STATUTE-104-3-2 -- Law Passed by USA to Force the Break-up of Yugoslavia

8/3/2019 STATUTE-104-3-2 -- Law Passed by USA to Force the Break-up of Yugoslavia

1/963

UV@CGN CA[^NMJXGJVFH'


2/963


3/963

UV@CGN CA[ 151/657JMY* 6# 1775 158 ^XAX* 1>27Uv`cgn Ca{ 151/657151~x Nmjkpf~~ Aj AnxOadgjk auupmupgaxgmj~ imp xbf Xpfa~vpw Hfuapxofjx# xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Um~xfh^fpygnf# xbf Frfnvxgyf Miignf mi xbf Upf~ghfjx# ajh nfpxagj Gjhfufjhfjx Akfjngf~#

imp xbf ig~nac wfap fjhgjk ^fuxfo`fp >5#1771# ajh imp mxbfp uvpum~f~*@f gx fjanxfh `w xbf ^fjaxf ajh B mv~f mi Pfupf~fjxaxgyf~ mi xbfVjgxfh ^xaxf~ mi Ao fpgna gj Nmjkpf~~ a~~fo` cfh# Xbax xbf imc cm{gjk~vo~ apf auupmupga xfh # mv x m i ajw omjfw gj xbf Xpfa~vpw jmxm xbfp{g~f auupmupga xfh # imp xbf Xpfa~vpw Hfuapxofjx # xbf Vjg xfh^xaxf~ Um~xac ^fpygnf# xbf Frfnvxgyf Miignf mi xbf Upf~ghfjx # ajhnfpxagj Gjhfufjhfjx Akfjngf~# imp xbf ig~nac wfap fjhgjk ^fuxfo`fp>5#1771# ajh imp m xbf p uvpum~f~ # jao fcw #22>#555*GJXFPJAXGMJAC AIIAGP^

I mp jfnf~~gpw frufj~f~ mi xbf gjxfpjax gmjac aiiagp~ ivjnx gmj mi xbfHfuapxofjxa c Mii gnf~ # gjn cvhgjk mufpa x gmj ajh oagj xfjajnf mi xbfXpfa~vpw @vgchgjk ajh Ajjfr4 bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~4oagj xfjajnf # pfuag p~ # ajh vjupmyfofjx~ mi # ajh uvpnba~f minmoofpngac gj~vpajnf umc gngf~ imp# pfac upmufpx gf~ cfa~fh mp m{jfhmyfp~fa~# {bfj jfnf~~apw imp xbf ufpimpoajnf mi miigngac `v~gjf~~4jmx xm frnffh (0#555#555 imp miigngac xpayfc frufj~f~4 ajh jmx xmfrnffh (;>#555 imp miigngac pfnfuxgmj ajh pfupf~fjxaxgmj frufj~f~4(07#;1;#555*

Jmy* 6# 1775TB*P* 6081_

Xpfa~vpw# Um~xac^fpygnf ajhKfjfpacKmyfpjofjxAuupmupgaxgmj~Anx# 1771*

Xpfa~vpwHfuapxofjxAuupmupgaxgmj~Anx# 1771*


4/963

1 58 ^ X A X * 1 >7 5 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775MIIGNF MI GJÛFNXMP KFJFPAC

ÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^FÎmp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Miignf mi Gj~ufnxmp Kfjfpac gjnapp~hjk mvx xbf upmyg~gmj~ mi xbf Gj~ufnxmp Kfjfpac Anx mi 17;2# a~aofjhfh# bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~4 jmx xm frnffh (1#68>#555

xm pfoagj ayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh# imp ~w~xfo~ omhfpjg|ax gmjpfqvgpfofjx~4 (01#079#555*I G J AJ N G AC N P GO F ^ F J I M P N F O F J X J F X [M P D

ÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^FÎmp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Igjajnga c Npgof~ FjimpnfofjxJfx{mpd# gjncvhgjk bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~4 ajh jmx xmfrnffh (>#555 imp miigngac pfnfuxgmj ajh pfupf~fjxaxgmj frufj~f~4(19#822#555*

I F HF P AC C A[ F J I M P N F O F J X X P AG J G J K N F J X F PÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^F^

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf I fhfpa c Ca{ Fjimpnfofjx Xpa gj gjkNfjxfp # a~ a `vpfav mi xbf Hfuapxofjx mi xbf Xpfa~vpw # gjn cvhgjkuvpnba~f jmx xm frnffh xbgpxw imp umcgnf/x>puf v~f' ajh bgpf miua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~4 imp frufj~f~ imp ~xvhfjx axbcfx gn ajhpf ca xfh an x gy g x gf~ 4 vj g impo~ {g xbmvx pfkaph xm xbf kfjfpa c uvpnba~fupgnf c gogxax gmj imp xbf nvppfjx i g~nac wfap4 xbf nmjhvnxgjk mi ajhuap x gngua x gjk gj igpfapo~ o axnb f~ aj h upf ~fj xax gmj mi a{ aph~ 4 impuv`cgn a{apfjf~~ ajh fjbajngjk nmoovjgxw ~vuumpx mi ca{ fjimpnfofjx xpagjgjk4 jmx xm frnffh (;#555 imp miigngac pfnfuxgmj ajh pfupf~fjxa x gmj frufj~f~ 4 pmmo ajh `maph imp ~ xvhfjx gj xfpj~ 4 ajh~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157< Upmyghfh# Xbax xbf Nfjxfp g ~avxbmpg|fh xm annfux kgix~< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# Xba x jm x{g xb ~ x ajh gjkajw m xbfp upmyg~ gmj mi ca{# ~ xvhfjx~ a x xfjhgjk x pa gj gjk a x ajwIfh fpac Ca{ F jimpnfo fjx Xp agjgj k Nfjxfp ~g xf ~bac c pf~ghf gj mj/Nfjxfp mp Nfjxfp/upmyghfh bmv~gjk# gj~miap a~ ayag ca`cf ajh gjannmphajnf {gxb Nfjxfp umc gnw< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax ivjh~ auupmupgaxfh gj xbg~ annmvjx ~bac c `f ayag ca`cf imp ^xaxf ajh cmnac kmyfpjofjx ca{ fjimpnfofjx x pa gj gjk mj a ~uanf/ayag ca` cf à~ g~ 4 x pa gj gjkmi impfgkj ca{ fjimpnfofjx miigngac~ mj a ~uanf/ayagca`cf à~g~ {gxbpf go`vp~fofjx mi an xva c nm~ x~ xm xb g ~ auupmupga x gmj 4 x pa gj gjk miupgyaxf ~fnxmp ~fnvpgxw miigngac~ mj a ~uanf ayagca`cf à~g~ {gxbpfgo`vp~fofjx mi anxvac nm~x~ xm xbg~ auupmupgax gmj4 x payfc frufj~f~mi jmj/Ifhfpac ufp~mjjfc xm ax xfjh ^xaxf oh cmnac nmvp~f hfyfcmu/80 v~f >;;1 ofjx offx gjk~ a x xbf Nfjxfp < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# Xbax xbf Hgpfn xmp mi

Hfnmpaxgmj~ ,Z Ifhfpa c Ca{ Fjimpnfofjx Xpa gj gjk Nfjxfp ~ba c c ajjvac cwofhac~# a{aph~* up f~ fj x aj a{ ap h xm `f ann mo uaj gfh `w a kgix mi gj xpg j~ gn ya cvf xmxbf mvx~ xajhgjk ~ xvhfjx {bm kpahvaxfh i pmo a à~ gn x pa gj gjk upmkpao ax xbf Nfjxfp hvpgjk xbf upfygmv~ ig~nac wfap# xm `f ivjhfh `whmjax gmj~ pfnf gyfh xbpmvkb xbf Nfjxfp + ~ k g i x av xbmp g xw < Upmyghfhivpxbfp* Xbax jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ auupmupga xfh vjhfp xb g ~ bfahgjk~bac c `f v~fh xm pfhvnf xbf cfyfc mi ahyajnfh xpagjgjk mp mxbfpx pa gj gjk an x gy g x gf~ mi xbf Ifhfpa c Ca{ Fjimpnfofjx Xpa gj gjk Nfjxfpax Oapaja# Apg|mja4 (85#096#555< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# Xba x x bf Ifhf pa cCa{ Fjimpnfofjx Xpa gj gjk Nfjxfp ~bacc bg pf vu xm ajh oagj xa gj aj


5/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775 158 ^X A X* 1>71ayfpakf mi jmx cf~~ xbaj 881 hgpfnx ivc c / x gof fqvgyacfjx um~g x gmj~ impig~nac wf ap 1771*

ANQVG^GXGMJ# NMJ^XPVNXGMJ# GOUPMYFOFJX^# AJH PFCAXFHF R U F J ^ F Împ fruaj~gmj mi xbf If hfpa c Ca{ Fjimpnfofjx Xpa gj gj k N fjxfp #imp anqvg~g x gmj mi jfnf~~apw ahhgx gmjac pfac upmufpxw ajh iang c g x gf~#ajh imp mjkmgjk oagj xfjajnf # ian g c g xw goupmyfofjx~ # ajh pf ca xfhfrufj~f~# (05#;;6#555# xm pfo agj ayag ca`cf v jx g c frufjhfh*

I G J AJ N GAC O AJ A KF O F J X ^ F P Y GN FÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^F^

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Igjajnga c Oajakfofjx ^fpy gnf #(012#;80#555# mi {bgnb jmx xm frnffh (1>#02;#555 ~bacc pfoagj ayagca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh imp ~w~xfo~ omhfpjg|ax gmj gjg x gax gyf~*@VPF AV MI ACNMBMC# XM@ANNM AJH IGPFAPO^

^ A C A P GF ^ A J H F R U F J ^ F Împ jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf @vpfav mi Acnmbmc # Xmànnm ajhIgpfapo~# gjncvhgjk uvpnba~f mi jmx xm frnffh ~gr bvjhpfh ajh ig ixwyfbgncf~ imp umcgnf/x6X'f v~f imp pfucanfofjx mjcw ajh bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~4 bgpf mi agpnpaix 4 ajh ~fpygnf~ mi frufpx {gxjf~~f~ ax ~vnb paxf~ a~ oaw `f hfxfpogjfh `w xbf Hgpfnxmp4 jmx xmfrnff h (15#555 imp miPngac pfnfux gmj ajh pfupf~fjxa x gmj frufj~f~ 4 impx pagjgjk mi ^xaxf ajh cmnac ca{ fjimpnfofjx akfjngf~ {gxb mp {gxbmvx

pfgo`vp~fofjx4 upmyg~gmj mi ca`mpaxmpw a~~g~xajnf xm ^xaxf ajh cmnacakfjngf~# {gxb mp {gxbmvx pfgo`vp~fofjx4 (>51#268#555# mi {bgnb(01#555#555 ~bacc `f ayagca`cf ~mcfcw imp xbf fjimpnfofjx mi xbfIfhfpa c Acnmbmc Ahogjg~ x pa x gmj Anx hvp gjk Z n a c wf ap 1771# aj h mi{bgnb jmx xm frnffh (1#555#555 ~bacc `f ayagca`cf imp xbf ualogfjx miaxxmpjfw~+ iff~ a~ upmyghfh `w 12 V*^*N* 708hR0'< Upmyghfh# Xbax jmivjh~ auupmupgaxfh bfpfgj ~bac c `f ayag ca`cf imp ahogjg~xpax gyffrufj~f~ gj nmjjfnx gmj {gxb nmj~mcghax gjk mp nfjxpac g|gjk {gxbgj xbfHfuapxofjx mi xbf Xpfa~vpw xbf pfnmph~ mi pfnf gu x~ ajh h g~um~g x gmjmi igpfapo~ oagjxagjfh `w Ifhfpac igpfapo~ cgnfj~ff~ mp imp g~~vgjkmp nappwgjk mvx ajw upmyg~gmj~ mi xbf upmum~fh pvcf~ mi xbf Hfuapxofjx mi xbf Xpfa~vpw# @vpfav mi Acnmbmc # Xmànnm ajh Igpfapo~# mjIg pfapo~ Pfkvca x gmj~ # a~ uv`c g ~bfh gj xbf Ifhfpa c Pfkg~ xfp # ym cvof8># jvo `fp 66 # mi Oapnb 01#17;2< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# Xbax jmjf mi xbfivjh~ auupmupgaxfh bfpfgj ~bac c `f ayag ca`cf imp frucm~gyf ghfjx gignax gmj mp hfxfnx gmj xakkgjk pf~fapnb# hfyfcmuofjx # mp goucfofjxax gmj55#555 ~bacc `f ayagca`cf imppf~fapnb ajh hfyfcmuofjx mi aj frucm~gyf ghfjx gignax gmj ajh hfxfnxgmj hfygnf< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax xbg~ upmyg~gmj ~bac c jmx upfncvhfAXI ipmo g~~g~xgjk xbf Gjxfpjax gmjac Ngyg c Aygax gmj Mpkajg|ax gmj gjxbf hfyfcmuofjx mi a hfxfnxgmj akfjx imp frucm~gyf~ mp ipmo fjimpngjk ajw cfkg~cax gmj goucfofjxgjk xbf Nmjyfjxgmj mj xbf Oapdgjk miUca~x gn ajh ^bffx Frucm~gyf~ imp xbf Uvpum~f mi Hfxfnx gmj< Upmyghfhivpxbfp* Xbax ivjh~ oahf ayag ca` cf vjhfp xb g ~ Anx ~ba c c `f v~fh xmanbgfyf a ogjgovo cfyfc mi 8#5;> ivcc/xgof fqvgyacfjx um~gxgmj~ impig~nac wfa p 1771# mi { bgn b jm if{fp x b a j 1#5>; ivcc/xgof fqvgygcfjx


6/963

1 58 ^ X A X * 1 >7 0 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775um~g x gmj~ ~bac c `f ac cmnaxfh imp xbf Apofh Napffp NpgogjacAuupfbfj~ gmj Upmk pao*

