for their cattle’s for the villagers. The userscommittee distributed the produce equally among the villagers. In the year2000 the users committee distributed 690.30 quintal of fodder among thefarmers.

Activity VI: A forestation and Horticulture

To increase the forest area, Plantation activities were encouraged by way of

nurseries. Farmers were encouraged to start nurseries, so that the wildplants are available for plantation locally. Till March 2000, 14 nurserieswere set up in the project area.

A Total of 77903 saplings were planted in the villages Solampur, Dumara,Amba, Bhawanta, Sadhana, and Massina. Today, there are 58430 liveplants of Desi Babul , Aranj, Tortosil, Subabul, Aardu, Kumtha, and Khejadi etc.



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The Impact

These activities have had a major impact on the area; today Pissangan’s

face has changed. The lost flora and fauna are returning and even thevillagers are reaping its benefit. The impact of this project has beenmanifolds.

☛ It has checked soil erosion.

☛ It has helped in soil retain its moisture.

“Our lands have changed, they have become fertile the yield is good,water level has improved; now I can draw water from my well.Fodder and fuel wood is easily available to day”.

- Gomaji Rawat, Village Amba.

☛ Fodder and Fuel wood is available a plenty. In fact with whichyear the produce has grown and so has the distribution.

Source: Primary Field Survey

“Earlier, I along

with myHusbandearned wages inAjmer. My landwas barren. Butnow life haschanged. Theproject hashelped, in landretaining themoisture. Now I

am able tocultivate theand”.

Lado, Resident ofvillage Bhawanta.

Yearwise Fodder Distribution by Users Committee

323.29

534.78

710.58750.98

690.3

47.670

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Years

Q u n i t a l s



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As it is apparent from the figure, by 1998 the distribution of fodderamong the farmers has increased nearly by 15 times, although thethere was slight fall in the year 2000, but over all it has been veryencouraging.

“ Before the start of the project there were all sorts of problems, land was barren, No fodder for cattle ’ s and fuel wood was always short ”

– Lakshman Singh, Village Bhawanta.

☛ It has improved the water table levels in the project area.

Table 2.1: Increasing water table levels after land treatment

Depth of water table from ground level (in Feet)Village 94-95 95-96 99-00 2000-2001

5/94 11/94 5/95 11/96 5/99 11/99 5/00 11/00Sardana 75 65 67 30 58 14 57 14Masina 85 60 75 38 48 12 47 12

Dumara 45 38 40 25 32 22 32 22Bhanwta 100 93 82 78 60 32 59 31Amba 85 76 70 65 39 32 38 32Balakpura 55 42 46 32 32 25 32 25Somalpur 57 49 50 44 44 35 44 35


“Project has beenof great help to

us. Now there isno waterproblem, Noproblem of fuelwood. We areable to cultivateour land. Earlier,our lands werebarren and yieldwas very low.There was no

water. We spentwhole daycollecting fuelwood andfodder”.- Vardi, W/o Hukam

Increasing water table levels in summer

75

58 57

75

48 474540

32 32

100

82

39 3846

32 32

57 5044 44

67

85

60 59

85

70

55

0

20

4060

80

100

120

94-95 95-96 99-00 2000-01

Year

W a t e r l e v e l ( f e e t )

Sardana Masina Dumada Bhanwta

Amba Balakpura Somalpur



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The impact of the water harvesting is visible, the water which wasavailable after digging over forty feet is now available at 30 ft. in peaksummers (i.e. in the month of May).

“Earlier my land was barren, rainwater had eroded the soil. After the

construction of check dams, soil has settled down, water levels in thewells have improved. Fuel wood and fodder is now available fromour land itself.”

- Rattani, Village Dumara

☛ Economic Impact of the project on the lives of the people

Agriculture is the main occupation here but due to soil erosion, mostof the land was not fit for cultivation. Around 5 hectares of land wascultivated prior to wasteland development project in the five studyvillages: Massina, Amba, Dumara, Bhawanta and Sardhana. After

the land treatment around 14 hectares of land together in the fivestudy villages is being irrigated.


“The water levelsin our wells haveincreased barrenland has becomefertile. The yield isgood. We save

time and energy incollecting fuelwood and fodder.”- Chandu Rawat, VillageAmba.

Land irrigated before and after the land treat ment

3.93.3

6.555.8

4.5

12.3

16.617.9

9.4

14.9

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Massina Amba Dumara Bhawanta Sardhana

Study villages

H e c t a r e s

Before 1995 After 1995



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Till 1995 Bajara was the only crop cultivated in the study villages.However, after 1995 along with Bajara, wheat and corn are alsogrown. The land treatment has also helped in the cultivation ofvegetables and flowers. The rise in levels of the ground water tableallows farmers to grow cash crops and has changed the face of thebarren land. This has led to over all economic development.

6.7

7.5

6.7 6.9

11.3

14

7.3

8.7 8.2

10.2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Massina Amba Dumara Bhawanta Sardhana

Main crop yeild before and after the land treatment




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Coverage area of crops before and after 1995

Crops Name of theVillages

Before1995

After 1995

Vegetables

Cauliflower/Cabbage

Dumara, Sadhanaand Massina

0.0 56

Chillies Massina 0.0 2Onion Dumara and

Massina0.0 48

Brinjal Massina 0.0 2Tomato Dumara 0.0 2Lady finger Sardhana 0.0 1

FlowersRose Sardhana, Dumara

and Massina54 60

Marigold(Guladaudi)

Massina 0.0 8

Chrysanthemum Sardhana andMassina

0.0 15

Source: Waste land Development Bard Records, Rajas than

54

60

0

8

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15

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Hectares

R o s e

M a r i g

o l d

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Flowers cultivation before and after the start of project




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How our lives have changed …

MY GARDEN HAS BLOOMED

´ , W V H H P V O L N H D G U H D P W R X V L V L W U H D O , V W L O O L P D J L Q H 7 L O O

\ H V W H U G D \ P H D Q G P \ K X V E D Q G V W U X J J O H G W R P D N H E R W K

H Q G V P H H W P D Q D J L Q J W R N H H S R X U I D P L O \ R I V L [ ² V R Q V

D Q G G D X J K W H U V D Q G R X U V H O Y H V D O L Y H µ 6 D \ V 5 D W W D Q L Z L I H

R I 6 K U L 5 D P & K D Q G * X M M D U R I Y L O O D J H ' X P D U D

7 R G D \ R X U O L Y H V K D Y H F K D Q J H G W K D Q N V W R W K H S U R M H F W D Q G

Z L V G R P W K D W S U H Y D L O H G X S R Q X V W R S D U W L F L S D W H L Q L W : H

G L G Q · W K D Y H W K H P R Q H \ W R F R Q W U L E X W H L Q V W H D G Z H G L G W K H

V K U D P G D Q

V K U D P G D Q

: H K D G K H F W D U H V R I O D Q G E X W L W Z D V R I Q R X V H

L W K D G E H F R P H E D U U H Q G X H W R V R L O H U R V L R Q : K H Q W K H

S U R M H F W V W D U W H G L Q R X U Y L O O D J H Z H K D G P L [ H G I H H O L Q J V Q R W

V X U H Z K D W Z D V V K R Z Q L Q W K H I L O P L V U H D O R U Q R W + R Z H Y H U

Z H G H F L G H G W R J L Y H L W D W U \ D Q G U H T X H V W H G W K H F R P P L W W H H

I R U W H F K Q L F D O N Q R Z K R Z W R F R Q V W U X F W & K H F N ' D P

: H F R Q V W U X F W H G W K H F K H F N G D P D Q G S O D Q W H G W K H P R R Q M K D

* U D V V R Q L W X Q V X U H Z K H W K H U L W Z R X O G F K D Q J H R X U O L Y H V < H V

O L N H L Q W K H I L O P R X U Z H O O Z K L F K K D G J R Q H G U \ V K R Z H G V L J Q

R I Z D W H U D Q G R Q R X U E D U U H Q O D Q G Z H V D Z V S U R X W V R I Z L O G

S O D Q W V 0 \ - R \ N Q H Z Q R E R X Q G V ² 6 L Q F H W K H Q Z H K D Y H Q R W

V W U X J J O H G W R N H H S W K H I D P L O \ D O L Y H 7 R G D \ R Q R X U O D Q G Z H

J U R Z % D M D U D : K H D W % U L Q M D O 2 Q L R Q V D Q G 5 R V H : H R Z Q

% X I I D O R V D Q G D F R Z Z H K D Y H D S X F F D K R X V H P D U U L H G R I I

R X U W Z R G D X J K W H U V ´ 7 R G D \ R X U J D U G H Q K D V E O R R P H G D Q G

W K H I L O P Z H V D Z Z D V U H D O µ 6 D \ V 5 D W W D Q L D Q G K H U K X V E D Q G

Z L W K P R L V W H \ H V



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AJMER IS LONG FORGOTTEN+ H P D 5 D Z D W V R Q R I O D G X 5 D Z D W K D G E L J S L H F H R I O D Q G

G X H W R V R L O H U R V L R Q K H Z D V D E O H W R L U U L J D W H R Q O \ K H F W D U H V

R I O D Q G D Q G W K H U H V W R I W K H O D Q G K D G E H F R P H E D U U H Q D Q G

X Q I L W I R U F X O W L Y D W L R Q + H P D 5 D Z D W O L N H P D Q \ I U R P K L V

Y L O O D J H 0 D V V L Q D W R R N K H O S R I W K H X V H U V F R P P L W W H H W R G H Y H O R S

K L V O D Q G $ S D U W I U R P W H F K Q L F D O N Q R Z K R Z W K H F R P P L W W H H

D O V R H Q F R X U D J H G K L P W R J U R Z S O D Q W V V X F K D V $ D U G X / L P H

D Q G W R G R K R U W L F X O W X U H 7 R G D \ R Q K L V O D Q G K H J U R Z V / L P H

$ D U G X I O R Z H U V D Q G Y H J H W D E O H V 6 D S O L Q J V R I D O O W K H V H Z H U H

S U R Y L G H G I U H H R I F R V W K L P E \ W K H X V H U V F R P P L W W H H + H L V D

K D S S \ P D Q W R G D \ I R U K H G R H V Q · W K D Y H W R V W U X J J O H I R U

I R G G H U I X H O I R R G D Q G I R R G $ O O L V J U R Z Q L Q D S O H Q W \ R Q K L V

O D Q G + H G R H V Q R W K D Y H W R $ M P H U L Q V H D U F K R I Z R U N W R N H H S

K L V I D P L O \ D O L Y H $ M P H U L V O R Q J I R U J R W W H Q

/ D Q G L V D O O Z K H U H L V H I I R U W V D U H + H K D V R Q O \ R Q H R E M H F W L Y H

Q R Z W R P D N H W K H P R V W R I W K H S U R M H F W $ I W H U D O O Q R Z K H L V

D E O H W R F X O W L Y D W H R Q W K H H Q W L U H O D Q G R I K H F W D U H V



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Poverty does not stare me any more7 K H V W R U \ R I 5 D P 6 L Q J K 5 D Z D W L V Y H U \ P X F K V L P L O D U K H Z D V

D E O H W R F X O W L Y D W H R Q O \ W Z R K H F W D U H V R I O D Q G G X H W R V R L O

H U R V L R Q

0 D Q D J L Q J W Z R V T X D U H P H D O V D G D \ K L V I D P L O \ Z D V D Q

D U G X R X V W D V N * H W W L Q J ) R G G H U I R U W K H K H U G R I J R D W V H Y H Q

P R U H G L I I L F X O W W K H J R D W V Z H U H O H W O R R V H W R I H Q G I R U

W K H P V H O Y H V + R Z H Y H U Z K H Q K H F D P H W R N Q R Z D E R X W W K H

Z D V W H O D Q G S U R M H F W K H O L N H R W K H U S H R S O H I U R P K L V Y L O O D J H

$ P E D D Q G Q H L J K E R X U L Q J Y L O O D J H W R R N W K H K H O S R I X V H U V

F R P P L W W H H W R F R Q V W U X F W Z D W H U K D U Y H V W L Q J V W U X F W X U H R Q K L V

O D Q G 7 K H K L W K H U W R R E D U U H Q O D Q G V K R Z H G U H P D U N D E O H

V L J Q V R I O L I H W K H O D Q G V W D U W H G W R U H W D L Q P R L V W X U H D Q G

V S U R X W V R I V H H G V Z H U H Y L V L E O H D I W H U D Y H U \ O R Q J W L P H + D Y L Q J

O L Y H G R Q W K H E U L Q N R I S R Y H U W \ W R G D \ 5 D P 6 L Q J K 5 D Z D W L V

U L F K P D Q K H R Z Q V W Z R % X I I D O R H V D Q G F X O W L Y D W H V Y H J H W D E O H V

D Q G I O R Z H U V R Q K L V O D Q G W K H S U R G X F H E U L Q J V K L P J R R G

P R Q H \ 3 R Y H U W \ G R H V Q R W V W D U H K L V I D P L O \ D Q \ P R U H



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The Community Participation

The project, as mentioned earlier was envisaged to be Project of the

people for the people and managed by the people. The projectfunctionaries were conscious that mere formation of the users committeewould not ensure community participation; sense of belonging ness was tobe the mantra for success. Towards this the community was asked tocontribute 15 percent of the total cost of the activity on voluntary basis. Thecontribution could be in the form of labour or shram Dan . Any thing overand above 15 percent was given wages. These wages are deposited asFixed deposits by users committee. Till now, the committee has depositedRs. Two lakhs and ninety thousand. The amount will be used for themaintenance.

Community participation was also ensured through various trainingprogrammes conducted by the users committee with the help of projectfunctionaries. Training programmes were organised in the followingareas:

• Horticulture

• Mixed Farming

• Crop Exhibition

• Maintenance of the Fodder land

In addition Charts, Posters and Pamphlets were also given. Till date 8 suchcamps have been organised and one study tour of the district was

organised for the farmers.

This has ensured that the communities’ participation does not wane out.

People’s Perception

The project has had a significant impact in the area. The people have avery positive perception about it. The project will come to end by March2002, the people are aware and feel the government withdrawal will havesome affect as most of the things they get at a subsidised rates, once the

project is over things will have to be bought at the market rate. However,they are determined to keep the good work going.

“The whole village has been benefited by the project, if the governmentwithdraws we can run the project and we will run the project ” - LaduSingh, Chairman Users Committee, Massina.

“ Project is verygood. We havebeen greatlybenefited by theproject.Government’swithdrawal willhave someaffect, but weare confidentwe can now runthe project onour own.”-Ranjeet Singh,Member userscommittee, Sardhana



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“This project is very good, all our problems have been solved, and thisprogramme should be implemented where there is problem of soil erosion,we have been benefited, and we think it can be of great help to othersalso. We have learnt so much we can mange ourselves. There will be noeffect on the programme, if government does not support it. “– Lachman

Singh, beneficiary, village Bhawanta.

Replicability

The project wasteland development project has raised hopes thatwasteland can be made fertile and bring about prosperity to the area. Theproject can be replicated in the areas affected by similar problems however,while replicating few of these issues needs to be kept in mind. Theperception of community and functionaries with respect to the steps to betaken for replication of the activities in order of priority are mentioned below.

¾ Whether the nature of the problem is similar to one faced by thePissagan block.

¾

If similar, can the same activities bring about the difference, whatnew activities to undertake

¾

The continuity of the officials who conceived the project till theend of the project.

¾ The community perception and strong community institutionssuch as Panchayat’s

¾

Involvement of the community from stage one – conception ofproject to the execution

¾

Formation of a committee to take care of the project activities.The members to be elected and not nominated.

The community and the functionaries are very positive about thereplicability of the programme.

Assessment

The community participation has been the key to the success of Wasteland Development Project in the district. It was ensured all through theimplementation of the project that the people’s enthusiasm and interest

does not wane away after the initial euphoria. Most importantly, the projectfunctionaries’ form the beginning was a distant spectator, only providingthe technical inputs while actual nuisances of design, execution andmanagement was left to the users committee. This micro-level planninghas provided people with an opportunity of learning of managing thescheme and also given them the confidence that they can now do thegovernment support. This project has truly been the project of the people,for the people and managed by the people.



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3 Community Lift Irrigation Programme

in Bhilwara District of Rajas than

To give impetus to agriculture in the rural and backwards areas of the

country, the World Bank, in 1995, launched Agriculture DevelopmentScheme. Under the scheme special provisions were made for thedevelopment of Tribal areas. Under this special scheme, to enlistcommunity participation, a provision was made where by, a part of theproject cost was to be borne by the beneficiaries in the ration of 1: 2: 7. Outthe total project cost, Tribal Development Agency had to contribute 10percent towards the cost, farmers’ (beneficiaries) had to contribute 20percent and the remaining 70 percent was to be the government’s

contribution.

The District Rural Development Agency of Bhilwara, a district in the state ofRajasthan, submitted a project for the Community Lift Irrigation Scheme.The project got approval in the year 1996.

The District of Bhilwara is located in southern part of Rajas than and isadjacent to the pilgrimage city of Ajmer. The district has many tributaries,which flow into the ponds and lakes in the area. The water in these isavailable throughout the year and can be used for irrigation. However, tillrecently, the rainwater was main source of irrigation and land was cultivated

only for a quarter of the year. The marginal and small farmers did not havethe know how to tap the vast natural resource of water for irrigation duringnon-rainy season. As result, majority of them migrated to other cities andtowns for work after the rains.

The Project

The project Community Lift Irrigation Scheme was approved in November1996. The main objective of the project was to:

• To provide irrigation facilities to small and marginal farmers.

The project was completed in a record time of six months i.e. by March1997. In this short period community lifts were constructed and provision ofbring the water to the land was made.

“To provideirrigation afacility is the

main aim ofthe project”. -Mishri Lal,Member, Farmer’sCommittee,village Khatwara.