VJ GXFH ^XAXF^ NV^XMO^ ^FPYGNF^ A C A P G F ^ A J H F R U F J ^ F ^

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nv~xmo~ ^fpygnf#gjncv hgjk u vp nb a~f mi vu xm 1#555 om xmp yfbgncf~ mi {b gnb 795 ap f imppfucanfofjx mjcw# gjncvhgjk 775 imp umcgnf/xlpuf v~f ajh nmoofpnga cmufpaxgmj~4 bgpf mi omxmp yfbgncf~4 jmx xm frnffh (05#555 imp miigngacpfnfux gmj aj h pfu pf~fjxa x gmj frufj~f~ 4 ajh a {a ph~ mi nmoufj~ax gmjxm gjimpofp~# a~ avxbmpg|fh `w ajw Anx fjimpnfh `w xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~Nv~xmo~ ^fpygnf4 (1#1>6#791#555# mi {bgnb (;#555#555 ~bacc `f imp xbfGjxfpakfjnw @mphfp Gj~ufnx gmj ^w~xfo# ajh mi {bgnb ~vnb ~vo~ a~`fnmof ayag ca`cf gj xbf Nv~xmo~ V~fp Iff Annmvjx # frnfux ~vo~~v`lfnx xm ~fnxgmj 1>5>1iD>' mi xbf Nmj~mcghaxfh Mojg`v~ Pfnmjngcgaxgmj Anx mi 1726# a~ aofjhfh 17 V*^*N* 62niR>''# ~bacc `f hfpgyfhipmo xbax Annmvjx4 mi xbf xmxac# jmx xm frnffh (165#555 ~bacc `fayagca`cf imp ua>ajfjx imp pfjxac ~uanf gj nmjjfnx gmj {gxbupfncfapajnf mufpaxgmj~# jmx xm frnffh (8#555#555# xm pfoagj ayagca`cf vjxgc frufjhfh# imp pf~fapnb# ajh jmx xm frnffh (>#>76#555# xmpfoagj ayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh# imp pfjmyaxgmj ajh fruaj~gmj mixbf Najgjf Fjimpnfofjx Xpa gj gjk Nfjxfp < Upmyghfh# Xbax vj g impo~oaw `f uvpnba~fh {g xbmvx pfkaph xm xbf kfjfpa c uvpnba~f up gnfc gogxax gmj imp xbf nvppfjx i g~nac wfap< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# Xbax jmjf mixbf ivjh~ oahf ayag ca`cf `w xbg~ Anx ~bac c `f ayag ca`cf imp ahogjg~xpax gyf frufj~f~ xm uaw ajw foucmwff myfpx gof uaw gj aj aomvjx gjfrnf~~ mi (06#555< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax xbf Nmoog~~ gmjfp mp b g~hf~gkjff oaw {agyf xbg~ c gogxax gmj gj gjhgyghvac na~f~ gj mphfp xmupfyfjx frnf~~gyf nm~x~ mp xm offx fofpkfjnw pfqvgpfofjx~ mi xbf^fpygnf< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ oahf ayag ca`cf `wxbg~ Anx oaw `f v~fh imp ahogjg~xpax gyf frufj~f~ gj nmjjfnx gmj {gxbxbf upmum~fh pfhgpfnx gmj mi xbf Fqvac Foucmwofjx Muumpxvjg xwU p m k p a o < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax xbf Vjg xfh ^xa xf~ Nv~xmo~ ^fpy gnf~bac c bgpf ajh okggjxagj aj ayfpakf mi jmx cf~~ xbaj 1;#190 ivcc/xgoffqvgyacfjx um~gxgmj~ gj ig~nac wfap 1771# mi {bgnb a ogjgovo cfyfc mi15#801 ivcc/xgof fqv gyacf jx um~ gxgmj~ ~bacc `f accmnaxfh xm nmoo fpngac mufpax gmj~ anx gyg x gf~# ajh mi {bgnb a ogjgovo cfyfc mi 7>5ivc c/ x gof fqvgyacfjx um~g x gmj~ ~bac c `f ac cmnaxfh xm agp gjxfphgnx gmjanx gyg x gf~ mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nv~xmo~ ^fpygnf# ajh mi {bgnb aogjgovo cfyfc mi 000 ivc c/ x gof fqvgyacfjx um~g x gmj~ ~bac c `f ac cmnaxfh xm xbf Jmkacf~ Hg~xpgnx mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nv~xmo~ ^fpygnf5# 1771< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax jm x cf~~ xbaj(655#555 ~bac c `f frufjhfh imp ahhgx gmjac uapx/ x gof ajh xfoumpapwum~g x gmj~ gj xbf Bmjmcvcv Nv~xmo~ Hg~xpgnx < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# X b a x(1#;65#555 ~bacc `f frufjhfh xm gjnpfa~f `w >5 xbf jvo`fp mi ivcc/x gof foucmwff~ mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nv~xmo~ ^fpygnf gj xbf Bmjmcvcv Nv~xmo~ Hg~xpgnx < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xb ax Nv~xmo~ ~bac c gjnpffg~f`w 15 xbf j vo `f p mi ivcc /x gof gj~ufnxmp~ gj xbf Nb apcf~xmj# ^mvxbNapmc gja Nv~xmo~ Hg~xpgnx < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax Nv~xmo~ ~bac cgjnpfa~f `w ;6 xbf jvo`fp mi ivc c / x gof gj~ufnxmp~ gj xbf ^aj Hgfkm#Nacgimpjga Nv~xmo~ Hg~xpgnx < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax xbf frupf~~hf~gkjaxgmj~ mi Nv~xmo~ um~gxgmj~ upmyghfh imp gj xbg~ Anx ajh gj xbf


7/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6 # 1 7 75 1 58 ^ X AX * 1 > 7>annmouajwgjk Bmv~f ajh ^fjaxf Pfumpx~ ~bac c mjcw auucw xm um~gxgmj~ gj frnf~~ mi xbm~f um~gxgmj~ ivjhfh gj Uv`cgn Ca{ 151/1>9# ajh~bac c jmx ahyfp~fcw gouanx ~xaiigjk gjnpfa~f~ {bgnb apf mxbfp{g~fupmyghfh imp gj ig~nac wfap 1771*

MUFPAXGMJ AJH OAGJXFJAJNF# AGP GJXFPHGNXGMJ UPMKPAOImp frufj~f~# jmx mxbfp{g~f upmyghfh imp# jfnf~~apw imp xbf bgpf#cfa~f# anqvg~g x gmj x paj~ifp mp anqvg~g x gmj ipmo ajw mxbfp akfjnw'#mufpa x gmj ajh oagj xfjaj nf mi a g pnpai x # ajh m xbfp pf ca xfh fqvguo fjxmi xbf Agp Upmkpao4 (115#>8;#555# xm pfoagj ayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh< Upmyghfh# Xbax jm a g pnpai x m p m xbfp pf ca xfh fqvguofjx {g xbxbf frnfux gmj mi xbf afpm~ xa x u pmkpao {bgnb {g c c `f x paj~ifppfh xmxbf Hfuapxofjx mi Hfifj~f # ~ba c c `f x paj~ifppfh xm ajw m xbfp Ifhfpac akfjnw# Hfuapxofjx # mp miignf mvx~ghf mi xbf Hfuapxofjx mi xbfXpfa~vpw hvpgjk ig~nac wfap 1771< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# X b a x xb f V jg xf h Kmyfpjofjx^xaxf~ Nv~xmo~ ^fpygnf ~bac c nmoofjnf upmnvpfofjx mi cmjk/cfah upmnvpfofjx#g x fo~ ajh nmjhvnx a c c ahyajnfh u caj jgjk pfqvg pfh gj upfua pa x gmj impxbf upmnvpfofjx mi mjf ahhg x gmjac U/> a g p`mpjf fap cw {apj gjk

AF[' agpnpaix gj ig~nac wfap 1770*NV^XMO^ IMPIFGXVPF I VJ H

CGOGXAXGMJ MJ AYAGCA@GCGXW MI HFUM^GX^'Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Nv~xmo~ Impifg xvpf Ivjh# jmx xmfrnffh (18#266#555# a~ avxbmpg|fh `w Uv`cgn Ca{ 155/9754 xm `fhfpgyfh ipmo hfum~g x~ gj xbf Ivjh*

NV^XMO^ ^FPYGNF^ AX ^OACC AGPUMPX^X M @F HFPGYFH IPMO IFF^ NMCCFNXFH'

^vnb ~vo~ a~ oaw `f jfnf~~apw# jmx xm frnffh (0#160#555# impfrufj~f~ imp xbf upmyg~gmj mi Nv~xmo~ ~fpygnf~ ax nfpxagj ~oaccagpumpx~ mp mxbfp iang c g x gf~ {bfj avxbmpg|fh `w ca{ ajh hf~gkjaxfh`w xbf ^fnpf xapw mi xbf Xpfa~vpw # gjn cvhgjk frufjhg xvpf~ imp xbf~acapw ajh frufj~f~ mi gjhgyghvac~ foucmwfh xm upmyghf ~vnb ~fpygnf~# xm `f hfpgyfh ipmo iff~ nmccfnxfh `w xbf ^fnpfxapw mi xbfXpfa~vpw uvp~vajx xm ~fnx gmj 0>9 mi Uv`cgn Ca{ 72/6;> imp fanb mixbf~f a g pump x ~ m p m xbfp iangVxgf~ {bfj avxbmpg|fh `w ca{ ajh hf~gkjaxfh `w xbf ^fnpf xapw mi xbf Xpfa~vpw # ajh xm pfoagj ayag ca` cfvjx g c frufjhfh * VJ G X F H ^ X AX F ^ OGJX^ACAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^F^

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Ogjx4 (61#807#555#gjn cvhgjk aomvjx~ imp uvpnba~f ajh oagj xfjajnf mi vj g impo~ jmx xmfrnffh (0;6 ovcx guc gfh `w xbf jvo`fp mi foucmwff~ mi xbf akfjnw{bm apf pfqvg pfh `w pfkvca x gmj mp ~ xa xv xf xm {fap a upf~np g`fhvjgimpo gj xbf ufpimpoajnf mi miigngac hvxgf~*FRUAJ^GMJ AJH GOUPMYFOFJX^

Imp fruaj~gmj ajh goupmyfofjx~ xm frg~x gjk Ogjx iang c g x gf~ ajhimp pfjmyaxgmj mi ~vnb iangcgx gf~ a~ oaw `f anqvgpfh# (665#555# xmpfoagj ayag ca` cf vj x g c frufjhfh *


8/963

1 58 ^ X A X * 1 >7 8 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775@VPFAV MI XBF UV@CGN HF@X

A H O G J G ^ X F P G J K X B F U V @ V N H F @ XFiifnxgyf haxf* Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ nmjjfnxfh {gxb ajw uv`cgn/hf`x g~~vf~ mixbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~4 (1;6#1>7#555< Upmyghfh# Xcgax ~vnb ~vo~ a~ a pfjfnf~~apw apf auupmup ga xfh xm pf go`vp~f Ifhfpac Pf~fpyf @ajd~ imp~fpygnf~ pfqvgpfh `w xbf ^fnpfxapw xm `f ufpimpofh `w ~vnb `ajd~ a~i g~nac akfjx~ mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ gj ~vuumpx mi ahogjg~xfp gjk xbfuv` cgn hf`x# fiifnxgyf Mnxm` fp 1#1771*

U A W O F J X M I K M Y F P J O F J X C M ^^ F ^ G J ^ B G U O F J XI mp ualjjfjx mi Kpmyfpjofjx cm~~f~ gj ~bguofjx# gj annmphajnf {gxb~fnxgmj 0 mi xbf Anx auupmyfh Lvcw 2# 17>; 85 V*^*N* ;00'# (655#555#xm pfo agj ayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh*

GJXFPJAC PFYFJVF ^FPYGNFA H O G J G ^ X P A X G M J A J H O A J A K F O F J X

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Gjxfpjac Pfyfjvf ^fpygnf# jmxmxbfp{g~f upmyghfh imp4 frfnvxgyf hgpfnxgmj# oajakfofjx ~fpygnf~#ajh gjxfpjac avhgx ajh ~fnvpg xw4 gjncvhgjk uvpnba~f jmx xm frnffh 27imp pfucanfofjx mjcw# imp umcgnf/xwuf v~f' ajh bgpf mi ua~~fjkfpomxmp yfbgncf~ >1 V*^*N* 1>8>`''4 ajh ~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6V*^*N* >157# ax ~vnb paxf~ a~ oaw `f hfxfpogjfh `w xbf N!moog~/~gmjfp4 (180#0;7#555# mi {bgnb jmx xm frnffh (06#555 imp miigngacpfnfuxgmj ajh pfupf~fjxax gmj frufb~f~4 ajh mi {bgnb jmx xm frnffh(655#555 ~bacc pfoagj ayagca`cf vjxg c frufjhfh imp pf~fapnb*UPMNF^^GJK XAR PFXVPJ^ AJH A^^G^XAJNF

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Gjxfpjac Pfyfjvf ^fpygnf# jmxmxbfp{g~f upmyghfh imp4 gjncvhgjk upmnf~~gjk xar pfxvpj~4 pfyfjvfannmvjxgjk4 ~xax g~x gn~ mi gjnmof4 upmyghgjk a~~g~xajnf xm xaruawfp~4bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~ >1 V*^*N* 1>8>`''4 ajh ~fpygnf~ a~avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157# ax ~vnb paxf~ a~ oaw `f hfxfpogjfh `wxbf Nmoog~~gmjfp4 (1#601#676#555# mi {bgnb (>#555#555 ~bacc `f impxbf Xar Nmvj~fcgjk imp xbf Fchfpcw Upmkpao# jm aomvjx mi {bgnb~bacc `f ayagca`cf imp GP^ ahogjg~xpax gyf nm~x~*X A R C A [ F J I M P N F O F J X

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Gjxfpjac Pfyfjvf ^fpygnf imp hfxfpogjgjk ajh f~xa`cg~bgjk xar c ga`gc g x gf~4 xar ajh fjimpnfofjx c g x gkax gmj4 xfnbjgnac pv c gjk~4 fraogjgjk foucmwff ucaj~ ajh frfouxmpkajg|axgmj~4 gjyf~xgkaxgmj ajh fjimpnfofjx anxgyg x gf~4 ~fnvpgjkvjigcfh xar pfxvpj~4 nmccfnxgjk vjuagh annmvjx~4 xbf uvpnba~f jmx xmfrnffh 861 # imp pfuc an fo fj x mjcw# imp umcgnf/xwuf v~f'# aj h b gpf miua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~ >1 V*^*N* 1>8>`''4 ajh ~fpygnf~ a~avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157# ax ~vnb paxf~ a~ oaw `f hfxfpogjfh `wxbf Nmoog~~gmjfp4 (>#651#117#555# mi {bgnb jmx xm frnffh (;5#555~ba cc `f imp mii gngac pfnf uxgmj aj h pf upf ~fj xax gm j fr ufj~f~ gj nmjjfnx gmj {g xb xbf 1771 Kf jfpac A~~fo`cw mi xbf Gjxfp /Aofp gnaj Nfjxfpmi Xar Ahogjg~ x pa xmp~ # xm `f bm~xfh `w xbf Vjg xfh ^xaxf~< Upmyghfh#Xcgax ahhgxgmjac aomvjx~ a`myf ig~nac wfap 1775 cfyfc~ imp gjxfpjax gmjac xar fjimpnfofjx ~bac c `f v~fh imp xbf f~xa`c g~bofjx ajh


9/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775 158 ^X AX * 1>76mufpaxgmj mi a xa~d impnf nmoupg~fh mi ~fjgmp Gjxfpjac Pfyfjvf^fpygnf axxmpjfw~# annmvjxajx~# ajh fnmjmog~x~ hfhgnaxfh xm fjimpnfofjx anxgygxgf~ pfcaxfh xm Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ ~v`~ghgapgf~ mi impfgkj/nmjxpmccfh nmpumpaxgmj~ xbax apf gj jmj/nmoucgajnf {gxb xbf GjxfpjacPfyfjvf Nmhf*

GJIMPOAXGMJ ^W^XFOÎmp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ imp haxa upmnf~~gjk ajh xfcfnmoovjgnaxgmj~ ~vuumpx imp Gjxfpjac Pfyfjvf ^fpygnf anxgygxgf~# gjncvhgjk1 V*^*N* 1>8>`''4 ajh ~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157# ax ~vnb paxf~ a~ oa w `f hfxfpogjfh `w xbfNmoog~~gmjfp< (780#7>0#555# mi {bgnb jmx cf~~ xbaj (08;#2;2#555~bacc pfoagj ayagca`cf vjxgc frufjhfh imp xar ~w~xfo~ omhfpjg|axgmj# ajh mi {bgnb (95#555#555 ~bacc pfoagj ayagca`cf vjxgc frufjhfhimp mxbfp ~w~xfo~ hfyfcmuofjx upmlfnx~< Upmyghfh# Xbax mi xbf /(08;#2;2#555 upmyghfh imp xar ~w~xfo~ omhfpjg|axgmj vu xm(16#'55#'55 oaw ` f ayagca` cf vj xgc frufj hfh imp xbf f ~xa`cg~b of jx mia ifhfpaccw/ivjhfh pf~fapnb ajh hfyfcmuofjx nfjxfp ajh oaw `fvxgcg|fh xm nmjhvnx ajh fy acvaxf oapd fx ~vpyfw~# hfyfcmu ajh fyacvaxf pfqvf~x~ imp upmum~ac~# ajh a~~g~x {gxb ~w~xfo~ fjkgjffpgjk#xfnbjgnac fyacvaxgmj~# ajh gjhfufjhfjx xfnbjgnac pfygf{~ gjnmjlvjnxgmj {gxb xar ~w~xfo ~ o mhfpjg|axgmj*

AHOGJG^XPAXGYF UPM YG^GMJGJXFPJAC P FYFJ VF ^FPYGNF^FNXGMJ 1* Jmx xm frnffh 8 ufp nfjxvo mi ajw auupmupgaxgmj oahfayagca`cf xm xbf Gjxfpjac Pfyfjvf ^fpygnf imp xbf nvppfjx ig~nac wfap`w xbg~ Anx oaw `f xpaj~ifppfh xm ajw mxbfp Gjxfpjac Pfyfjvf^fpygnf auupmupgaxgmj vumj xbf ahyajnf auupmyac mi xbf Bmv~f ajh

^fja xf Nmo ogxxff~ mj Auupmupgaxgmj~*VJGXFH ^XAXF^ ^FNPFX ^FPYGNF

ÂCAPGF^ AJH FGRUFJ^FÎmp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ ^fnpfx ^fpygnf#gjncvhgjk uvpnba~f jmx xm frnffh xbpff bvjhpfh ajh impxw/xbpffyfbgncf~ imp umcgnf/xlpuf v~f imp pfucanfofjx mjcw' ajh bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~4 bgpf mi agpnpaix4 xpagjgjk ajh a~~g~xgonfpfqvf~xfh `w ^xaxf ajh cmnac kmyfpjofjx~# {bgnb oaw `f upmyghfh{gxbmv x pfgo`vp~fofjx4 ~fpygnf~ mi frufpx {gxjf~~f ~ ax ~vnb paxf~ a~

oaw `f hfxfpogjfh `w xbf Hgpfnxmp4 pfjxac mi `vgchgjk~ gj xbfHg~xpgnx mi Nmcvo`ga# ajh ifjngjk# cZbxgjk# kvaph `mmxb~# ajh mxbfpiangcgxgf~ mj upgyaxf mp mxbfp upmufpxw jmx gj Kmyfpjofjx m{jfp~bgump nmjxpmc# a~ oaw `f jfnf~~apw xm ufpimpo upmxfnxgyf ivjnxgmj~4 xbfR'jhvnxgjk mi ajh uapxgnguaxgjk gj igpfapo~ oaxnbf~ ajh upf~fjxaxgmj mi a{v


10/963

1 58 ^ X A X * 1 >7 9 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775frnffh (16#555 xm a~~g~x gj bm~xgjk xbf @gfjjgac Nmjifpfjnf mi xbfMpkajg|a x gmj mi [mofj gj Ifhfpa c Ca{ Fjimpnfofjx 4 xm `f bf chhv pgj k ig~nac wfa p 17714 jm x xm frnffh (65#555 xm upmyghf xfn bj gna ca~~ g ~ xajnf ajh fqvguofjx xm impf gkj ca{ fjimpnfofjx mpkajg|a x gmj~ #gj nmvjxfpifg x gjyf~x gkax gmj~4 imp ua>ogfjx gj ahyajnf imp nmoofpngac annmoomhaxgmj~ a~ oaw `f jfnf~~apw xm ufpimpo upmxfnx gyfivjnx gmj~4 ajh imp vj g impo~ {g xbmvx pfkaph xm xbf kfjfpa c uvpnba~fupgnf cgogxaxgmj imp xbf nvppfjx ig~nac wfap4 (859#;55#555# mi {bgnb(0#655#555 ~bac c pfoagj ayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh imp pfjmyaxgmj~ axxb f xfoumpapw miigngac pf~ghfjn f mi xb f Ygnf Upf ~ghf jx a jh (1#955#555xm pfoagj ayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh imp pfjmyaxgmj~ mi xbf Jf{ WmpdIgfch Miignf4 ajh mi {bgnb jmx xm frnffh (>55#555 ~bacc `f oahfayag ca` cf imp xbf upm xfn x gmj a x xbf mjf jmjkmyfpjofjxa c u pmufp xwhf~ gkjaxfh `w xbf U pf~ ghf jx mi xbf Vj g xfh ^ xa xf~ vj hfp upmyg~ gmj~ mi~fnx gmj 10 mi xbf Upf~ghfjxgac Upmxfnx gmj A~~g~xajnf Anx mi 17;9 12V*^*N* >569 jm xf'*

X P F A ^ V P W H F U A P X O F J X K F J F P A C U P M Y G ^ G M J ^^FNXGMJ 151* Au upmupga x gmj~ xm xbf Xpf a~v pw Hf uap xo fjx gj xb g~Anx ~bac c `f ayag ca`cf imp vjgimpo~ mp ac cm{ajnf~ xbfpfimp# a~avxbmpg|fh `w ca{ 6 V*^*N* 6751'# gjncvhgjk oagjxfjajnf# pfuagp~ #ajh n cfajgjk4 uvpnba~f mi gj~vpajnf imp miigngkh omxmp yfbgncf~mufpa xfh gj impf gkj nmvjx p gf~ 4 fj xfp gjk gj xm nmjx pan x~ {g xb xbfF'fuap xofjx mi ^xa xf imp xbf ivpj g~b gjk mi bfa c xb ajh ofhgna c ~fpygnf~ xm foucmwff~ ajh xbfgp hfufjhfjx~ ~fpygjk gj impfgkj nmvjxpgf~4aj h ~fpygnf~ a~ av xbmpg| fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157*^FN* 150* Jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ auupmupgaxfh `w xbg~ x g x cf ~bac c `f v~fhgj nmjjfnx gmj {gxb xbf nmc cfnx gmj mi ajw vjhfpualmjfjx mi vgw x a rgoum~fh `w xbf Gjxfpjac Pfyfjvf Nmhf mi 1768 vjcf~~ xbf nmjhvnx mimiignfp~ ajh foucmwff~ mi xbf Gjxfpjac Pfyfjvf ^fpygnf gj nmjjfnxgmj {gxb ~vnb nmccfnxgmj nmoucgf~ {gxb ~v`~fnxgmj a' mi ~fnxgmj 256pfcax gjk xm nmoovjgnax gmj~ gj nmjjfnx gmj {gxb hf`x nmc cfnx gmj'# ajh~fnx gmj 259 pfcax gjk xm bapa~~ofjx mp a`v~f'# mi xbf Iagp Hf`xNmccfnxgmj U pan xgnf ~ A nx 16 V*^*N* 1970'*^FN* 15>* Jm x xm frnffh 0 ufp n fjxv o mi aj w auu pmu pgax gmj ~ gj x bg~Anx imp xbf Hfuapxofjx mi xbf Xpfa~vpw oaw `f x paj~ifppfh `f x{ffj~vnb auupmupga x gmj~ * Jmx{g xb~ xajhgjk ajw av xbmp g xw xm x paj~ifpivjh~ `f x{ffj auupmupga x gmj~ nmjxa gjfh gj ajw m xbfp Anx # jm x paj~ifp oaw gjnpfa~f mp hfnpfa~f ajw auupmupga x gmj gj xb g~ Anx `w ompfxb aj 0 ufp nfj xv o a jh aj w ~vnb upmum~fh x paj~ifp ~ ~ba c c `fauupmyfh gj ahyajnf `w xbf Nmoogx xff~ mj Auupmupga x gmj~ mi xbfBmv~f ajh ^fja xf *Xb g ~ x g x c f oaw `f n g x fh a ~ x bf "Xpfa~v pw Hfuap xofj x Auupmu p g a x gmj~ Anx # 1771"*Um~xac ^fpygnf X G X C F GGAuupmupgaxgmj~Z,Z+ ZZZZ VJ G X F H ^ X AX F ^ U M ^X AC ^ F P Y GN F

U A W O F J X X M X B F U M ^X A C ^ F P Y GN F I V J HImp uawofjx xm xbf Um~xa c ^fpy gnf Ivjh imp pfyfjvf impkmjf mjipff a jh pfh vnfh p ax f o agc # uvp ~v aj x xm ~v`~fnx gmj n' mi ~fnx gmj 0851mi xg x c f >7# V jgx fh ^ xaxf ~ Nmhf4 (8;0#670#555< Upmyghfh# Xbax oag c impmyfp~fa~ ymx gjk ajh oagc imp xbf `c gjh ~bac c nmjxgjvf xm `f ipff7 v~f 85> jmxf# ~ba c c Nmjxgjvf ax jm x cf~~ xb aj xb f 172> cfyfc < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* X b a x


11/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 151/ 6 57 J M Y * 6 # 1775 158 ^ X A X * 1>7;jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ oahf ayagca`cf xm xbf Um~xac ^fpygnf `w xbg~ Anx~bacc `f v~fh xm goucfofjx ajw pvcf# pfkvcax gmj# mp umcgnw mi nbapkgjk ajw mii gnfp mp foucmwff mi ajw ^xaxf mp cmnac nbgch ~vuumpxfjimpnfofjx akfjnw# mp ajw gjhgyghvac uap x gn guax gjk gj a ^xaxf mpcmnac upmkpao mi nbgch ~vuumpx fjimpnfofjx# a iff imp gjimpoaxgmjpfqvf~xfh mp upmyghfh nmjnfpjgjk aj ahhpf~~ mi a um~xac nv~xmofp5#1771*

UAWOFJX XM XBF UM^XAC ^FPYGNF IVJH IMP JMJIVJHFH CGA@GCGXGF^Imp uaw o fjx xm xbf Um ~xac ^fpygnf Ivjh imp offx gjk xbf c ga`gc g xgf~mi xbf impofp Um~x Miignf Hfuapxofjx xm xbf Foucmwff~+ Nmoufj~axgmj Ivjh uvp~vajx xm >7 V*^*N* 0558# (>2#180#555*

VJGXFH ^XAXF^ UM^XAC ^FPYGNFKFJFPAC UPMYG^GMJ^

^FNXGMJ* 1* FCGOGJAXGMJ MI ^V@^GHGF^ IMP @VCD XBGPH/NCA^^ OAGCNMJXAGJGJK NFPXAGJ AHYFPXG^GJK OAXXFPa' GJ KFJFPAC*^fnxgmj >909 mi xgxcf >7# Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf# g~aofjhfh `w ahhgjk ax xbf fjh xbf imccm{gjk