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However, there were certain conditions to be met, for stating a communitylift irrigation project. (1) A minimum of 10 farmers have to be there and (2)one lift could irrigate up to 100 hectares of land, so only those farmerswhose land fell within the catchments area would benefit and should be partof the group.

The project was successfully implemented in the villages of the district. Forthe purpose of the study we selected the Mandalgarh Block in the districtand covered all the five villages falling in the block.

These study villages are (1) Rajgarh (2) Shaympura (3) Soodi (4)Umedhpura (5) Khatwara

The Management

To begin with to elicit people’s participation many sessions were held with

the villagers to explain the benefits of the community lift irrigation project.Once convinced, a committee called Farmers committee, comprising ofbeneficiary Farmers, (all those farmers whose land fell in the catchmentsarea of the lift) Officers of the Department of Agriculture, and Bank Mangerof the nearest bank and the Executive Engineer of the project was formed.

An Organo gram of the committee

Farmers, Bank Manger, Officers of theAgriculture Department and Executive

Engineer of the Project

Chairman(From among the beneficiary Farmer)

Members(All beneficiary Farmers)



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The farmers committee is formed

On the formation of the Farmers Committee, the farmers have to contribute

20 percent of the total project cost as per the provision under the scheme.The economic condition of the farmer in the district being poor, thecommittee in most of the villages was unable to raise the requisite 20percent to start the project. Therefore, in a meeting the following wasagreed upon that:

1. A part of the contribution could come in cash;2. A part in the form of labour i.e. shram dan: and3. The rest of the money would be deposited in bank from the profits

accruing from the project.4. All the beneficiaries have to pay amount in proportion to the land

being irrigated.

The committee meets once in a month to oversee the various activities. Thefollowing are the responsibility of the farmer’s committee is:

• Maintenance of the community lift;

• Collecting money from the beneficiary farmers.

• Paying electricity Charges

• Paying Salary to care taker and

• Payment other dues.

The Activity

The construction of the community lift was the major activity. The lifts inthe villages were built on the tributaries of river Yamuna – Banas and Kho.

With the help of pump sets of minimum 15 horsepower, water through pipesis lifted from river and collected in a tank of different sizes, the dimensionsof the tank depended on the area to be irrigated, from the tank channels forwater to reach the beneficiary farmer’s land.

The Impact In the district, earlier, cultivation was restricted to rainy season only due tolack of irrigation facilities and during other seasons migration to other citiesand town in search of work was common. However, the project has had atremendous impact in the district, especially in the five study villages. Inthese villages prior to the community lift irrigation scheme, Maize was themain Kharif crop and Wheat main Rabi crop. After the implementation of the

“ Implementationand Maintenanceof the project isthe responsibilityof the farmer’scommittee. Toensure there isenough water in

the tanks toreach beneficiaryfarmer’s land andcollecting moneyfrom thebeneficiaries arethe main tasks ofthe farmer’scommittee”. Jagdish Chandra ,

President, Farmer’scommittee, villageRaj garh.



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scheme during Kharif season now other crops such as Groundnut, Black gram (Urad) and Green gram (Moong) are also grown and during Rabiseason crops such as Mustard (Sarsoon) and Bengal gram (Channa ) arealso grown.

In all the study villages over two – fifths of the farmers are benefiting fromthis village.

“Water never reached our lands and they had gone dry, we could notcultivate our land properly. Community Lift Irrigation Scheme has changed

all that, today we are able to cultivate land and yield is also good. Nowwater and fodder are easily available”. - Mangi Lal, village Rajgarh

“Because of the project we are able to irrigate our land through out the year.Now we don’t go looking for job to other cities and town. Today, we cultivateour land and have enough for our selves”. - Gopi, village Rajgarh.

95 100

49

73

52

70

86

5043

55

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

H

e

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t

a

re

s

R a j g a r h I

S h y a m p u r a

U m a d h p u r a

K h a t w a r a

S o o d h i

Villages

Beneficaries in a Village and Land Irrigated

No. of Beneficaries Hectares

“ We get water

for irrigation, ourland has becomemore fertile now,per hectare yieldhas also gone up.We don’t have togo in search offodder now”.- Shivraj Singh,resident of VillageShaympura.

“Earlier wehad difficultyin irrigatingour land. ThecommunityLift irrigation

Scheme hasmadeirrigation ofland easy.”- Gopi, villageRajgarh



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Land Irrigated Before and After Community Lift Irrigation

Scheme

1 1 0.6 1 0.8

9.6

6.7

4.45

5.6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Khatwara Soodhi Umedhapura Shaym pura Rajgarh I

Villages

H e c t a r e s


3.9

13.4

3.2

17.7

7.6

30

9

16

5.4

21.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Khatwara Umedhapura Rajgarh I

Main Crop Yeild Before and After the Community Lift IrrigationScheme




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How our lives have changed …