12/963

158 ^XAX* 1>72 UV@CGN CA[ 151/657JMY* 6# 1775"@' ~vnb oaxxfp nmjxagj~# `vx g~ jmx upgoapg cw hfymxfh xm #pfifpfjnf~ xm ajh a pf~umj~f naph mp mxbfp gj~xpvnx gmj~ impoadgjk gjqvg p gf~ nmjnfpj gjk ~fpygnf~ mp `fjfigx~ ayagca`cf a~ apf~vc x mi ofo`fp~bgu gj xbf avxbmpg|fh mpkajg|ax gmj< Upmyghfh#Xbax ahyfp x g ~ gjk # upmomxgmj~h# mp auucgnaxgmj oaxfpgac~ ~ufngignac cw nmjnfpjgjk ~vnb ~fpygnf~ mp `fjfig x~ apf jmx gjncvhfh*">' Vumj pfqvf~x # aj mpkajg|ax gmj avxbmpg|fh xm oagc ax xbf paxf~

imp oagc vjhfp impofp ~fnxgmj 8860`' mp 8860n' mi xbg~ x g x cf ~baccivpjg~b fyghfjnf xm xbf Um~xac ^fpygnf nmjnfpjgjk xbf fcgkg`gcgxw miajw mi g x~ oagc oaxxfp mp oagc gjk~ xm `f ~fjx ax xbm~f paxf~*"dRH Jm ufp~mj mp mpkajg|ax gmj ~bac c oagc # mp nav~f xm `f oagcfh`w nmjx pan xva c akpffofjx mp m xbfp{g~f # a x xbf pa xf~ imp oag c vjhfpimpofp ~fnxgmj 8860`' mp 8860n' mi xbg~ x g x cf# ajw oaxxfp xm {bgnbxbm~f paxf~ hm jmx auucw*"0' Xbf Um~xac ^fpygnf oaw a~~f~~ a um~xakf hfigngfjnw gj xbfaomvjx mi xbf vjuagh um~xakf akagj~ x ajw ufp~mj mp mpkajg|a x gmj{bgnb ygmcaxf~ uapakpaub 1' mi xbg~ ~v`~fnx gmj* Xbg~ a~~f~~ofjx~bacc `f hffofh xbf igjac hfng~gmj mi xbf Um~xac ^fpygnf# vjcf~~ xbfuapxw akagj~x {bmo xbf hfigngfjnw g~ a~~f~~fh auufac~ g x gj {pg x gjk{gxbgj xbgpxw haw~ xm xbf um~xoa~xfp mi xbf miignf {bfpf xbf oagc gjk{a~ fjxfpfh* ^vnb aj auufac ~bac c `f nmj~ghfpfh `w aj miigng~hhf~gkjaxfh `w xbf Um~xac ^fpygnf# mxbfp xbaj xbf um~xoa~xfp mi xbfmiignf {bfpf xbf oagcgjk {a~ fjxfpfh# {bm ~bacc g~~vf a hfng~gmj a~~mmj a~ upanxgna`cf* Xbg~ hfng~gmj ~bacc `f hffofh igjac vjcf~~ xbfuapxw akagj~x {bmo xbf hfigngfjnw {a~ a~~f~~fh auufac~ g x gj {pg x gjk{gxbgj xbgpxw haw~ xm a ivpxbfp pfygf{gjk miigngac hf~gkjaxfh `w xbfUm~xac ^fpygnf# {bm ~bac c g~~vf xbf igjac hfng~gmj mj xbf oaxxfp*">' Xb f Um~ xac ^fpygnf ~ba c c oag jxa gj upm nfhvpf~ imp xbf u pmo uxnmccfnxgmj mi um~xakf hfigngfjngf~ apg~gjk ipmo xbf ygmcaxgmj mi uapakpaub 1' mi xbg~ ~v`~fnxgmj# ajh oaw gj gx~ hg~npfxgmj# imccm{ xbfg~~vajnf mi a igjac hfng~gmj pfkaphgjk a hfigngfjnw vjhfp uapakpaub0' mi xbg~ ~v`~fnx gmj hfhv nx xb f ao mv jx mi xba x hfigngfjnw gjnvp pfhhv pgjk xbf upfygmv~ 10 o mj xb~ ipmo aj w um~xakf annmvj x~ mp mxbf pomjgf~ mi xbf ygmcaxmp gj gx~ um~~f~~gmj*"*`' NMJIMPOGJK AOFJHOFJX*^fnxgmj 0851n' mi xgxcf >7# Vjgxfh^xa xf~ N!mhf# g~ aofjhfh `w ~xpgdgjk ">909a'/b'" ajh gj~fpx gjk">909a'/b' ajh M+'/d'"*>7 v~f 0851 n' FIIFNXGYF HAXF*Xbf aofjhofjx fjanxfh `w xb g~ ~fn x gmjjmxf* ~ba cc `fnmo f fiifnxgyf jgj fxw haw ~ aixfp xb f ha xf mi fj an xo fj x mixbg~ Anx *

>7 v ~ f >909 ^FN* 0 * IMP@FAPAJNF PFKAPHGJK NFPXAGJ UM^XAKF HFIGNGFJNGF^*a' GJ KFJFPAC*Xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Um~xac ^fpygnf oaw imp`fap

ipmo xbf nmccfnxgmj mi ajw um~xakf hfigngfjnw a~~f~~fh akagj~x ajmpkajg|ax gmj avxbmpg|fh xm oagc ax xbf paxf~ imp oagc vjhfp impofp~fnxgmj 8860`' mp 8860n' mi xgxcf >7# Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf# gi xbfa~~f~~ofjx mi xbax hfigngfjnw apg~f~ ipmo a ygmcaxgmj mi xbf nmmufpax gyf oagc gjk pfkvcax gmj~ mi xbf Um~xac ^fpygnf ~fx impxb ax ~fnx gmj906*6 mi xb f Hmof~xgn Oagc Oaj vac # aj h xbf U m~xac ^fpygnf ba ~ o ahfjm hfxfpogjax gmj xbax xbf mpkajg|ax gmj djm{gjkcw mp {gc c ivc cw ygmcaxfh ~vnb pfkvcax gmj~* Gi ajw mpkajg|ax gmj~ avxbmpg|fh xm oagc axxbf paxf~ imp oagc vjhfp impofp ~fnxgmj 8860`' mp 8860n' mi xg x cf >7#Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf# ba~ uagh mj g x~ m{j `fbaci ac c mp uapx mi aum~xakf hfigngfjnw {bgnb xbf Um~xac ^fpygnf {mvch imp`fap ipmonmccfnx gjk vjhfp xbg~ ~fnx gmj# xbf Um~xac ^fpygnf oaw pfivjh xm xbaxmpkajg|ax gmj xbf aomvjx {bgnb g x ba~ uagh*


13/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 151/ 6 57 J M Y * 6 # 1775 158 ^ X A X * 1>77`' F I I F N X GYF H A X F A JH AUUCGNA@GCGXW*Xbf upmyg~gmj~ mi xbg~~fnxgmj ~bacc `fnmof fiifnxgyf mj xbf haxf mi fjanxofjx mi xbg~ Anx#ajh ~bacc auucw xm oagc gjk~ {bgnb {fpf ~fjx mj mp `fx{ffj Lvcw 1#1729# ajh xbf fiifnxgyf haxf mi xbg~ ~fnxgmj*^FN* >* ^fnxgmj >909 mi x g x cf >7# Vj gxfh ^xa xf~ Nmhf# a~ aof jhf h `wxbf Kfjfpac Upmyg~gmj~ mi x g x cf GG # g~ ivpxbfp aofjhfh `w ahhgjk ax

xbf fjh xbf imccm{gjk V*^*N* 1504(065#555< Upmyghfh# Xbax jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ oahf ayagca`cf imp > V^N150 jmxf*mii gngac frufj~f~ ~bacc `f frufjhfh imp ajw mxbfp uvpum~f ajh ajwvjv~fh aomvjx ~bac c pfyfp x xm xbf Xpfa~vpw uvp~vajx xm ~fnx gmj1660 mi x g x cf >1 mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# X b a xjmjf mi xbf ivjh~ oahf ayagca`cf imp mii gngac frufj~f~ ~bacc `fnmj~ghfpfh a~ xara` cf xm xb f Upf~ghf jx *MIIGNF MI AHOGJG^XPAXGMJ

ÂCAPGF^ A JH F R U F J^ F Împ jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Miignf mi Ahogjg~xpax gmj4(06#815#555# mi {bgnb jmx cf~~ xbaj (655#555 ~bacc pfoagj ayagca`cfvjxg c frufjhfh imp xbf [bgxf Bmv~f Nmjifpfjnf mj Gjhgaj FLhv/naxgmj# gjncvhgjk ~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157 ajh >V*^*N* 15;# aj h b gpf mi ua~~fjkf p o mxmp yfbgncf~*

XBF [BGXF BMV^F MIIGNFÂCAPGF^ A JH F R U F J^ F ^

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ imp xbf [bgxf Bmv~f a~ avxbmpg|fh `w ca{#gjncvhgjk jmx xm frnffh (>#265#555 imp ~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6V*^*N* >157 ajh > V*^*N* 1564 gjncvhgjk ~v`~g~xfjnf frufj~f~ a~avxb mpg|fh `w > V*^*N* 156# {b gnb ~ba cc `f frufjhfh aj h annmvj xfhimp a~ upmyghfh gj xbax ~fnxgmj4 bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~#jf{~uaufp~# ufpgmhgnac~# xfcfxwuf jf{~ ~fpygnf# ajh xpayfc jmx xmfrnffgh (155#555 xm `f frufjhfh ajh annmvjxfh imp a~ upmyghfh `w >V*^*N* 15>'4 jm x xm frnffh (05#555 imp miigngac fj xf px ag j o fj x frufj~f~# xm `f ayagca`cf imp ac cmnaxgmj {gxbgj xbf Frfnvxgyf Miignf mixbf Upf~ghfjx4 (>0#;77#555*


14/963

1 58 ^ X A X * 1 85 5 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6 # 1 77 5FRFNVXGYF PF^GHFJNF AX XBF [BGXF BMV^F

M U F P A X G J K F R U F J ^ F Împ xbf napf # oagj xfjajnf # pfuag p ajh a c xf pa x gmj # pf ivpj g~b gjk #goupmyfofjx # bfax gjk ajh c gkbx gjk# gjncvhgjk fcfnxpgn um{fp ajhigrxvpf~# mi xb f Frfnv xgyf Pf~ghfjnf ax xbf [ bgxf B mv~f ajh miigngac

fjxfpxagjofjx frufj~f~ mi xbf Upf~ghfjx4 (2#876#555# mi {bgnb(655#555 imp xbf pfba`gc g xax gmj mi xbf [bgxf Bmv~f dg xnbfj~ ~bac cpfoagj ayagca`cf vjxgc frufjhfh# ajh mi {bgnb (1#050#555 imp xbfpfuagp mi xbf ianf mi xbf Frfnvxgyf Pf~ghfjnf ~bacc pfoagj ayag ca` cfvjxg c frufjhfh# xm `f frufjhfh ajh annmvjxfh imp a~ upmyghfh `w >V*^*N* 156#157/115#110/118*MIIGNGAC PF^GHFJNF MI XBF YGNF UPF^GHFJX

M U F P A X G J K F R U F J ^ F Împ xbf napf # oagj xfjajnf # pfuag p ajh a c xf pa x gmj # pf ivpj g~b gjk #goupmyfofjx # bfax gjk ajh c gkbx gjk# gjncvhgjk fcfnxpgn um{fp ajhigrxvpf~# mi xbf miigngac pf~ghfjnf mi xbf Ygnf Upf~ghfjx # xbf bgpf miua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~# ajh jmx xm frnffh (75#555 imp miigngacfj xfp xa gjofjx frufj~f~ mi xbf Ygnf Upf~ ghfjx # xm `f annmvjxfh imp~mcfcw mj bg~ nfpxgignaxf4 (909#555< Upmyghfh# Xbax ahyajnf~ mp pfuawofjx~ mp x paj~ifp~ i pmo xb g~ auupmupga x gmj oaw `f oahf xm ajwhfuapxofjx mp akfjnw imp frufj~f~ mi napp>hjk mvx ~vnb anxgygxgf~*

ÛFNGAC A^^G^XAJNF XM XBF UPF^GHFJXÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^F^

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ xm fja`cf xbf Ygnf Upf~ghfjx xm upmyghfa~~g~xajnf xm xbf Upf~ghfjx gj nmjjfnx gmj {gxb ~ufngac cw a~~gkjfhivjnxgmj~# ~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157 ajh > V*^*N* 159#gjncvhgjk ~v`~g~xfjnf frufj~f~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w > V*^*N* 159# {bgnb~bac c `f frufjhfh ajh annmvjxfh imp a~ upmyghfh gj xbax ~fnx gmj4 ajhbgp f mi ua~ ~fjk fp o mxmp y fbgncf~4 (0#62;#555*

NMVJNGC MI FNMJMOGN AHYG^FPÎmp j fnf~~ap w frufj~f~ mi xbf Nmvjngc gj najwgjk mvx gx~ ivjnxgmj~vjhfp xbf Foucmwofjx Anx mi 1789 16 V*^*N* 1501'4 (>#598#555*

MIIGNF MI UMCGNW HFYFCMUOFJXÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^F^

Iup jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Miignf mi Umcgnw Hfyfcmuofjx#gjncvhgjk ~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157# ajh > V*^*N* 15;4(>#>76#555*JAXGMJAC NPGXGNAC OAXFPGAC^ NMVJNGC

ÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^FÎmp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Jaxgmjac Npg x gnac Oaxfpgac~ Nmvjngc #gjncv hgjk anxgy gxgf~ a~ avxbm pg|f h `w Uv` cgn Ca{ 72/>;>4 (855#5551574 (6#27>#555*MIIGNF MI OAJAKFOFJX AJH @VHKFX

ÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^FÎmp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Miignf mi Oajakfofjx ajh @vhkfx#gjncvhgjk bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~# ~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w6 V*^*N* >1574 (82#>8>#555# mi {bgnb jmx xm frnffh (8#655#555 ~bacc `fayagca`cf xm nappw mvx xbf upmyg~gmj~ mi 88 V*^*N* nbauxfp >6< Upm

yghfh# Xb ax# a ~ upmyghfh gj >1 V*^*N* 1>51a'# auu pmupga x gmj~ ~ba cc `fauucgfh mjcw xm xbf m`lfnx~ imp {bgnb auupmupgax gmj~ {fpf oahffrnfux a~ mxbfp{g~f upmyghfh `w ca{< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax jmjf mixbf ivjh~ auupmupgaxfh gj xbg~ Anx imp xbf Miignf mi Oajakfofjx ajh@vhkfx oaw `f v~fh imp xbf uvpum~f mi pfygf{gjk ajw akp gnvc xvpacoapdfx gjk mphfp~ mp ajw anx gy g x gf~ mp pfkvcax gmj~ vjhfp xbf upmyg~gmj~ mi xbf Akpgnvcxvpac Oapdfxgjk Akpffofjx Anx mi 17>; ; V*^*N*951 fx ~fq*'< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xb ax jmj f mi xb f ivjh~ o ahf ayag ca`cfimp xbf N[ignf mi Oajakfofjx ajh @vhkfx `w xb g~ Anx oaw `ffrufjhfh imp xbf a c xfp gjk mi xbf x paj~np gux mi anxvac xf~ x gomjw mi{gxjf~~f~# frnfux imp xf~xgomjw mi miigngac~ mi xbf Miignf mi Oajakfofjx ajh @vhkfx # `fimpf xbf Nmoogx xff mj Auupmup ga x gmj~ mp xbfNmoogx xff mj Yfxfpaj~ + Aiiag p~ mp xbfg p ~v`nmoogx xff~< Upmyghfhivpxbfp* Xbax xb g~ upmyg~m ~bac c jmx auucw xm up gj xfh bfap gjk~ pfcfa~fh `w xbf Nmoogx xff mj Auupmup ga x gmj~ mp xbf Nmoogx xff mjYfxfpaj~ + Aiiag p~ < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# Xbax jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ oahfayagca`cf `w xbg~ Anx mp ajw mxbfp Anx ~bacc `f v~fh xm pfhvnf xbf~nmuf mp uv`cgnaxgmj ipfqvfjnw mi ~xax g~x gnac haxa pfcax gyf xm xbfmufpaxgmj~ ajh upmhvnxgmj mi xbf acnmbmcgn `fyfpakf ajh xmànnmgjhv~xpgf~ `fcm{ ig~nac wfap 1726 cfyfc~< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax jmjfmi xb f ivjh~ au upm upga xfh `w xbg ~ Anx ~ba cc `f ayagca`cf xm xb f Miignfmi Oajakfofjx ajh @vhkfx imp pfyg~ gjk# nvp xa g c gjk mp m xbfp{g~faofjhgjk xbf ahogjg~ x pa x gyf ajh-mp pfkvcaxmpw ofxbmhmcmkw foucmwfh `w xbf @vpfav mi Acnmbmc# Xmànnm ajh Igpfapo~ xm a~~vpfnmo ucgajnf { gxb ~fnxgmj 156# x g x cf 0; mi xb f V jgxfh ^xa xf~ NmhfIfhfpac Acnmbmc Ahogjg~xpax gmj Anx' mp {gxb pfkvcax gmj~# pvc gjk~ mpim po~ u pmovcka xfh xbfpfvjhfp *MIIGNF MI IFHFPAC UPMNVPFOFJX UMCGNW

ÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^FÎmp frufj~f~ mi xbf Miignf mi Ifhfpac Upmnvpfofjx Umcgnw# gjncvhgjk ~ fpygnf~ a ~ a vxb mpg| fh `w 6 V*^*N* >1574 (0#718#555*


16/963

1 58 ^ X A X * 1 85 0 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775MIIGNF MI JAXGMJAC HPVK NMJXPMC UMCGNW

ÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^F^ GJNCVHGJK XPAJÎFP MI IVJH^'

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Miignf mi Jaxgmjac Hpvk NmjxpmcUmcgnw4 imp pf~fapnb anx gyg x gf~ uvp~vajx xm x g x cf G mi Uv`cgn Ca{ 155/9754 jmx xm frnffh (;#655 imp miigngac pfnfuxgmj ajh pfupf~fjxaxgmjfrufj~f~4 imp uapxgnguaxgmj gj lmgjx upmlfnx~ mp gj xbf upmyg~gmj mi~fpygnf~ mj oaxxfp~ mi ovxvac gjxfpf~x {gxb jmjupmig x # pf~fapnb# mpuv`c gn mpkajg|a x gmj~ mp akfjngf~ # {g xb mp {g xbmvx pf go`vp~fofjx 4(77#555#555# mi {bgnb (20#555#555 ~bacc `f ayagca`cf imp hpvk nmjxpmcanx gyg x gf~ {bgnb apf nmj~g~xfjx {gxb xbf auupmyfh ~xpaxfkw imp fanbmi xbf hf~gkjaxfh Bgkb Gjxfj~g xw Hpvk Xpaiigndgjk Apfa~< Upmyghfh#Xbax mi xbf (20#555#555 oahf ayagca`cf# (65#555#555 ~bacc `f xpaj~ifppfh xm Ifhfpa c akfjngf~ ajh hfuap xofjx~ imp goucfofjx gjk auupmyfh ~xpaxfkgf~ ajh ~bac c `f m`c gkaxfh `w xbf fjh mi ig~nac wfap1771< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax mi xbf (20#555#555# jmx cf~~ xbaj(>0#555#555 ~bac c `f x paj~ifppfh xm xbf Hfuapxofjx mi Lv~x gnf ajhxbf Hfuapxofjx mi xbf Xpfa~vpw imp h g~`vp~fofjx xm ^xa xf ajh cmna cfjx g x gf~ imp hpvk nmjxpmc anx gyg x gf~ {bgnb apf nmj~g~xfjx {gxb xbfauupmyfh ~xpaxfkw imp fanb hf~gkjaxfh Bgkb Gjxfj~g xw Hpvk Xpaiigndgjk Apfa< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xb ax gj xbf na~f mi xbf ^m vxb{f~x @mphfpBgkb Gjxfj~g xw Hpvk Xpaiigndgjk Apfa ~vnb ivjh~ ~bac c `f ayag ca`cfmjcw imp hpvk nmjxpmc anx gyg x gf~ {bgnb apf nmj~g~xfjx {gxb xbf auupmyfh ~xpaxfkw ajh auupmyfh `w xbf Hpvk Ahyg~mpw @maph mi xbfaiifnxfh ^xaxf< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax xbf Miignf g~ avxbmpg|fh xmannfux # bmch# aho gjg~xf p# aj h vx g c g|f kgix~ # `mxb p fac aj h ufp~ mjac # impxbf uvpum~f mi aghgjk mp iangcgxaxgjk xbf {mpd mi xbf Miignf*

^ U F N GA C I M P I F G X V P F I V J HGJNCVHGJK X P A J ^ I F P MI IVJH^'

Imp anxgygxgf~ avxbmpg|fh `w Uv`cgn Ca{ 155/975# (89#555#555 xm `fhfpgyfh ipmo hfum~g x~ gj xbf ûfngac Impifg xvpf Ivjh4 mi {bgnb(8#682#555 ~bac c `f x paj~ifppfh xm Ifhfpac @vpfav mi Gjyf~x gkax gmj#"^kgcapgf~ ajh frufj ~f~"4 mi {b gnb (0#9>;#555 ~bac c `f x paj ~ifp pfh xmGoogkpa x gmj ajh Jaxvpa c g|a x gmj ^fpy gnf # "âcap gf~ ajh frufj~f~" 4mi {bgnb (9#781#555 ~bacc `f xpaj~ifppfh xm Gjxfpakfjnw Ca{ Fjimpnfofjx # "Mpkajg|fh Npgof Hpvk Fjimpnfofjx"4 mi {bgnb (12#228#555~bac c `f xp~gj~ifppfh xm Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nv~xmo~ ^fpygnf# "âcapgf~ ajhfrufj~f~"4 mi {bgnb (>#269#555 ~bacc `f xpaj~ifppfh xm @vpfav miAcnmbmc # Xmànnm ajh Igpfapo~# "âcapgf~ ajh frufj~f~"4 mi {bgnb(>#567#555 ~bac c `f x paj~ifppfh xm Gjxfpjac Pfyfjvf ^fpygnf# "Xarca{ fjimpnfofjx"4 mi {bgnb (71#555 ~bac c `f x paj~ifppfh xm ^fnpfx^fpygnf# "âcapgf~ ajh frufj~f~"4 mi {bgnb (8#728#555 ~bac c pfoagjayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh imp avxmoaxfh haxa upmnf~~gjk fjbajnfofjx~ ax xbf Fc Ua~m Gjxfc c gkfjnf Nfjxfp4 ajh mi {bgnb (1#555#555~bac c pfoagj ayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh xm goucfofjx ~fnx gmj ;958 miUv`cgn Ca{ 155/975# xbf Jaxgmjac Nmoog~~gmj mj Ofa~vpfh Pf~umj~f~ xm Anbgfyf a Hpvk/Ipff Aofpgna `w 1776 Avxbmpg|ax gmj Anx


17/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775MIIGNF MI JAXGMJAC HPVK NMJXPMC UMCGNW

158 ^XAX* 185>

KFJFPAC UPMYG^GMJ^FNXGMJ 1* ^fnxgmj 608n'7' mi xgxcf 02 # Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf g~aofjhfh `w hfcfx gjk xbf ~fnmjh ~fjxfjnf ajh gj~fpx gjk xbf imc cm{

gjk< "Im p fan b mi ig~nac wfa p~ 1771# 1770# aj h 177># xb f A xxmpj fwKpfjfpac ~bacc xpaj~ifp jmx xm frnffh (165#555#555 gj vjm`cgkaxfhaomvjx~ ayag ca` cf gj xbf Ivjh xm xbf ^ufnga c Impif g xvpf Ivjh


18/963

158 ^ X A X * 18 58 U V @ C G N C A [ 151/ 65 7 J M Y * 6 # 1775ajjvac pfump x mi xbf Ahyg~mpw Nmoogx xff mj Ifhfpac Uaw ~bac c `f~vògx xfh xm xbf Auupmup ga x gmj~ Nmoogx xff~ mi xbf Bmv~f ajh^fjaxf ajh mxbfp auupmup ga xf Nmoogx xff~ mi xbf Nmjkpf~~ a x xbf~ao f x go f xb f pfump x g ~ ~vò gx xfh xm xbf Upf~ghfjx *NMOOGXXFF IMP UVPNBA^F IPMO XBF @CGJH AJH MXBFP^FYFPFCW BAJHGNAUUFH

ÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^FÎmp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Nmoogx xff imp Uvpnba~f Ipmo xbf@cgjh gjh Mxbfp ^fyfpfcw Bajhgnauufh f~xa`cg~bfh `w xbf Anx miL v j f 0>#17;1# Uv` cgn Ca { 7 0/02 (1#195#555*

IFHFPAC FCFNXGMJ NMOOG^^GMJÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^F^

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ xm nappw mvx xbf upmyg~gmj~ mi xbf IfhfpacFcfnxgm j N ao uag kj An x mi 17;1# a~ ao fj hf h4 (1;#165#555# mi {b gnbjmx xm frnffh (6#555 ~bacc `f ayagca`cf imp pfnfuxgmj ajh pfupf~fjxax gmj frufj~f~*KFJFPAC ^FPYGNF^ AHOGJG^XPAXGMJ

PFAC UPMUFPXW ANXGYGXGFÎ F H F P A C @ V G C H G J K ^ I V J H

VOGXAXGMJ^ MJ AYAGCA@GCGXW MI PFYFJVFImp ahhgx gmjac frufj~f~ jfnf~~apw xm nappw mvx xbf uvpum~f mi xbfIvjh f~xa`cg~bfh uvp~vajx xm ~fnxgmj 015i' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxwajh Ahogjg~xpax gyf ^fpygnf~ Anx mi 1787# a~ aofjhfh 85 V*^*N*875i''# (1#986#;>>#555 xm `f hfum~gxfh gjxm ~agh Ivjh* Xbf pfyfjvf~ajh nmccfnxgmj~ hfum~gxfh gjxm ~agh Ivjh ~bacc `f ayagca`cf impjfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi pfac upmufp xw oajakfofjx ajh pf ca xfh anx gy g x gf~ jmx mxbfp{g~f upmyghfh imp # gjncvhgjk mufpaxgmj# oagjxfjajnf#ajh upmxfnxgmj mi ifhfpaccw m{jfh ajh cfa~fh `vgchgjk~4 pfjxac mi`vgchgjk~ gj xbf Hg~xp gnx mi Nmcvo`ga4 pf~xmpax gmj mi cfa~fh upfog~f~4omygjk kmyfpjofjxac akfjngf~ gjncvhgjk ~uanf ahlv~xofjx~ ajhxfcfnmoovjgnaxgmj~ pfcmnaxgmj frufj~f~' gj nmjjfnxgmj {gxb xbfa~~gkjofjx# ac cmnaxgmj ajh xpaj~ifp mi ~uanf4 nmjxpanxvac ~fpygnf~gjnghfjx xm ncfajgjk mp ~fpygngjk `vgchgjk~ ajh omygjk4 pfuagp ajhacxfpax gmj mi ifhfpaccw m{jfh `vgchgjk~ gjncvhgjk kpmvjh~#auupmanbfh ajh auuvpxfjajnf~4 napf ajh ~aifkvaphgjk mi ~g xf~4oagjxfjajnf# upf~fpyax gmj# hfomc g x gmj# ajh fqvguofjx 4 anqvg~ g x gmjmi `vgchgjk~ aj h ~g xf~ `w uvpnb a~f# nmjh fo jaxgmj# mp a~ mxb fp{g~f avxbmpg|fh `w ca{4 nmjyfp~gmj aj h frxfj~gmj mi ifhfpaccw m{jfh`vgchgjk~4 upfc gogjapw ucajjgjk ajh hf~gkj mi upmlfnx~ `w nmjxpanxmp mxbfp{g~f4 nmj~xpvnxgmj mi jf{ `vgchgjk~ gjncvhgjk fqvguo fjx imp~vnb `vgchgjk~'4 ajh uawofjx mi upgjnguac # gjxfpf~x # xarf~# ajh ajwmxbfp m`cgkaxgmj~ imp uv`cgn `vgchgjk~ anqvgpfh `w gj~xac cofjx uvpnba~f ajh uvpnba~f nmjxpanx # gj xbf akkpfkaxf aomvjx mi(6#092#961#255 mi {bgnb 1' jmx xm frnffh (1#895#9;2#555 ~bacc pfoagjayagca`cf vjxg c frufjhfh imp nmj~xpvnxgmj mi ahhgx gmjac upmlfnx~ ax


19/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 151/ 65 7 J M Y * 6 # 1775 158 ^ X A X * 18 56cmnaxgmj~ ajh ax oargovo nmj~xpvnxgmj goupmyfofjx nm~x~ gjncvhgjk ivjh~ imp ~gxf~ ajh frufj~f~' a~ imccm{~


20/963

158 ^XA X* 1859 UV @C GN CA [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775Daj~a~