HOW GREEN IS MY VALLEY6 L W D 5 D P R I Y L O O D J H 5 D M J D U K L V D P D U J L Q D O I D U P H U R Q W K H

K H F W D U H V R I O D Q G W K D W K H R Z Q V K H F X O W L Y D W H G 0 D L ] H + H

F R X O G Z R U N R Q O D Q G R Q O \ G X U L Q J U D L Q \ V H D V R Q + R Z H Y H U

P X F K K H Z D Q W H G W R W L O W K L V O D Q G K H F R X O G Q · W I R U W K H U H Z D V

Q R Z D W H U W R L U U L J D W H W K H O D Q G $ O W K R X J K K L V Y L O O D J H L V R Q

W K H E D Q N V R I U L Y H U % D Q D V W K H U H Z D V Q R Z D \ W R E U L Q J Z D W H U

W R K L V I L H O G V 7 R N H H S K L V I D P L O \ R I V H Y H Q ² V R Q V D Q G

G D X J K W H U D O L Y H K H Z R U N H G L Q . R W D

+ H K D G K H D U G D E R X W W K H F R P P X Q L W \ O L I W L U U L J D W L R Q V F K H P H

R Q K L V U H W X U Q K R P H L Q - D Q X D U \ : L W K J U H D W G L I I L F X O W \

K H D U U D Q J H G W K H L Q L W L D O S D \ P H Q W W K H U H V W K H G H F L G H G W R

F R Q W U L E X W H L Q W K H I R U P R I O D E R X U

( Y H U V L Q F H W K H Z D W H U U H D F K H G K L V O D Q G L W K D V F K D Q J H G K L V

O L I H + H G R H V Q R W J R W R . R W D K L V O D Q G J L Y H V K L P H Q R X J K

I U R P D P D U J L Q D O I D U P H U K H K D V E H F R P H D V P D O O I D U P H U

K D Y L Q J E U R X J K W D Q R W K H U K H F W D U H V R I O D Q G 7 R G D \ + H L V

D K D S S \ D Q G F R Q W H Q G H G P D Q I R U K L V Y D O O H \ K D V W X U Q H G

J U H H Q



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GOD HAS BEEN KIND TO ME

$ Q G D U L ' H Y L Z L G R Z R I . D Q D R I W K H Y L O O D J H 6 R R G K L Z D V

O L Y L Q J O L I H L Q D E M H F W S R Y H U W \ 2 Q K H U V P D O O K R O G L Q J V K H

P D Q D J H G W R J U R Z D E R X W D V D F N R I 0 D L ] H 6 K H D O V R Z R U N H G

R Q G D L O \ Z D J H V W R P D N H E R W K W K H H Q G P H H W / L N H D J R G V H Q W

P H V V D J H V K H K H D U G D E R X W W K H & R P P X Q L W \ O L I W , U U L J D W L R Q

6 F K H P H I U R P W K H S U D G K D Q : K D W H Y H U V D Y L Q J V V K H K D G L W

Z D V L Q Y H V W H G L Q W K H V F K H P H 7 R G D \ V K H L V D E O H W R F X O W L Y D W H

K H U D F U H V R I O D Q G 6 K H J U R Z V : K H D W 9 H J H W D E O H V D Q G

0 X V W D U G L Q D G G L W L R Q W R 0 D L ] H

+ H U + D U Y H V W L V J R R G $ S D U W R I W K H S U R F H H G V I R U P W K H V D O H

J R H V L Q S D \ L Q J W K H G H I L F L W D P R X Q W 6 K H K D V O L W W O H W R

F R P S O D L Q I U R P O L I H 7 R F R P I R U W D E O H O L Y L Q J I U R P D E M H F W

S R Y H U W \ J R G K D V E H H Q N L Q G W R P \ I D P L O \ V D \ V W K L V \ H D U V

R O G Z R P D Q

6 K H K D V H Y H U \ U H D V R Q W R V P L O H K D Y L Q J P D U U L H G R I I K H U

G D X J K W H U D Q G V R Q 6 K H K D V H Y H U \ W K L Q J R Q H F R X O G Z L V K R I D

S X F F D K R X V H E X I I D O R H V D Q G F R Z V $ O O W K D Q N V W R W K H

V F K H P H V K H D Y D L O H G



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I DON’T WORRY ANY MORE

% D K L U R Q 6 L Q J K R I Y L O O D J H 8 P H G K S X U D K D G D F U H V R I O D Q G

E X W Z D V D E O H W R L U U L J D W H R Q O \ D F U H 7 K H U H V W Z D V O \ L Q J

X Q F X O W L Y D W H G + H D O V R E H F D P H P H P E H U R I W K H ) D U P H U V

F R P P L W W H H $ V D E H Q H I L F L D U \ K H U H F H L Y H V Z D W H U I U R P

F R P P X Q L W \ O L I W L U U L J D W L R Q S X P S W K D W K D V E H H Q V H W X S Q H D U

K L V I D U P 7 K H V P H O O R I Z H W O D Q G L V V Z H H W D Q G W K H V R X Q G V R I

W K H U X Q Q L Q J S X P S V H W V D U H P X V L F W R P \ H D U V 7 K L V S U R M H F W

K D V F K D Q J H G P \ O L I H , Q R O R Q J H U Z R U U \ D E R X W Z K D W W R G R

D I W H U W K H U D L Q V 1 R Z , G R Q · W Z D Q W W R O H D Y H P \ Y L O O D J H , D P

K D S S \ K H U H , D P F X O W L Y D W L Q J P \ O D Q G \ L H O G L V J R R G D Q G

O L I H L V F R P I R U W D E O H , K D Y H Q R Z R U U L H V 0 \ I D P L O \ L V K D S S \

O D Q G J L Y H V H Q R X J K I R U W K H I D P L O \ The Community Participation

Community Participation is key for success of any programme. Thecommunity has actively participated in this project. The community isregularly paying the amount for using the lift irrigation facility. The amount

collected helps in taking care of the following:

• Payment of salary to the caretaker of the pump sets.

• Paying electricity charges

• Maintenance of the community lifts and

• Paying other dues and taking care of miscellaneous needs that mayarise due to wear and tear of the machinery.

As the project has benefited the people their participation is whole hearted.

“The projectbrought water toands showed

cultivation ispossible. Ourand became

fertile because of

the project.Today, we cangrow everythingearlier it was onlya dream”.- Suraj Mal,villageUmedhpura.



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People ‘s Perception

Community’s Participation is a good indicator of the people’s perception of

the project. The response to this scheme has been tremendous and verypositive. The project was only for a short period of six months. Its survivaleven after that speaks volumes about the project and people’s attitudetowards it.

Replicability

The project community lift irrigation programme has raised hopes that watercan be brought to hither to parched lands can be made fertile and bringabout prosperity to the area. The project can be replicated in the areasaffected by similar problems however, while replicating few of these issues

needs to be kept in mind. The perception of community and functionarieswith respect to the steps to be taken for replication of the activities in orderof priority are mentioned below.

¾ Whether the nature of the problem is similar to one faced byMandalgarh block.

¾

If similar, can the same activities bring about the difference,what new activities to undertake

¾ The continuity of the officials who conceived the project till theend of the project.

¾ The community perception and strong community institutionssuch as, Farmer’s committee.

¾

Involvement of the community from stage one – conception ofproject to the execution

¾ Formation of a committee to take care of the project activities.The members to be elected and not nominated.

The community and the functionaries are very positive about thereplicability of the programme.

Assessment The government of Rajas than had with drawn its support to project in theyear 2000. Form 1997 to 2000 it was just providing technical support.Raising all the funds required for the setting up of the community liftirrigation and managing the project was responsibility of the Farmer’sCommittee. So far the farmer’s committee have done well and the veryfact that the scheme is doing well with out government support shows thatthe project is sustainable and very much replicable in the other parts of thecountry.

“ We are runningthe committeewithoutgovernmentshelp. We willcontinue to doso.” Ganpat Singh,

Committee Member



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4 Boond Bachat Sangathan (Thrift and

Credit Group) in Rural Areas of Kanpur

Thrift and Credit or Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have become a powerful

means to meet the women’s expressed need for improved access to credit,particularly to small loans, which would allow them to engage in risk-averse, multi production strategies and thereby to improve the livelihoods oftheir families. SHGs attempts to raise the choice of level of the poorwomen by building up an institutional framework that is in tune with theircapacities of self –administration and better geared towards serving theirneeds.

Boond Bachat Sangathan is a scheme in Micro Finance, started byShramik Bharati, a Kanpur based NGO in September 1989 in urban slumsof Kanpur and in 2 rural blocks – Kalayanpur and Bhitergaon of KanpurDistrict. Today, the scheme, which was an attempt to mobilise the poor andmove them forward primarily through local capital accumulation and assetcreation, reaches more than 10,000 people.

The Programme

The programme was although launched in 1988 was conceived in 1986,

when the factories in the industrial city- Kanpur were being shut down. Theclosure of the industries affected the lives of the many poor people living inthe city. A survey undertaken, to study the problems faced by the poor in ecity revealed that finance in times of need was main problem. The needgave birth to Boond Bachat Sanghtan .

The micro finance programme - Boond Bachat Sangathan, which wasconceived in 1986, has so far been implemented in 92 villages. Today,there are about 534 SHGs - 264 rural SHGs and 270 urban SHGs. Up toMarch 2002, members had saved Rs .149.70 lakhs and had disbursed totalloan of Rs. 348.81 lakhs.

The main objectives of the programme are:¾

To inculcate habit of saving in poor women;¾ To bring them out of the clutches of money lender¾ To provide loans to manage household cash flow crisis during

emergencies¾ To provide loans for income generation activities¾ To provide business development services

“When we didthe survey, webecame aware

of theproblemsfaced by thecommunity-drinkingwater, lack oftoilets, non-availability ofschools by farthe mostimportant

problem wasthat of gettingmoney inemergency”.-R.S.Avasthi Proj. Coodrinator



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The Management

To elicit community participation and to create a sense of belongingness,the management of the Self- Help Group has people drawn from the

community itself. The structure of typical SHG of a village is presentedbelow.

An Organo Gram of the SELF-HELP GROUP

President

Secretary

Treasurer

Field Supervisor

10-20 members

O f f i c e B e a r e r s



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All the office bearers are elected by the by the members of the group andhold office for period of 2 years their continuation in the office depends onthe wishes of the members. Shramik Bharati appoints the Field supervisor.The role and functions of the office bears is as follows:

President: President is head of the group and addresses the groupmeetings.

Secretary: Secretary assists President in activities of the group.

Treasurer: Maintains accounts of the group along with field supervisor.

Field Supervisor: Field Supervisor is appointed by Shramik Bharti and isresponsible for organising group meetings and collecting monthly deposits,loan instalments and coordinating work with treasurer and Shramik Bharti.

Members: Each group has to have minimum of 20 women, as thesegroups are exclusively women’s group. The criteria for membership: -

¾

Woman should be residing in the area.¾

Woman should belong to below poverty line.¾

She should be above the age of 18 years but less than 60 years.

The Activities

Activity 1: Formation of Group

On the formation of the group rules and regulations or ‘niyamawali’ as it iscalled are written. Groups are to strictly observe the niyams. President ofthe Shramik Bharati; Co-ordinator and Asst. Co-ordinator Boond BachatSanghatan; and in-charge finance Boond Bachat Sanghatan prepareNiyamawali.

Rules and regulations or ’ niyamawali’ for the group are:I. Only woman can be come a member.

II. Member should be mentally sound.III. Member should be residing in area and should belong to economically

weaker section of the society- below poverty line.

IV. Member should be in the age group of 18 – 60 years.V. Members will be paid 6% interest on savings.

VI. Members will have to pay 18% interest on loans.VII. Interest amount will be spent on the functioning of the group.

VIII. Each group should have minimum of 10 groups and maximum of 20groups.

IX. Office bears of the group to be elected every year.X. Group will meet on fixed date and place every month.



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XI. Accounts of the group to be audited.XII. On default of monthly deposit, a fine of Rs. 2 per month will be

imposed on the member.XIII. Member can get loan up to 10 times the savings.

Activity 2: Raising Deposits for the Group

Every member has to deposit a minimum amount of Rs. 20 every monthand can deposit maximum of Rs. 50 every month. In the year 2001-2002,Boond Bachat Sanghatan has collected deposits worth Rs. 56,96,400.

Activity 3: Granting loans

Members can take loans against the money deposited by them. A membercan take maximum loan up to 10 times their deposits and minimum of Rs.200. The amount of instalments is 10 percent of the loan amount. No. of

instalments is discretion of the group. A member is charged 18 percent asinterest on instalments. Loans are granted for various purposes; so farmembers have taken loans for:

• Housing

• Income Generation Activity

• Self-employment

Shramik Bharti in its endeavour is receiving assistance from other financialinstitutions such as:

Small Industrial Development Bank of India (SIDBI): Provides loans

up to 50 lakhs for any non- agriculture related activity and wherein theactivity enhances the skill of the group.

Rashtirya Mahila Kosh: Under its various schemes Rashtriya MahilaKosh helps and grants loan for:

• NGO in formation of Self –Help Groups;

• Up-liftmen of women;

• For Income generation activities to SHG for its members.

Housing Development Corporation (HUDCO): Grants loans to membersof SHG for construction and renovation of house.

National Minorities Development Financial Corporation (NMDFC):Like Rashtriya Mahila kosh grants loans for income –generation activity towomen belonging to the minority groups.

“Today, BBSin itsendeavour isreceiving

assistancefrom externalagencies aswell. Thistells about thesuccess of theprogramme”.- Project Co- ordinator, BBS



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The Impact

Currently, as mentioned earlier, there 264 groups in rural areas of UttarPradesh. We have selected three SHG for study - in Kalayanpur blockSHG s in villages Bheemsen, Baikunthpur and Gadan Khera and in

Bihtargaon block SHG in village Amour have been taken up for study.

These were selected on the basis of groups total saving, Internal loangiven, External loan received and repayment of the external loan.

Group: Bheemsen III

Village Bheemsen has 8 groups. Of all these Bheemsen III is mostsuccessful. In the four years the group has grown rapidly both in terms ofno. of members and deposits.

Table 4.1 Bheemsen III vis-à-vis other SHGs in the village Bheemsen

Name of the Group

No. of members

Total savings

Internal loan given

Internal loan recovered

External loan recovered

Repayment of external loan

BheemsenI

20 24,157 45,550 34,350 1,25,000 60,000

BheemsenII

23 23,456 54,890 46,140 65,000 31,200

BheemsenIII

28 23,529 54,730 42,830 37,500 33,500

BheemsenIV

19 10,953 29,170 22,570 29,000 4,300

BheemsenV

24 12,630 32,820 22,520 15,000 1,400

BheemsenVI

19 13,572 26,970 13,120 0 0

BheemsenVII

24 3,737 4,890 1,140 0 0

BheemsenVIII

20 2,640 3,200 550 0 0

Bheemsen III was formed in 1998 with 12 members. Every memberdeposits Rs 20 per month. In the year 2001-002, it had deposits worth Rs12,720 and given loan worth Rs. 47,000.

In this group, members have availed loan for:

• Setting up shop;

• Buying cattle (buffalo); and

• Agriculture inputs (seeds)

“Eversince thegrouphas beenformedpeopledon’thave torunaround

formoney.This hasbeen thegreatestimpact ofBoondBachatSanghatan.”- Rekha Singh,President,Bheemsen III.



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Although the group has benefited all but one person whose life has beentransformed and her name is synonym with BBS.

THE SYNONYM

$ V N I R U 0 D \ D Z D W L L Q Y L O O D J H % K H H P V H Q D Q G U R D G V Z L O O O H D G

\ R X W K H U H 6 K H L V Z H O O N Q R Z Q S H U K D S V P R U H N Q R Z Q W K D Q W K H

J U D P S U D G K D Q K L P V H O I : K D W Z D V K D V P D G H K H U V R

S R S X O D U " : H O O K H U G H F L V L R Q W R E H F R P H P H P E H U R I 6 H O I K H O S

J U R X S K D V F K D Q J H G K H U O L I H D V L I V R P H R Q H D V Z L H O G H G D

P D J L F Z D Q G 7 R G D \ 0 D \ D Z D W L D Q G 6 H O I + H O S J U R X S V K D Y H

E H F R P H V \ Q R Q \ P V % X W K R Z G L G D O O W K L V E H J L Q 0 D \ D Z D W L

D Q G K H U K X V E D Q G 6 L \ D 5 D P Z R U N H G D V O D E R X U H U V W R P D N H

E R W K H Q G P H H W 7 K H P H D J U H Z D J H W K H \ H D U Q H G Z D V Q R W

H Q R X J K W R P H H W W K H G D \ W R G D \ Q H H G V 7 K H \ E R U U R Z H G

D O P R V W G D L O \ W R P H H W W K H H Y H U L Q F U H D V L Q J Q H H G V 7 K H \ Z H U H

L Q G H E W V 0 D \ D Z D W L F D P H W R N Q R Z D E R X W % % 6 L W W R R N K H U

V R P H W L P H W R F R Q Y L Q F H K H U K X V E D Q G V K H E R U U R Z H G D Q G

M R L Q H G W K H J U R X S $ \ H D U D I W H U V K H M R L Q H G W K H J U R X S V K H W R R N

O R D Q D Q G U H S D L G D O O K H U G H E W V D Q G D O V R R S H Q H G D J U R F H U \

V K R S 7 R G D \ W K D Q N V W R % % 6 V K H K D V D K R X V H D V K R S D Q G K D V

P D U U L H G R I I K H U G D X J K W H U 6 K H K D V V H W D Q H [ D P S O H + H U

V W R U \ L V W R O G W R P R W L Y D W H S H R S O H W R M R L Q W K H J U R X S + H U V W R U \

L Q U H D O L W \ V K R Z V µ % R R Q G % R R Q G V H K L V D J D U E D Q W D K D L µ

6 P D O O V D Y L Q J V D U H V K R Z L Q J W K H Z D \

Group: Gadan Khera II

Village Gadan Khera in Kalayanpur block has 3 groups. Of all these GadanKhera II is most successful. The group was started in 1996 and has 22members. In the last financial year it had collected Rs. 12,000. Themembers of the group deposit Rs. 50 per month. In the last financial year

14 members have taken loans.

“ MayawatiPasi’s lifehas

changeda lot aftershebecamememberof thegroup.She oftenborrowedmoney tomeet her

dailyneeds.But eversince shebecamemembernot onlyshe hasstoppedborrowing but has

repaidher debtsas well”.- Surinder Singh Kushwaha,Gram Pradhan,Village Bheemsen.



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Table 4.2 Gadan Khera II vis-à-vis other SHGs in the village GadanKehra

Name of the

Group

No. of

member s

Total

savings

Internal

loan given

Internal

loan recovered

External

loan recovered

Repayment

of external loan

GadanKhera I

21 23,744 43,550 35,250 77,500 47,600

GadanKhera II

22 21,265 57750 48,450 97,500 40,800

GadanKhera III

23 19,348 55,930 43,690 22,500 7000

In this group, members have availed loan for:

• Setting up shop;

• Buying cattle (buffalo); and

• Renovation of the house

Mira Devi, of this group has been greatly benefited under this programme.

PURCHASING POWER0 L U D ' H Y L L V D K D S S \ Z R P D Q W R G D \ K H U G H F L V L R Q W R M R L Q

W K H 6 + * L V S D \ L Q J R I I 6 K H W R R N O R D Q W R E X \ E X I I D O R V W K U H H

\ H D U V D J R 6 K H U H S D L G L W R Q W L P H Q R Z V K H F D Q D Y D L O P R U H

O R D Q V 6 K H S O D Q V W R V H W X S D V K R S 6 K H Q H H G V 5 V L Q K H U

D F F R X Q W V K H K D V 5 V 6 K H K D V D S S O L H G I R U O R D Q V K H

N Q R Z V L W Z L O O E H J U D Q W H G D Q G K H U G U H D P Z L O O V R R Q E H D

U H D O L W \ I R U V K H K D V W K H S R Z H U W R S X U F K D V H

Group: Baikunthpur I

Baikunthpur I is another successful group in Kalyanpur block. The group infour years time has grown rapidly, it has 20 members and last year it hadgiven loan of Rs. 77,600 to its members. The village has 7 groups.

“ Our monthly

deposit is Rs.50 per month,all ourmembers payloaninstalmentsregularly”.-Mamta Singh , President,Gadan Khera II

“Initially, wehad lotproblems inconvincingmen-folk, nowthey realisethe utility ofthe scheme.When womentake homehuge moneyn the form of

oan, theyappreciate thescheme.”Vidya wati,

President,Baikunthpur I.



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Table 4.3 Baikunthpur I vis-à-vis other SHGs in the village Baikunthpur

Name of the Group

No. of members

Total savings

Internal loan given


External loan recovered


BaikunthpurI

20 21,333 46,050 37,860 30,000 38,850

BaikunthpurII

18 29,562 79,300 67,400 10,000 2,650

BaikunthpurIII

19 23,230 50,550 42,950 7,500 18,200

BaikunthpurIV

23 22,403 41,100 36,550 40,000 4,700

BaikunthpurV

20 9,802 35,850 28,450 15,000 0

Baikunthpur

VI

21 9,731 26,900 17,750 0 0

BaikunthpurVII

20 1,700 1,750 400 0 0

POVERTY HAS NO CASTE OR CREED

3 R Y H U W \ K D V Q R F D V W H R U F U H H G W K L V . U L V K Q D . D Q W L 6 K X N O D

U H D O L V H G . U L V K Q D . D Q W L D E U D K P L Q E \ E L U W K Z D V P D U U L H G

R I I D W \ R X Q J D J H L Q W R D S R R U % U D K P L Q I D P L O \ + H U

K X V E D Q G L V Q R W P H Q W D O O \ V R X Q G D Q G S H R S O H I U R P R Z Q

F R P P X Q L W \ V K X Q Q H G K H U 6 K H Z R U N H G D V P D L G L Q D < D G D Y

K R X V H K R O G D V V K H K D G E R U U R Z H G V R P H P R Q H \ 6 K H V R O G R I I

K H U O D Q G W R U H S D \ < D G D Y · V G H E W Z L W K K H U L Q F R P H V K H M R L Q H G

W K H J U R X S 6 K H W R R N O R D Q I U R P W K H J U R X S W R E X \ E X I I D O R V

D Q G V H W X S D V K R S 6 K H L V D E O H W R J H Q H U D W H J R R G L Q F R P H

I U R P K H U V K R S D Q G O H D G D P R U H F R P I R U W D E O H O L I H

Group: Amour II and IV

Amour II and IV are most successful group in Bhitergaon block. The groupswere started in 1995 and 1997 respectively. The village has 15 groups.The group had given a loan of Rs. 1,10,000 and 10,000 respectively.Majority of the members in the two groups had taken loan for buying cattle.