21/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775 158 ^X A X* 185;Jf{ Wmpd# a kpajx xm Nmcvo`ga Vjgyfp~g xw # Nfjxfp impHg~fa~f Upfyfjxgmj# (1#555#555Pmnbf~xfp# a kpajx xm Pmnbf~xfp Gj~x g xvxf mi Xfnbjmcmkwimp a ~x paxfk gn o axf pga c~ pf~f apnb nfjxfp # (1#;65#555[ bgxf U cagj ~# Nmv pxbmv~f # (09#>65#555Mpfkmj>#>05#555Ufjj~w cyaj ga #8>1#555Xfra~1># f cgqvghaxfh { gxb upgmp jmx gignax gmjxm xbf N moo gx xff~ mj Auupmupga x gmj~ mi xbf B mv~f ajh ^fj axf xm xbffrxfjx ~aygjk~ apf fiifnxfh gj mxbfp ~vnb upmlfnx~4 0' jmx xm frnffh(;75#061#255 {bgnb ~bacc pfoagj ayagca`cf vjxgc frufjhfh# imp pfuag p~ ajh a c xf pa x gmj~ < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax ivjh~ gj xbf Ifhfpa c@vgchgjk~ Ivjh imp Pfuagp~ ajh Acxfpax gmj~ ~bac c # imp upm~ufnxv~upmlfnx~# `f cgogxfh xm xbf aomvjx `w upmlfnx a~ imccm{~# frnfux fanbupmlfnx o aw `f gjnpfa~fh `w aj ao mv jx j mx xm frnffh 15 ufp nfj xvovjcf~~ ahyajnf auupmyac g~ m`xagjfh ipmo xbf Nmoogxxff~ mj Auupmup ga x gmj~ mi xbf B mv~f ajh ^fjaxf imp a kpfa xfp ao mvjx #762#555^aj Ipajng~nm# Nv~xmobmv~f# (7#652#555


22/963

1 58 ^ X A X * 1 85 2 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775Nmcmpahm9 ^* Ncapd ^xpffx uba~f 0'#(9#082#555Gjh gaja #752#555Ogjjf~mxa >#555Jf{ Lf p~fw #;66#555Jf{ Wmpd 5;#555O a p w c a j h


23/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775 158 ^X A X * 1857Jmkacf~# Kpajh Ayfjvf# @mphfp ^xax gmj# ~g xf ajh hpagjakf# (>#055#555â~a`f# Jf{ @mphfp ^xaxgmj# (>#126#555Nacgimpjga76#555Mxaw Of~a# Jf{ @mphfp ^xaxgmj# (18#110#;55âj W~ghpm# @mphfp ^xaxgmj# (2#555#555Xfnaxf# Jf{ @mphfp ^ xax gmj# (15# >9;#655Jf{ Ofrgnm#655#555Nmcvo`ga-[f~x Capfhm# Jf{ @mphfp ^xax gmj# (10#771#555Hfc Pgm# @mphfp ^xaxgmj# (1>#580#555Fc Ua~m# @pghkf mi xbf Aofpgna~# @mphfp ^xax gmj#

(6#071#555Capfhm-Lvapf|/Cgjnmcj @pghkf# @mphfp ^xax gmj#(06#9;7#855Cm~ Gjhgm~# Jf { @ mphf p ^ xaxgm j# (;#7>8#555W~cfxa# Jf{ @mphfp ^xaxgmj# (7#588#555^mvxb{f~x @mphfp ' jmx xm frnffh (1>9#6;7#555 impgj~ xa c cofjx anqvg~ g x gmj uawofjx~ gjn cvhgjk uawofjx~ mj uvpnba~fnmjxpanx~4 8' jmx xm frnffh (1#8;>#258#555 imp pfjxac mi ~uanf4 6' jmxxm frnffh (1#5>;#055#555 imp pfac upmufpxw mufpaxgmj~4 9' jmx xmfrnffh (75#;21#555 imp upmkpao hgpfnxgmj ajh nfjxpacg|fh ~fpygnf~4ajh ;' jmx xm frnffh (08;#996#555 imp hf~gkj ajh nmj~xpvnxgmj ~fpygnf~ mi {bgnb (6#655#555 ~bacc `f ayagca`cf imp ua>ajfjx xm a uv`cgnfjx g xw gj ig~nac wfap 1771 xm bmv~f xbf @ vpfa v mi O gjf~# xb f V jgxfh^xaxf~ Kfmcmkgnac ^vpyfw ajh xbf Jaxgmjac [faxbfp ^fpygnf gjXvn~mj# Apg|mja# ~vnb cmnax gmj xm `f hf~gkjaxfh `w xbf bmv~fhakfjngf~ ajh ~vnb akfjngf~ apf xm `f bmv~fh pfjx ipff# frncv~gyf mimufpax gjk frufj~f~# gj ~vnb cmnax gmj4 imp hf~gkj ajh nmj~xpvnx gmj~fpygnf~ {bgnb ~bac c pfoagj ayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh# gjncvhgjkfrufj~f~ imp upfcgogjapw hf~gkj imp a >55#555 ~qvapf immx Kmyfpjofjx/m{jfh iangcgxw imp xbf Nfjxfp imp Hg~fa~f Nmjxpmc ax xbfgpnaouv~ mj Ncgixmj Pmah gj Axcajxa# Kfmpkga# ~vnb frufj~f~ xm `fpfgo`vp~fh xm KÂ `w xbf Nfjxfp imp Hg~fa~f Nmjxpmc < Upmyghfhivpxbfp* Xbax imp xbf uvpum~f~ mi xbg~ avxbmpg|ax gmj# `vg chgjk~ nmj~ x pvn xfh uvp~vajx xm xbf uvpnba~f nmjx pan x av xbmp g xw mi xbf Uv`c gn@vgchgjk~ Aofjhofjx~ mi 17;0 85 V*^*N* 950a'# ajh `vgchgjk~ vjhfpxbf nmjx pm c m i ajmxbfp hfuap xofjx mp akfjnw {bfpf a c xf pa x gmj~ mi~vnb `vgchgjk~ apf pfqvgpfh gj nmjjfnx gmj {gxb xbf omygjk mi ~vnbmxbfp hfuapxofjx mp akfjnw ipmo `vgchgjk~ xbfj# mp xbfpfaixfp xm `f*


24/963

1 58 ^ X A X * 1 81 5 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775vjhfp xbf nmjxpmc mi xbf Kpfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj ~bac c `fnmj~ghfpfh xm `f ifhfpac cw m{jfh `vgchgjk~< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* X b a xjmjf mi xbf ivjh~ ayag ca`cf xm xbf Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj{gxb xbf frnfuxgmj mi xbm~f mi Naugxac Goupmyfofjx~ mi Vjgxfh^xaxf~/Ofrgnm @mphfp Iang c g x gf~4 xbf Avkv~xa# Lfmpkga# Vjg xfh ^ xa x f ~Nmvpxbmv~f4 xbf @m~xmj # Oa~~anbv~fx x ~ # Ifhfpa c @vg ch gjk Vjg xfh^xaxf~ Nmvpxbmv~f4 xbf Nap~mj Ngxw# Jfyaha# Ifhfpac @vgchgjk/Um~xMiignf uapdgjk iang c g xw4 xbf ^bpfyfumpx # Cmvg~gaja# Ifhfpac @vgchgjkajh Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmvpxbmv~f4 xbf Hg~xpgnx mi Nmcvo`ga Ufj~gmj@vgchgjk# Jaxgmjac @vgchgjk Ov~fvo4 xbf DjmryVcf# Xfjjf~~ff#Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmvpxbmv~f/Um~x Miignf4 xbf Nbapcf~xmj# [f~x Ygpk gj ga # Ifhfpa c @vg ch gjk Vjg xfh ^xa xf~ Nmvpxbmv~f4 @vg ch gjk Jm* 9 #[mpch Xpahf Nfjxfp # Jf{ Wmpd # Jf{ Wmpd4 ajh xbf Xv~nmj # Apg |mja # Vjg xfh ^xa xf~ Lfmcmkgnac ^vpyfw # Jax gmjac [faxbfp ^fpy gnf #ajh @vpfav mi Ogjf~ ~uanf fruaj~gmj ~bac c `f ayag ca`cf imp frufj~f~gj nmjjfnx gmj {gxb ajw nmj~xpvnx gmj# pfuagp # ac xfpax gmj# ajh anqvg~gx gmj upmlfnx imp {bgnb a upm~ufnxv~# g i pfqvgpfh `w xbf Uv`cgn @vgchgjk~ Anx mi 1767# a~ aofjhfh# ba~ jmx `ffj auupmyfh# frnfux xbaxjfnf~~apw ivjh~ oaw `f frufjhfh imp fanb upmlfnx imp pfqvgpfhfrufj~f~ gj nmjjfnx gmj {gxb xbf hfyfcmuofjx mi a upmum~fh upm~ufnxv ~ < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax ivjh~ ayag ca`cf gj xbf Ifhfpac @vgchgjk~Ivjh oaw `f frufjhfh imp fofpkfjnw pfuag p~ {bfj ahyajnfauupmyac g ~ m` xa gjfh i pmo xbf Nmoogx xff~ mj Auupmupga x gmj~ mi xbfBmv~f ajh ^fjaxf < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax aomvjx~ jfnf~~apw xmupmyghf pfgo`vp~a`cf ~ufngac ~fpygnf~ xm mxbfp akfjngf~ vjhfp ~fnx gmj 015iR9' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajh Ahogjg~xpax gyf ^fpygnf~Anx mi 1787# a~ aofjhfh 85 V*^*N* 875iD9'' ajh aomvjx~ xm upmyghf~vnb pfgo`vp~a`cf ifjngjk# c gkbx gjk# kvaph `mmxb~# ajh mxbfp iang c g x gf~ mj up gya xf mp m xbfp upmufp xw jmx gj Kmyfpjofjx m{jfp~b gu mpnmjx pm c a~ oaw `f auupmupga xf xm fja`cf xbf Vjg xfh ^xa xf~ ^fnpf x^fpygnf xm ufpimpo g x~ upmxfnx gyf ivjnx gmj~ u vp ~v aj x xm 12 V*^*N*>569# g~ aofjhfh# ~bac c `f ayag ca`cf ipmo ~vnb pfyfjvf~ ajh nmc cfnx gmj~< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xb ax pfyfjv f~ ajh nm ccfnx gmj~ ajh aj w m xbfp~vo~ annpvgjk xm xbg~ Ivjh hvpgjk ig~nac wfap 1771 frncvhgjkpfgo`vp~fofjx~ vjhfp ~fnx gmj 015iR9' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajhA ho o g~xpax gy f ^fpygnf~ Anx mi 1787 85 V*^*N* 875iD9'' gj frnf~~ mi(6#092#961#255 ~b~hc pfoagj gj xbf Ivjh ajh ~bac c jm x `f ayag ca` cfimp frufj hg xvpf frnfux a~ av xbmp g|fh gj auupmu pga x gmj~ Anx~ *

IFHFPAC VUUCW FPYGNF

MUFPAXGJK FRUFJ^F^Imp frufj~f~ avxbmpg|fh `w ca{# jmx mxbfp{g~f upmyghfh imp# jfnf~~apw imp upmufpxw o~gjakfofjx anxgygxgf~# vxgc g|axgmj mi frnf~~ ajhhg~um~ac mi ~vpucv~ ufp~mjac upmufpxw# pfba`gc g xax gmj mi ufp~mjacu pmuf p xw # x p aj~um p x a x gmj oajgkfofjx anx gy g x gf~ # x paj~umpxa x gmjavhg x ~ `w gj/bmv~f ufp~mjjfc # u pmnvpfo fjx # ajh m xbfp pf ca xfh ~vuucwoajakfofjx anx gyg x gf~# gjncvhgjk ~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N*>1574 (6>#76;#555*


25/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6# 1775 158 ^X A X * 1811IFHFPAC UPMUFPXW PF^MVPNF^ ^FPYGNF

MUFPAXGJK FRUFJ^F^GJNCVHGJK XPAJÎFP MI IVJH^'

Imp frufj~f~# jmx mxbfp{g~f upmyghfh imp# jfnf~~apw imp nappwgjkmvx xbf ivjnx gmj~ mi xbf Ahogjg~xpaxmp {gxb pf~ufnx xm vx g c g|ax gmj mifrnf~~ pfac upmufpxw4 xbf hg~um~ac mi ~vpucv~ pfac upmufpxw# xbfvx g c g|ax gmj ~vpyfw# hffh nmoucgajnf gj~ufnx gmj# auupag~ac # fjygpmjofjxa c ajh nv c xvpa c ajacw~ g~ # ajh cajh v~f u cajjgjk ivjnx gmj~ufpxagjgjk xm frnf~~ ajh ~vpucv~ pfac upmufpxw# gjncvhgjk ~fpygnf~ a~av xbm pg|f h ` w 6 V*^*N* >1574 (1>#>29#555# xm `f hfpgyfh ipmo upmnffh~ipmo xpaj~ifp~ mi frnf~~ pfac upmufpxw ajh hg~um~ac mi ~vpucv~ pfacupmufpxw ajh pfcaxfh ufp~mjac upmufpxw# ~v`lfnx xm xbf upmyg~gmj~ mixb f Cajh a jh [ axf p Nmj ~fpyax gmj I vj h Anx mi 1796# a~ aofj hfh 19V*^*N* 8951/6'*PFAC UPMUFPXW PFCMNAXGMJ