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Table 4.4 Amour II and IV vis-à-vis other SHGs in the village

Name of the Group

No. of members

Total savings

Internal loan given


External loan received


Amour I 14 32,272 27,650 18,970 0 0

Amour II 16 31,067 38,500 34,350 67,500 28,550

Amour III 20 23,046 34,400 25,500 22,500 5,600

Amour IV 18 34,555 34,950 14,400 4,000 3,700

Amour V 19 8,328 12,500 7,900 0 0

Amour VI 23 21,765 17,100 13,050 0 0

Amour VII 18 13,815 14,450 10,350 16,500 5,550

Amour VIII 14 13,561 10,200 3,200 0 5,150

Amour IX 18 12,373 16,550 7,670 0 0

Amour X 20 18,722 30,800 17,950 0 0

Amour XI 22 6,945 5,900 5,650 7,500 7,900Amour XII 20 7,598 8,200 2,980 0 0

Amour XIII 20 11,521 15,250 7,050 20,000 3,000

Amour XIV 20 7,489 14,100 6,750 25,000 1,400

Community Participation

Community participation initially was not forth coming, as Shramik Bharatiwas a finance company. People feared that it would not be safe to depositsmoney with them. To overcome the problem, Shramik Bharati undertakes asurvey in the villages to get insight into kind of problems and various

reasons loans availed. Shramik Bharati used services of an educated personfrom the village to convince the poor of its intention and small deposits wouldsave them from clutches of Shaukar.

Even among the members it was difficult to convince their spouses of thesafety of the money.

“My neighbour helped me in convincing my husband, as everything was in black and white, it became easy to gain his confidence.”

- Bitan Devi, w/o Hari Singh, village Amour.“Me and my husband were aware of the groups good work, so when it

started in our village my husband did not need any convincing, Iautomatically joined the group”.

–Shanti Devi , w/o Ram Sharan village Amour.

“When I told my husband about the scheme he was reluctant but did gave his consent to join, when we needed money I took loan. He was convinced about the usefulness of the scheme.”

- Radha Devi, Village Bheemsen .

“ We had towork hardconvincepeople ofourintentions, ittakes time toallay theirfears, theirmoney willbe them andwill used bythem fortheir ownneeds”.- R.S.Avasthi,Project Coordinator,

BBS.



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Replicability

Boond Bachat Sanghtan has been modelled itself on a Micro-finance thatwas already in existence in south India. The BBS is replication of the

programme hence it can be easily replicated. The success of the BoondBachat Sanghtan proves that participation is key for any communitydevelopment programme and bringing about the difference in the lives ofthe people. In replicating the model BBS adapt and nurtured the localculture and there by was able to win the confidence and faith of the ruralpoor. It provided them with a choice of saving and also options foraccessibility and repayments of loans.

The BBS was envisaged to ensure sustainability from inception. The groupswere taught to be independent, so that the system does not collapse onceShramik Bharati pulls out.

Assessment

Winning the confidence of the poor has been the key to the success ofBoond Bachat Sanghtan. Transparency of accounts and easy availabilityof loans has convinced the usefulness of the group. The groups have beenblessing for them it has saved them from vicious loan cycle and shaukar.



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5 PROJECT TANNERY

Professional Assistance For Development Action (PRADAN) has ruraldevelopment projects in nine states. The main focus of PRADAN projectsis enabling poor people enhance their livelihoods. In Uttar Pradesh,PRADAN has been working with flayers for about five years. Flayersremove hides from dead bovines. Though they perform a most usefulservice in villages by disposing off fallen animal carcasses, their occupationhas traditionally been looked down upon and they have been consigned tothe lowest rungs of the caste hierarchy.

The Project

Flayers belong to the Schedule Caste and are at the bottom of the castehierarchy due to stigma attached to their traditional occupation. Manyflayers gave up their traditional occupation, believing they would move upthe caste hierarchy, if they gave up flaying and stop eating meat. As flayersare mostly land less, giving up flaying meant becoming agriculturallabourers or pulling cycle rickshaws in cities and towns.

In recent times, these primary workers who supply the basic raw material tothe leather industry have suffered a decline in their livelihoods in spite of therapid growth in the industry. The main aim of the PRADAN’s project, whichbegan in 1987, was to enhance and stabilise flayers’ livelihood. It aimed at:

S Reversing the past trend in flayer’s livelihoodS

Creating new livelihoods for them in tanning hides and co- productssuch as meat and bone meal, tallow etc.,

S Enhancing their self-esteem and social status through organisationand occupational diversification; and

S

Reversing the past trend of flayers’ flight from the industry.

The Activities

PRADAN began the project with the intention of promoting decentralised

chrome tanning to the wet blue stage as a source of additional livelihoodsfor the flayers. The real problem faced by the flayers was the loss of theirtraditional right over the fallen cattle carcasses; the project began workingto reverse this situation, while simultaneously working to expand thelivelihood base.

“ The mainaim of theproject wasto provideadditionalandalternativesource ofincome tothe tanners”.

_ Vinod Jain Programme Director.



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Activity I: Restoring the Flayers right over fallen carcasses

In mid and Late 1970’s, the Zilla Parishads in Uttar Pradesh beganenforcing a Public Health Law, requiring a license for stocking and trading

of raw hides and bones. The Zilla Parishads began to auction the license ona yearly basis, generally for a Community Development Block. Licensesbrought middlemen contractors from outside the flayer community whobegan to buy the license, becoming sole collectors and disposers of rawhides, bones and other carcass products. Since the flayer could only sellthe hide to the license holder, he in effect became a piece-rate worker forthe latter.

The license is granted for a territory larger than the normal beat of individualflayers. Since the flayers lacked both finance and the muscle power to outbid the contractors, PRADAN choose to promote flayer’s co-operatives at

the block level as cooperatives could be granted the license on apreferential basis.

Activity II: Mobilisation of Flayer’s

The task of mobilising the flayer’s to form a cooperative was arduous, asflayers who had been suffering at the hands of the contractor were notforthcoming to form a co-operative, as they feared loss of a meagre andfragile livelihood. And also because they are dispersed across the villageand rarely have large settlement their mobilisation is logistically difficult. Ittook several meetings with individuals and in small groups and visits toalready existing co-operatives to build confidence in them. When 20potential members were ready, the co-operatives were registered.

Activity III: Registration of Cooperative

PRADAN helped the flayers in getting the co-operative registered. It helpsthem in preparing and filling the documents.

Activity IV: Assistance to secure the license

PRADAN helped in securing the license for the flayers co-operative as inUttar Pradesh as per law license is required for stocking and trading of rawhides and bones, which are given to the co-operatives alone.

Activity V: Arranging Finances

Once the co-operatives is granted the license it needs finance to pay thelicense fees and for working Capital to pay members for the hides collectedby them and to procure salt for curing the hides. Cured hides are sold at



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periodic auctions while members need the cash for subsistence and have tobe paid as and when they bring the hide. Flayer Co-operatives, especiallythose newly registered, do not have access to institutional credit and mustraise finances themselves. PRADAN assisted the newly formed co-operatives from a small revolving fund. The co-operatives are given a small

interest free loan, which they use to leverage funds from the market.

Activity VI: Training in Accounts and Operating Systems

Members of the flayer co-operative have no prior experience of keepingsystematic records and accounts or and managing operations in a co-operative. PRADAN provided them formal training and guidance in theseaspects using appropriate techniques. A person from PRADAN wasdeputed to the co-operative for this purpose for a short period of three tofour months.

Activity VII: Training in Co-operative management

PRADAN provided continuous counselling, training and group developmentinputs for over five years so that the co- operatives run democratically andmembers develop a sense of belonging. The project personnel facilitatedthis process during the General Body meeting and Executive Committeemeetings of the co-operative,

Activity VIII: Expanding Livelihood through Diversification- Tanning ofHides and Co-product Utilisation

PRADAN has promoted new livelihoods through diversification to tap theuntapped potential for creating additional livelihoods for the flayers intanning and extracting other useful products form the carcass.