Imp frufj~f~ jmx mxbfp{g~f upmyghfh imp# (2#555#555 xm pfoagjayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh# jfnf~~apw imp nappwgjk mvx xbf ivjnx gmj~ mixbf Ahogjg~xpaxmp {gxb pf~ufnx xm pfcmnax gmj mi Ifhfpac akfjngf~ipmo upmufp xw {bgnb ba~ `ffj hfxfpogjfh `w xbf Ahogjg~ x pa xmp xm`f mxbfp xbaj muxgoaccw vx g c g|fh vjhfp xbf upmyg~gmj~ mi ~fnx gmj015f' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajh Ahogjg~xpax gyf ^fpygnf~ Anx mi1787# a~ aofjhfh< Upmyghfh# Xbax (0#655#555 mi xbg~ aomvjx ~bacc `foahf ayag ca`cf xm uaw frufj~f~ pfcaxfh xm xbf pfcmnax gmj mi xbfVjgxfh ^xaxf~ Ig~b ajh [gchc gif ^fpygnf pfkgmjac miignf avxbmpg|fhajh hgpfnxfh `w Uv`cgn Ca{ 151/1>9< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# Xbax ~vnbpf cmnax gmj~ ~bac c mj cw `f vjhfp xadfj {bfj xbf f~ x goaxfh upmnffh~ipmo xbf hg~um~g x gmj mi xbf mpgkgjac iang c g x gf~ auupmrgoaxf xbfauupag~fh iagp oapdfx yacvf mi ~vnb jf{ iang c g x gf~ ajh frnffh xbff~xgoaxfh nm~x~ mi pfcmnaxgmj* Pfcmnaxgmj nm~x~ gjncvhf frufj~f~ impajh a~~mngaxfh {gxb anqvg~gxgmj mi ~gxf~ ajh iangcgx gf~# ajh frufj~f~mi omygjk mp pfuvpnba~ gjk fqvguofjx ajh ufp~mjac upmufp xw * Xbf~fivjh~ oaw `f v~fh imp uawofjx~ xm mxbfp Ifhfpac fjx g x gf~ xm annmoucg~b xbf pfcmnax gmj ivjnx gmj~< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# Xbax jm xb gjk gj xb g~uapakpaub ~bac c `f nmj~x pvfh a~ pf c gfy gjk xbf Ahogjg~ x pa xmp miKpfjfpac ^fpygnf~ mp xbf bfah mi ajw mxbfp Ifhfpac akfjnw ipmo ajwm`cgkax gmj mp pf~xpgnx gmj vjhfp xbf Uv`cgn @vgchgjk~ Anx mi 1767gjncvhgjk ajw m`cgkax gmj nmjnfpjgjk ~vòg~~gmj ajh auupmyac mi aupm~ufnxv~' # xbf Ifhfpa c Upmufp xw ajh Ahogjg~ x pa x gyf ^fpy gnf~ Anxmi 1787# a~ aofjhfh# mp ajw mxbfp Ifhfpac ca{# mp a~ avxbmpg|gjk xbfAhogjg~ x pa xmp mi Kfjfpa c ^fpy gnf~ mp xbf bfah mi ajw m xbfp Ifhfpa cakfjnw xm xadf anx gmj~ gjnmj~g~xfjx {gxb ~xaxvxmpw m`c gkax gmj~ mppf~xpgnx gmj~ ucanfh vumj xbf Ahogjg~xpaxmp mi Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ mp~vnb akfjnw bfah {gxb pf~ufnx xm avxbmpg xw xm anqvgpf mp hg~um~f mipfa c u pmufp xw *KF J F P AC O AJ A KF O F J X A J H AHO G J G^ X P AX GM J

ÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^FÎmp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~# jmx mxbfp{g~f upmyghfh# imp Umcgnw Hgpfnxgmj# @maph mi Vmjxpanx Auufac~# ajh annmvjxgjk# pfnmph~ oajalkf/

ofjx # ajh mxbfp ~vuumpx ~fpygnf~ gjnghfjx xm ahlvhgnax gmj mi GjhgajXpgàc Nca go~ `w xbf Vjg xfh ^xa xf~ NLmvpx mi Ncago~# ajh ~fpygnf~


26/963

1 58 ^ X AX * 1 81 0 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6 # 1 77 5avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157# (>6#155#555< Upmyghfh# Xbax xb g ~ auupmupgax gmj ~bac c `f ayag ca`cf# imp kfjfpac ahogjg~xpax gyf ajh ~xaii~vuumpx ~fpygnf~# ~v`lfnx xm pfgo`vp~fofjx `w xbf auucgna`cfmpkajg|ax gmj mp akfjngf~ uvp~vajx xm ~v`~fnx gmj~ a' ajh Mx:' mi~fnxgmj 16>6 mi xg x cf >1# V jgxf h ^xa xf~ N mhf< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* X b a xjmx xm frnffh (6#555 ~bacc `f ayagca`cf imp miigngac pfnfuxgmj ajhpfupf~fjxa x gmj frufj~f~ *

GJIMPOAXGMJ PF^MVPNF^ OAJAKFOFJX ^FPYGNFMUFPAXGJK FRUFJ^F^

Imp frufj~f~ avxbmpg|fh `w ca{# jmx mxbfp{g~f upmyghfh imp# jfnf~~apw imp nappwgjk mvx Kpmyfpjofjx/{ghf ajh gjxfpjac pf~umj~g`g c g x gf~ pf ca x gjk xm av xmoaxfh haxa oajakfofjx # x f cfnmoovjgnax gmj~ #gj impoax gmj pf~mvpnf~ o ajak fo fjx # aj h pf ca xfh an x gy g xgf~ # gjn cvhgjk~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmp g|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >1574 aj h imp xb f Gjim po axgmj^fnvpg xw Myfp~gkbx Miignf f~xa`c g~bfh uvp~vajx xm Frfnvxgyf Mphfp10>694 (>7#791#555*MIIGNF MI GJ^UFNXMP KFJFPAC

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ mi xbf Miignf mi Gj~ufnxmp Lfjfpac(>5#77;#555 mi { bgnb jm x xm frnffh (1#555#555 ~bacc p fo ag j ayagca `cfvjx g c frufjhfh imp upmnvpfofjx ajh gj~ xa c cofjx mi aj av xmoax gmjupmkpao gj ~vuumpx mi avhgx~ ajh gjyf~x gkax gmj~< Upmyghfh# Xbax jm xxm frnffh (15#555 ~ba cc `f a yagca `cf imp ualjjfjx imp gjimpoaxgmj ajhhfxfnx gmj mi ipavh akagj~x xbf Kmyfpjofjx # gjncvhgjk ua>ogfjx imppfnmyfpw mi ~xmcfj Kmyfpjofjx upmufpxw< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xba x jm xxm frnffh (0#655 ~bacc `f ayagca`cf imp a{aph~ xm foucmwff~ mi mxbfpIfhfpac akfjngf~ ajh upgyaxf ng x g|fj~ gj pfnmkjgx gmj mi fiimpx~ ajhgjgxgaxgyf~ pf~vcxgjk gj fjbajnfh Miignf mi Gj~ufnxmp Kpfjfpacfiifnxgyfjf~~*

ACCM[AJNF^ AJH MIIGNF ^XAII IMP IMPOFPU P F ^ G HF J X ^Imp nappwgjk mvx xbf upmyg~gmj~ mi xbf Anx mZ Avkv~x 06# 1762# a~aofjhfh > V*^*N* 150 jmxf'# ajh Uv`cgn Ca{ 76/1>24 (1#798#555


27/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6 # 1 7 75 1 58 ^ X A X * 1 8 1>upmum~fh ~bac c `f ~vògx xfh upmouxcw xm xbf Nmoogxxff~ mj Auupmupgax gmj~ mi xbf Bmv~f ajh ^fjaxf imp auupmyac *^FN* 8* Ivjh~ gj xbf Ifhfpa c @vg ch gjk~ Ivjh oahf ayag ca` cf impig~nac wf ap 1771 imp Ifhf pac @ vgchgjk~ Ivj h an x gyg x gf~ o aw `f x p~o~/ifppfh `fx{ffj ~vnb anx gyg x gf~ mjcw xm xbf frxfjx jfnf~~apw xm offxupmkpao pfqvg pfofjx~ * Ajw x paj~ifp~ upmum~fh ~bac c `f ~vògx xfhupmoux cw xm xbf Nmoogx xff~ mj Auupmupga x gmj~ mi xbf Bmv~f ajh^fjaxf imp auupmyac *^FN* 6* J mx{ gxb ~xa jh gjk aj w mxb fp upmyg~gmj mi ca{# xb f ^f npf xapw Oapwcajh*mi xbf Gjxfpgmp ~bac c x paj~ifp xm xbf Lfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~ x pax gmj# {gxbmvx nmj~ghfpax gmj# xbax uapnfc mi cajh djm{j a~ xbfAym jhacf ~g xf nmo upg~gjk auupm rgo axfcw 1;*2 anpf~ mi cajh cmnaxfh a x8755 Caâccf Pmah gj xbf Aymjhacf ~fnx gmj mi Upgjnf Kfmpkf~Nmvjxw # Oapwcajh # xmkfxbfp {g xb ajw goupmyfofjx~ # ~ x pvn xvpf~ ajhigrxvpf~ cmnaxfh xbfpfmj< Upmyghfh# Xbax xbf Ahogjg~ x pa xmp mi Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ aixfp nmj~vcxax gmj {gxb xbf Miignf mi Ufp~mjjfcOajakfofjx ~bac c upmyghf imp ~vnb hf~gkj ajh ac xfpax gmj~ xm xbf~xpvnxvpf~ ajh igrxvpf~ cmnaxfh xbfpfmj# a~ oaw `f pfqvgpfh# xmupfuapf xbf ~ g xf imp v~f a~ a x pa gj gjk ajh ~fogjap nfj xfp < Upmyghfhivpxbfp* Xb ax vumj nmoucf x gmj mi ~vnb a c xf pa x gmj~ xbf Ah ogj g~ x pa xmpmi Kpfjfpac ^fpygnf~ ~bac c oadf xbf upmufpxw ayag ca`cf xm xbf Hgpfnxmp mi xbf Miignf mi Ufp~mjjfc Oajakfofjx imp v~f a~ a IfhfpacFrfnvxgyf Xpagjgjk Nfjxfp Nfjxfp' ajh ~bac c hfcfkaxf xm xbf Hgpfnxmp mi xbf Miignf mi Ufp~mjjfc O~oakfofjx ajw av xbmp g xw jfnf~~apwxm mufpa xf xbf Nfjxfp < Upmyghfh ivpxbfp* Xbax xbf Ahogjg~ x pa xmp miKfjfpac ^fpygnf~ g~ avxbmpg|fh ajh hgpfnxfh xm nbapkf xbf Miignf miUfp~mjjfc Oajakfofjx # ax xbf x gof mi xbf hfcfkax gmj# ajh imp aufpgmh mi jmx xm frnffh igyf ahhgx gmjac wfap~ ax paxf~ fqvac xm xbf jfxpfyfjvf kfjfpa xfh `w mufpa x gmj mi xbf Nfjxfp gj fanb mi ~vnb wfap~ #ajh xba x ~vnb pa xf~ oaw `f cf~~ # `v x jm x ompf xbaj # xbm~f pa xf~upmyghfh imp vjhfp ~fnx gmj 015L' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajhAhogjg~xpax gyf ^fpygnf~ Anx mi 1787# a~ aofjhfh< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp*Xbax xbf Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj ajh xbf Miignf mi Ufp~mjjfc Oajakfofjx ~bac c jfkmx ga xf ajjvac pa xf~ gj ~v`~fqvfjx wfap~xba x {g c c # gj xbf akkpfkaxf # gjn cvhgjk xbf pa xf~ ~oh mufpax gjk nm~x~nbapkfh gj xbf igp~x igyf wfap~ ajh xbf pfnmyfpw mi xbf nm~x~ mi xbfac xfpax gmj~ ajh ahhgx gmj~ xbax apf gj frnf~~ mi (15#555#555# ajh xbaxxbfpf {gc c `f jm ivpxbfp nbapkf~ xm xbf Miignf mi Ufp~mjjfc Oajakfofjx # frnfux imp pmvx gjf mufpax gmjac frufj~f~ ajh nm~x~ gj ajx gnguax gmj mi ivxvpf pfuagp~ ~v`~fqvfjx xm xbf pfnmyfpw mi xbf nm~x~ miacxfpaxgmj ajh ahhgxgmj~ gj frnf~~ mi (15#555#555< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp*Xbax xbf (9#655#555 upfygmv~cw avxbmpg|fh imp Aymjhacf g~ jm cmjkfpayagca`cf imp m`cgkaxgmj*

^FN* 9* Jmx{gxb~xajhgjk ajw mxbfp upmyg~gmj mi ca{# ~vnb upmufpxwa~ oaw `f jfnf~~apw# `vx jmx xm frnffh x{fjxw anpf~# ax xbf @fcx~/ygccf Akpgnvc xvpac Pf~fapnb Nfjxfp cmnaxfh gj @fcx~yg c cf # Oapwcajh#oaw `f upmyghfh a x ia g p oapdfx ya cvf xm xbf Kfjfpa c ^fpy gnf~Ahogjg~xpax gmj imp xbf uvpum~f mi nmj~xpvnx gjk a Ifhfpac Nmvpxbmv~f ajh xba x ajw aomvjx pf~v c x gjk i pmo xbf anqvg~ g x gmj mi xbfupmufpxw ~bac c `f ucanfh gj aj f~npm{ annmvjx xm `f ayag ca`cfbfpfaixfp imp v~f gj xbf pfjmyaxgmj ajh pf~xmpax gmj mi xbf @fcx~yg c cfAkpgnvc xvpac Pf~fapnb Nfjxfp# xm `f pfcfa~fh a~ ~ufngigfh gj ahyajnfgj auupmupga x gmj~ Anx~ *^FN* ;* Jmx{gxb~xajhgjk ajw mxbfp upmyg~gmj mi ca{# xbf ^fnpfxapwmi xbf Gjxfpgmp ~bac c x paj~ifp xm xbf Kpfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj# {gxbmvx nmj~ghfpax gmj# auupmrgoaxfcw 18 anpf~ mi xbf Vjgxfh^xaxf~ Kpfmcmkgnac ^vpyfw [f~xfpj Pfkgmj Bfahqvapxfp~ xmkfxbfp