Tanning of Hides: Chrome tanning of hides up to the wet blue stage canbe taken up by setting up small tanneries at the level of a co-operative.Access to raw hides gives the co-operative a unique advantage to operatea tannery. Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI) provides low costtraining for Small-scale wet blue tanning, which flayers can operatethemselves once trained. PRADAN has promoted units of wet bluetanning.

Co-product Utilisation: Flayers extracted only the hides. Other productsmeat, bones fat, horns hooves and hair that could be similarly extracted,was never done. PRADAN helped co-operatives generating additional valuefor their carcass by extracting these products as well. Some of theseproducts such as bones, horns, hooves and hair can be traded without anyprocessing. PRADAN with help of CLRI provided training for extraction andprocessing of – fatty tissue and meat meal to be sold to poultries.



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The Impact

The project was implemented in the in six-district s of Central Uttar Pradesharound Luck now. The average membership of the co-operatives is 70. The

income of flayers in the co-operatives have increased by 50 percent to 100percent, the average income being about 60 percent The co-operativesare economically viable and have generated adequate surpluses.

The co-operatives have changed the life of the members both socially andeconomically.

Provides regular work

Value for product

Timely payment Loan Facility

DAWN AT TWILIGHT. D O O X K D V V S H Q W K L V H Q W L U H \ R X W K D V E R Q G H G O D E R X U K L V

J U D Q G I D W K H U D J U H H G W R E H D E R Q G H G O D E R X U L Q S O D F H R I

S D \ L Q J L Q W H U H V W R Q K L V G H E W Z K D W H Y H U O L W W O H H D U Q L Q J V K H

P D G H R X W R I K L V Z R U N Z H Q W L Q U H S D \ L Q J K L V J U D Q G I D W K H U · V

G H E W K L V I D P L O \ R I I L Y H Q H Y H U K D G H Q R X J K W R H D W $ E R X W

\ H D U V D J R K H K H D U G D E R X W W K H F R R S H U D W L Y H V I R U I O D \ H U V K H

E H F D P H P H P E H U R I W K H V R F L H W \ $ V P H P E H U K H E H F D P H D Z D U H

R I W K H R W K H U D G G L W L R Q D O V R X U F H V R I L Q F R P H I U R P W K H K L G H V

+ L V L Q F R P H V W H D G L H G K H W R R N O R D Q I U R P W K H F R R S H U D W L Y H

D Q G U H S D L G K L V * U D Q G I D W K H U · V G H E W W K X V V D Y L Q J K L V V R Q V

D Q G W K H L U I D P L O L H V I U R P W K H F O X W F K H V R I W K H 0 R Q H \ O H Q G H U + H

K D V Q H Z I R Q G I U H H G R P K H K L V K D S S \ D W W K R X J K W R I V D Y L Q J

K L V F K L O G U H Q I U R P E R Q G H G O D E R X U W K D Q N V W R W K H F R

R S H U D W L Y H D Q G 3 5 $ ' $ 1 + H K D V V H H Q G D Z Q L Q W K H W Z L O L J K W R I

K L V O L I H

“Earlier

because oflow socialstatus andeconomicbackwardness we wereshunned butafter Ibecamemember ofthe co-

operative mylife haschanged Ihave regularincome andget goodvalue for myproduct, ithas alsochanged mysocial status

as well”.- Kallu,Labourer



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42

I CAN DREAM OF MY OWN DWELLING

5 D P H V K . X P D U R I Y L O O D J H 5 D P S X U D E H F D P H P H P E H U R I W K H

F R R S H U D W L Y H E H L Q J S U R P R W H G E \ 3 5 $ ' $ 1 L Q ( Y H U V L Q F H

K H K D V Q R W O R R N H G E D F N K L V O L I H V W \ O H K D V F K D Q J H G

5 D P H V K · V I D P L O \ W U D G L W L R Q D O O \ E H H Q H P S O R \ H G L Q W R

W D Q Q L Q J 7 K L V L V I L I W K J H Q H U D W L R Q L Q W R W K H I D P L O \

R F F X S D W L R Q $ O W K R X J K J H Q H U D W L R Q V K D Y H F K D Q J H G O L I H R Y H U

J H Q H U D W L R Q V K D V K D G U H P D L Q H G W K H V D P H 5 D P H V K V R O G K L V

K L G H W R & R Q W U D F W R U V Z K R Q H Y H U S D L G S U R S H U Y D O X H I R U K L V

K L G H V : K H Q W K H W D Q Q L Q J L Q G X V W U \ Z D V J R L Q J W K U R X J K

W X U E X O H Q W W L P H V K L V I D P L O \ · V R Q O \ V R X U F H R I L Q F R P H Z D V

W K U H D W H Q H G D Q G K H G L G Q R W H Y H Q K D Y H D S U R S H U G Z H O O L Q J

$ I W H U M R L Q L Q J W K H F R R S H U D W L Y H K H K D V U H J X O D U Z R U N D Q G K D V

Q R I H D U R I O R V V R I L Q F R P H 7 R G D \ K H L V F R Q W H P S O D W L Q J R I

E X L O G L Q J K L V R Z Q G Z H O O L Q J X Q G H U , Q G L U D $ Z D V < R M Q D D

G U H D P K H L V F R Q I L G H Q W R I U H D O L V L Q J W K D Q N V W R 3 5 $ ' $ 1 D Q G

K L V F R R S H U D W L Y H

The Community Participation

Initially eliciting community participation was difficult but once the flayer’swere convinced about the benefits of the co-operatives they came forwardto become members. They whole-heartedly participate in the activities andare happy that they have regular income and do not have depended on thewhims and fancies of the contractors.

Replicability

The project was quiet a success in the six district of the State. Based on

this PRADAN is planning to expand the project to other districts of theState. It plans to set up / revive 100 flayer co-operatives, wet blue tanningfacilities for up to 500 hides a day and co-product units in 25 blocks.

However, certain problems and constraints borne in this project, needs tobe kept in mind and if this impediments are removed then replicability wouldbecome easy.



RDI

43

Delays in Registration of Co-operatives: The flayers co-operatives are registered by the state Khadi and Village IndustriesBoard. There are in ordinate delays in registration in the districts.The project has received support from the highest levels in theBoard. However, frequent changes of personnel at the top levels

periodically sets the clock back as there is no institutionalmechanism to ensure continuity. Delays demoralise the flayers,especially at a stage when they are themselves very tentative andvulnerable.

Dummy Co-operatives: The contactor often set up dummy co-operatives whose operations are entirely controlled by them. Deregistering or turning around such co-operatives by enrolling genuineflayers will be helpful in setting up new co-operatives.

Securing License: The process of obtaining the license is

fraught with delays and great deal of un certainty.

Access to institutional Credit: The cooperatives do nothave access to institutional credit. They need credit to build someminimal infrastructure, such as bi –cycles, storage, shed for keepinghides and other products, setting up tanneries and processing unitsfor working capital.

Assessment

PRADAN’s project has demonstrated that complex technologies andbusiness and management skills can be transferred to poor and illiteratepeople. The flayers have mastered wet blue tanning and have learnt othercomplex tasks, such as managing technological processes, dealing withgovernment officials and successfully asserting their traditional rights haveall added to their self-esteem of the flayers. The flayer co-operative havenow begun thinking of education and health facilities for their families.



ANNEXURE

Village Profile (Ajmer District of Rajasthan)

1. BHAWANTA

As per the Census of India 1991, the village Bhawanta in the district of Ajmer hasan area of 2247 hectares and a population of 3435. The total male and femalepopulation in the village is 1753 and 1682 respectively.

About 56% of the male population is literate while the percentage of literatefemale population is only 24%.

Around 36% of the total population is working as main worker while 13% of themare involved in agriculture.

The nearest town form the village is Ajmer at ad distance of 25 kilometer.

Facilities available in the village

Educational Institution

Primary School 2Middle School 1High School 1Adult Literacy Centre 5Medical Institutions

Hospital 1

Health Centre 1Dispensary 1Nursing Home 1Drinking Water FacilityTap Water YesHand Pump Water YesPost and Telegraph FacilityPost Office 1Telephone Connection 1Communication FacilityBus Stop 1

Power SupplyPower for all purposes YesIrrigationIrrigation by well with electricity 234 hectaresUnirrigated Land 709 hectaresCulturable Waste 331 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 973 hectaresSource: Census of India, 1991



2. SARADHANA

As per the Census of India 1991, the village Saradhana has an area of 2879.63hectares and a population of 6425. The total male and female population in thevillage is 3331 and 3094 respectively.



Facilities available in the village Educational InstitutionPrimary School 3Middle School 1

High School 1PU College 1Adult Literacy Centre 1Other Educational Institutions 5Medical InstitutionsHospital 1Dispensary 1Drinking Water FacilityTap Water YesWell Water YesTank Water Yes

Tube Well Water YesHand Pump Water YesRiver Water YesOther Drinking Water Sources YesPost and Telegraph FacilityPost Office YesTelephone Connection YesCommunication FacilityBus Stop YesRailway Station YesPower SupplyPower for all purposes YesIrrigationIrrigation by well with electricity 101.43 hectaresUnirrigated Land 1442.48 hectaresCulturable Waste 518.92 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 816.8 hectares

Source: Census of India, 1991



3. AMBAPURA

The village Ambapura has an area of 5946.16 hectares and a population of 5330as per the Census of India, 1991. The total male and female population in thevillage is 2750 and 2580 respectively.




Educational InstitutionPrimary School 6

Middle School 2High School 1Adult Literacy Centre 2Drinking Water FacilityTap Water YesWell Water YesTank Water YesHand Pump Water YesPost and Telegraph FacilityPost Office 4Telephone Connection 1

Communication FacilityBus Stop 2Power SupplyPower for all purposes YesForest 668 hectaresIrrigationIrrigation by well with electricity 180.14 hectaresIrrigated By Tank 159.02 hectaresUnirrigated Land 3251.2 hectaresCulturable Waste 1272.51 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 415.29 hectaresSource: Census of India, 1991

4. DOOMARA

As per the Census of India, 1991, the village Doomara has an area of 1441hectares and a population of 2285. The total male and female population in thevillage is 1213 and 1072 respectively.




Again 54% of the total population is working as main worker while 14% of themare involved in agriculture.


Educational InstitutionPrimary School 11Middle School 1Adult Literacy Centre 1Medical InstitutionsDispensary 1Drinking Water FacilityWell Water Yes

Hand Pump Water YesPost and Telegraph FacilityPost Office 1Communication FacilityBus Stop YesPower SupplyPower for Domestic Purpose YesPower for Agriculture YesForest 257 hectaresIrrigationIrrigation by well with electricity 113 hectares

Unirrigated Land 420 hectaresCulturable Waste 200 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 451 hectaresSource: Census of India, 1991

5. AMB AMASEENA (AMA MASEENA)

As per the Census of India, 1991, the village Amb Amaseena (Ama Maseena)has an area of 948 hectares and a population of 1841. The total male andfemale population in the village is 954 and 887 respectively.

About 36% of the male population is literate while the percentage of literatefemale population is very low, only 2%.

Again 44% of the total population is working as main worker while 11% of themare involved in agriculture.

The nearest town from the village is Ajmer at a distance of 20 kilometers.





Adult Literacy Centre 1Drinking Water FacilityWell Water YesHand Pump Water YesPost and Telegraph FacilityPost Office YesCommunication Facility

Bus Stop YesPower SupplyPower for Domestic Purpose YesPower for Agriculture Yes

IrrigationIrrigation by well with electricity 163 hectaresUnirrigated Land 329 hectaresCulturable Waste 125 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 331 hectaresSource: Census of India, 1991

Village Profile (Bhilwara District of Rajasthan)

1. RAJGARH

As per the Census of India, 1991, the village Rajgarh in the district of Bhirwarahas an area of 568.34 hectares and a population of 514. The total male andfemale population in the village is 259 and 255 respectively.




Educational InstitutionPrimary School 1Middle School 1Adult Literacy Centre 2Medical Institutions



Primary Health Sub Centre 1Drinking Water FacilityWell Water YesHand Pump Water YesPost and Telegraph Facility

Post Office YesPower SupplyPower for Domestic Purpose YesPower for Agriculture YesForest 9 hectares IrrigationIrrigation by well with electricity 81 hectaresUnirrigated Land 219 hectaresCulturable Waste 109 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 150.34 hectaresSource: Census of India, 1991

2. SHAYAMPURA

The village Shyampura has an area of 2823 hectares and a population of 2773as per the Census of India, 1991. The total male and female population in thevillage is 1478 and 1295 respectively.






Educational InstitutionPrimary School 1Middle School 1

High School 1Adult Literacy Centre 4Medical InstitutionsHospital 1Primary Health Centre 1Dispensary 1Drinking Water FacilityWell Water YesTank Water YesHand Pump Water YesNallah Yes

Post and Telegraph FacilityPost Office YesCommunication Facility

Bus Stop YesRailway Station YesPower SupplyPower for Domestic Purpose YesPower for Agriculture YesForest 953 hectaresIrrigationIrrigation by well with electricity 185 hectaresIrrigation by Government Canal 953 hectaresUnirrigated Land 281 hectaresCulturable Waste 400 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 1004

hectaresSource: Census of India, 1991

3. SIRODI

The village Sirodi has an area of 479.09 hectares and a population of 316 as per

the Census of India, 1991. The total male and female population in the village is176 and 140 respectively.


Around 30% of the total population is working as main worker.




Educational InstitutionPrimary School 1Adult Literacy Centre 1

Drinking Water FacilityWell Water YesHand Pump Water YesForest 49.11 hectaresIrrigation

Irrigation by well with electricity 30.44 hectaresUnirrigated Land 48.26 hectaresCulturable Waste 270.88 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 80.40 hectaresSource: Census of India, 1991

4. UMMEDPURA

As per the Census of India the village Ummedpura has an area of 2480.07hectares and a population of 2624 as per the Census of India, 1991. The totalmale and female population in the village is 1349 and 1275 respectively.






Educational InstitutionPrimary School 4Adult Literacy Centre 2

Medical InstitutionsPrimary Health Sub Centre 2Drinking Water FacilityWell Water YesTank Water YesHand Pump Water YesRiver Water YesCanal YesPost and Telegraph Facility

Post Office YesCommunication Facility

Bus Stop YesPower SupplyPower for Domestic Purpose YesPower for Agriculture YesForest 344 hectaresIrrigationIrrigation by well with electricity 260.66 hectaresIrrigation by Tank 20 hectaresUnirrigated Land 845.78 hectaresCulturable Waste 476.46 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 533.17 hectares


5. KHATWARA

As per the Census of India, 1991, the village Khatwara has an area of 1964.18hectares and a population of 3051. The total male and female population in thevillage is 1555 and 1496 respectively.


Around 35% of the total population is working as main worker.





Middle School 1Medical InstitutionsPrimary Health Centre 1Primary Health Sub Centre 1Dispensary 1Drinking Water FacilityWell Water YesTube Well Water YesHand Pump Water YesPost and Telegraph FacilityPost Office 1

Telephone Connection 1Power SupplyPower for all purposes YesIrrigationIrrigation by well with electricity 319.2 hectaresIrrigated by Other Sources 190.6 hectaresUnirrigated Land 356.7 hectaresCulturable Waste 747.65 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 350.03 hectaresSource: Census of India, 1991

Village Profile ( Kanpur District of Uttar Pradesh )

1. GADAN KHERA

The village Gadan Khera in the district of Kanpur has an area of 128 hectaresand a population of 375 as per the Census of India, 1991. The total male andfemale population in the village is 216 and 159 respectively.

About 72% of the male population is literate while the percentage of literatefemale population is 45%.




Facilities available in the village.

Educational InstitutionOther educational Institutes 1Drinking Water Facility

Well Water YesCommunication FacilityBus Stop 1Power SupplyPower for all purposes YesIrrigationIrrigation by Government Canal 29.72 hectaresUnirrigated Land 44.72 hectaresCulturable Waste 5.59 hectares


2. AMAULI

The village Amauli has an area of 133 hectares and a population of 686 as perthe Census of India, 1991. The total male and female population in the village is367 and 319 respectively.




Educational InstitutionPrimary School 1Drinking Water Facility

Tap Water YesWell water YesRiver Water YesOther Drinking Water sources YesPower Supply

Power for all purposes YesIrrigationIrrigation by Govt. Canal 87 hectaresUnirrigated Land 24 hectaresCulturable Waste 5 hectaresNot available for Cultivation 12 hectaresSource: Census of India, 1991



3. BAIKUNTH PUR

The village Baikunth Pur has an area of 387 hectares and a population of 2835as per the Census of India, 1991. The total male and female population in the

village is 1569 and 1266 respectively.




Educational Institution

Primary School 1Middle School 1Drinking Water FacilityWell Water YesHand Pump Water YesPower SupplyPower for all purposes YesForest 0.63 hectaresIrrigationUnirrigated Land 45 hectaresCulturable Waste 13.03 hectares

Not available for Cultivation 31.89 hectares


4. RAMPUR BHIMSEN

The village Rampur Bhimsen has an area of 690 hectares and a population of4471as per the Census of India, 1991. The total male and female population inthe village is 2460 and 2011 respectively.

About 47% of the male population is literate while the percentage of literate

female population is 24%.





Educational InstitutionPrimary School 1Medical InstitutionsPrimary Health Sub-Centre 1Drinking Water FacilityTap Water YesWell Water YesPost and Telegraph FacilityPost Office 1Communication FacilityRailway Station 1

Power SupplyPower for all purposes YesIrrigationIrrigation by well without electricity 70.26 hectaresIrrigation By Government Canal 507.21 hectaresUnirrigated Land 146.78 hectaresCulturable waste 123.85 hectaresNot Available for Cultivation 84.60 hectares


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