28/963

158 ^ XA X* 18 18 U V @ CGN CA [ 151 / 6 57 J M Y * 6 # 1775{gxb ajw goupmyfofjx~# ~xpvnxvpf~ ajh igrxvpf~ cmnaxfh xbfpfmj*Xbf Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpaxgmj ~bacc nmj~xpvnx ahhgxgmjaciangcgxgf~ imp xbf V jgxfh ^ xaxf~ Lfmcmkgnac ^vpyfw mj xbg~ ~gxf*85 v~f 875i* ^ F N * 2* a' Jmx{gxb~xajhgjk ajw mxbfp upmyg~gmj mi ca{# akfjngf~apf bfpfagixfp avxbmpg|fh xm oadf pfjx uawofjx~ xm xbf Kfjfpac^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpaxgmj imp cfa~f ~uanf pfcaxgjk xm fruaj~gmj jffh~mi xbf akfjnw ajh NLfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpaxgmj g~ avxbmpg|fh xmv~f ~vnb ivjh~# gj ahhgxgmj xm xbf aomvjx pfnfgyfh a~ Jf{M`cgkaxgmjac Avxbmpgxw gj xbf Pfjxac mi ^uanf anxgygxw mi xbf Ifhfpac@vgchgjk~ Ivjh* ^vnb uawofjx~ apf xm `f ax xbf nmoofpngac fqvgyacfjx paxf~ ~ufngigfh `w ~fnxgmj 051l' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajhAhogjg~xpaxgyf ^fpygnf~ Anx mi 1787# a~ aofjhfh 85 V*^*N* 875l''ajh apf xm `f hfum~gxfh gjxm xbf Ivjh f~xa`cg~bfh uvp~vajx xm~fnxgmj 015i' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajh Ahogjg~xpaxgyf ^fpygnf~Anx mi 1787# a~ aofjhfh 85 V*^*N* 875i''*`' Xbfpf apf bfpf`w auupmupgaxfh# mvx mi xbf Ifhfpac @vgchgjk~Ivjh# ~vnb ~vo~ a~ oaw `f jfnf~~apw xm nappw mvx xbf uvpum~f mi~v`~fnxgmj a'*^ F N * 7* Jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ auupmupgaxfh `w xbg~ Anx oaw `fm`cgkaxfh mp frufjhfh gj ajw {aw imp xbf uvpum~f mi xbf ~acf#frnf~~gjk# ~vpucv~gjk# mp hg~um~ac mi cajh~ gj xbf ygngjgxw mi JmpimcdCadf# Apdaj~a~# ahogjg~xfpfh `w xbf Nmpu~ mi Fjkgjffp~# Hfuapxofjx mi xbf Apow# {gxbmvx xbf ~ufngign auupmyac mi xbf Nmjkpf~~*^ F N * 15* Jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ auupmupgaxfh `w xbg~ Anx oaw `fm`cgkaxfh mp frufjhfh gj ajw {aw imp xbf uvpum~f mi xbf ~acf#frnf~~gjk# ~vpucv~gjk# mp hg~um~ac mi cajh~ gj xbf ygngjgxw mi @vcc^bmac~ Cadf# Apdaj~a~# ahogjg~xfpfh `w xbf Nmpu~ mi Fjkgjffp~#Hfuapxofjx mi xbf Apow# {gxbmvx xbf ~ufngign auupmyac mi xbfNmjkpf~~*Oa~~anbv~fxx~* ^ F N * 11* Jmx{ gxb~xajhgjk ajw mxbfp upmyg~gmj mi ca{# xbf A hogjg~xpaxmp mi Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ g~ avxbmpg|fh xm ~fcc `w uv`cgncw ahyfpxg~gjk imp `gh~ ajh mj ~vnb xfpo ~ ajh nmjhgxgmj~ a~ xbf Aho gjg~xpaxmphffo~ upmufp# xbf Lmbj [* OnNmpoand Um~x Miignf ajh Nmvpxbmv~fcmnaxfh ax Mjf Um~x Miignf ^qvapf gj @m~xmj# Oa~~anbv~fxx~* Accupmnffh~ ipmo ~vnb ~acf# cf~~ hgpfnx frufj~f~ gjnvppfh gj xbf ~acf#~bacc `f hfum~gxfh gjxm xbf ivjh f~xa`cg~bfh vjhfp ~fnxgmj 01Di' mixbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajh Aho gjg~xpaxgyf ^fpygnf~ Anx*^ F N * 10* Jmx{ gxb~xajhgjk ajw mxbfp upmyg~gmj mi ca{# xbf Aho gjg~xpaxmp mi Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ g~ avxbmpg|fh ajh hgpfnxfh xm upmyghfh jmxcf~~ xbo 105#555 ~qvapf iffx mi ~xmpakf ~uanf# xmkfxbfp {gxb ahhgxgmjac ~uanf a~ jfnf~~apw imp miignf v~f# xm f~xa`cg~b a Jaxgmjac CmjkXfpo Pfnmph~ Nfjxfp gj Ugxx~igfch# Oa~~anbv~fxx~ imp xbf ~ufngacg|fh~xmpakf mi Ifhfpac akfjnw pfnmph~ `w xbf Jaxgmjac Apnbgyf~ ajhPfnmph~ Ahogjg~xpaxgmj< Upmyghfh# Xbax jmx{gxb~xajhgjk ajw mxbfpupmyg~gmj mi ca{# xbf Ahogjg~xpaxmp mi Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ g~ avxbmpg|fh ajh hgpfnxfh xm upmyghf jmx cf~~ xbaj >#555 ~qvapf iffx miuv`cgn ~uanf gj Ugxx~igfch# Oa~~anbv~fxx~ imp a ~axfccgxf iangcgxw mi xbfJf{ Fjkcajh Pfkgmjac Apnbgyf~< Upmyghfh ivpxbfp# Xbax xbf Apnbgyg~x mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ ~bacc a~~gkj ahfqvaxf ufp~mjjfc xmPfumpx~* muf paxf xb f ~a xfc cgxf iangcgxw f~xa `cg~b fh `w xb g~ ~fnxgmj < Upmyghfhivpxbfp* Xbax xbf Ahogjg~xpaxmp mi Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ ajh xbf Apnbgyg~x mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ ~bacc pfumpx mj a qvapxfpcw `a~g~ xm xbfBmv~f ajh ^fjaxf Nmoogxxff~ mj Auupmupgaxgmj~ mj xbf upmkpf~~oahf xm goucfofjx xbf hgpfnxgyf~ gj xbg~ gZxgmj ajh xbf pf~mvpnf~jfnf~~apw xm nmoucfxf xbf Cmjk Xfpo Pfnmph~ Nfjxfp ajh xbf~axfccgxf iangcgxw*


29/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6 # 1 7 7 5 158 ^XAX* 1816^FN* 1>* J mx{ gxb~xa jhgj k xb f upmyg~gmj~ mi xb f Anx mi ^fuxf o` fp1># 1720 Uv`cgn Ca{ 7;/062# >1 V*^*N* 1>86'# ajw akfjnw# hfuapxofjx mp gj~ x pvofjxa c g xw mi xbf Vjg xfh ^xa xf~ {bgnb upmyghf~ mpupmum~f~ xm upmyghf nbg ch napf ~fpygnf~ imp Ifhfpac foucmwff~ oawpf go`vp~f ajw Ifhfpa c foucmwff mp ajw ufp~mj foucmwfh xm upmyghf~vnb ~fpygnf~ imp x payfc # x paj~umpxax gmj ajh ~v`~g~xfjnf frufj~f~

gjnvppfh imp x pagjgjk nca~~f~# nmjifpfjnf~ mp mxbfp offxgjk~ gjnmjjfnx gmj {gxb xbf upmyg~gmj mi ~vnb ~fpygnf~< Upmyghfh# Xba x ajwufp hgfo ac cm{ajnf oahf uvp~vajx xm xbg~ ~fnx gmj ~bac c jmx frnffhxbf paxf ~ufngigfh gj pfkvcax gmj~ upf~npg`fh uvp~vajx xm ~fnx gmj 6;5;mi x g x cf 6# V jgxfh ^xa xf~ Nmhf*^FN* 18* Xbf Ahogjg~ x pa xmp mi Lfjfpac ^fpygnf~ g~ hgpfnxfh xmnmmphgjaxf g x~ pfqvgpfofjx~ imp miignf ajh mxbfp ~uanf xm bmv~fKmyfpjofjx anx gyg x gf~ `w vx g c g|gjk a~~fx~ mi xbf Pf~mcvx gmj Xpv~xNmpumpax gmj ajh g x~ pfnfgyfp~ ajh nmj~fpyaxmp~*^FN* 16* Jm x{g xb~ xajhgjk ajw m xbfp upmyg~ gmj mi ca{# xb f Iv jhf~xa`c g~bfh uvp~vajx xm ~fnx gmj 015i' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajhA ho gjg~ xpa xgyf ^fpygnf~ A nx mi 1787# a~ a o fjh fh 85 V*^*N* 875i''# g~avxbmpg|fh xm pfnfgyf ajw pfyfjvf~# nmc cfnx gmj~# mp mxbfp gjnmofpfnfgyfh hv pgj k ig~nac wf ap 1771 gj xbf impo mi pf` axf ~# na~b gjnf jx gyf~ mp mxbfp{g~f# pfcaxfh xm fjfpkw ~aygjk~# ac c mi {bgnb ~bac cpfoagj gj xbf Ivjh vjx g c frufjhfh # ajh pfo~hj ayagca`cf impIfhfpa c fjf pkw oajakfofj x goupmyfofj x u pmk pao~ a~ oaw `favxbmpg|fh `w ca{ mp a~ oaw `f hffofh auupmupga xf `w xbfAhogjg~ x pa xmp mi Kfjfpa c ^fpy gnf~ * Xbf Lfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj g~ avxbmpg|fh xm v~f ~vnb ivjh~# gj ahhgx gmj xm aomvjx~pfnfgyfh a~ Jf{ M`cgkax gmjac Avxbmpg xw # gj ~vnb anx gyg xw mp anx gygx gf~ mi xbf Ivjh a~ oaw `f jfnf~~apw4 Upmyghfh# Xba x x bf Kfjfpa c^fpy gnf~ Ahogjg~ x pa x gmj ~bac c u pmyghf xbf Bmv~f ajh ^fjaxfNmo ogx xff~ mj Auupmupga x gmj~ {g xb a u caj xm fj~vpf a `a cajnfh ajhfqvgxa`cf auupmanb imp xbf pfcmnax gmj mi Ifhfpac akfjngf~ gj xbf

[ a~bgjkxmj # H*N* of x pmumc g xaj a pfa `w Oapnb >1#1771*^FN* 19* Jm x{ gxb~xa jhgj k aj w mxbfp upmyg~gmj mi ca{# xb f K fjfp ac^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj g~ bfpf`w avxbmpg|fh xm ~fc c # a x nmoufxg x gyf`gh# xbf Ifhfpac @vgchgjk cmnaxfh ax 655 Qvappgfp ^xpffx gj Nbapcf~xmj# [f~x Ygpkgjga# ajh xm hfum~g x ~vnb upmnffh~ gjxm xbf Ifhfpac@vg ch gjk~ Ivjh*^FN* 1;* a' Jm x{ gxb~xa jhgj k a jw m xbfp upmyg~gmj mi ca{# x bfAhogjg~xpaxmp mi Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ g~ avxbmpg|fh xm ~fc c mj ~vnbxfpo~ ajh nmjhg x gmj~ a~ xbf Ahogjg~ x pa xmp hffo~ upmufp # xbf Ifhfpac @vgchgjk ajh Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmvpxbmv~f cmnaxfh ax 115 ^mvxbImvpxb ^xpffx gj Ogjjfaumcg~ # Ogjjf~mxa* Acc upmnffh~ ipmo ~vnb~acf# cf~~ hgpfnx frufj~f~# ~bac c `f hfum~g xfh gjxm xbf ivjh f~xa`c g~bfh vjhfp ~fnx gmj 015i' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajh Ahogjg~xpax gyf ^fpygnf~ Anx # ajh xbf Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj g~ avxbmpg|fh xm v~f ~vnb ivjh~# gj ahhgx gmj xm aomvjx~ pfnfgyfh a~ Jf{M`cgkax gmjac Avxbmpg xw gj xbf Nmj~xpvnx gmj ajh Anqvg~g x gmj miIang c g x gf~ anx gyg xw mi xbf Ifhfpac @vgchgjk~ Ivjh imp xbf nmj~xpvnx gmjmi a jf{ Ifhfpa c @vg ch gjk ajh Vjg xfh ^xa xf~ Nmvpxbmv~f gj Ogjjfaumcg~ # Ogjjf~mxa*`' Gj ahhgx gmj# xbf Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj g~ bfpf`wavxbmpg|fh xm annfux hmjax gmj~ ipmo xbf Ngxw mi Ogjjfaumcg~ # Ogjjf~mxa ajh xm hfum~g x ~vnb hmjax gmj~ gjxm xbf ivjh f~xa`c g~bfh vjhfp~fnx gmj 015i' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajh Ahogjg~xpax gyf ^fpygnf~Anx # ajh xbf Kfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj g~ avxbmpg|fh xm v~f~vnb ivjh~# gj ahhgx gmj xm xbf aomvjx pfnfgyfh a~ Jf{ M`cgkax gmjacAvxbmpg xw gj xbf Nmj~xpvnx gmj ajh Anqvg~g x gmj mi Iang c g x gf~ anx gyg xw

[f~x Y gpkgjga*

Ogjjf~mxa*


30/963

158 ^XAX* 1819 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 / / J M Y * 6 # 1 7 7 5mi xbf Ifhfpac @vgchgjk~ Ivjh imp xbf nmj~xpvnx gmj mi a jf{ Ifhfpac@vg ch gjk ajh Vjg xfh ^xa xf~ Nmvpxbmv~f gj Ogjjfaumc g ~ # Ogjjf~mxa *n' Xb fpf a pf bfpf` w auupm upga xfh # mv x mi xbf I fhfpa c @vg ch gjk~Ivjh# ~vnb ~vo~ a~ oaw `f jfnf~~apw imp nappw gjk mvx xbf uvpum~f~mi ~v`~fnxgmj~ a' aj h K''*^FN* 12* Xb f Ah o gjg~xp axmp mi K fjf pac ^fpygnf~ ~ba c c g~~vf apfqvf~x imp upmum~ac~ imp xbf upmnvpfofjx mi omyf oajakfofjx~fpygnf~ {gxbgj xbgpxw haw~ ~gixfp fjanxofjx mi xbg~ Anx *Jf{ Wmpd* ^FN* 17* Xb f Kf jfpa c ^fpygnf~ A ho gjg~xpa x gmj g~ avxbm pg|fh xmv x g c g|f ajh cfa~f ~uanf gj xbf Bapcfo Gj xfpjax gmjac Xpahf Nfjxfpcmnaxfh ax 106xb ^xpffx gj xbf nmvjxw mi Jf{ Wmpd# Jf{ Wmpd# impivxvpf Ifhfpac cmjk/xfpo miignf ~uanf jffh~ gj xbf Ofxpmumcg xaj Jf{Wmpd Ngxw apfa vu xm 055#555 ~qvapf iffx uvp~vajx xm xbf ayag ca`g c g xwmi Ifhfpa c xfjajx~ *Xbf cfa~f paxf imp ~vnb miignf ~uanf ~bacc jmx frnffh nmouapa`cfpa xf~ imp fqvgyacfj x ~uanf gj xbf ~vppmvjhgjk apfa mp nmouapa`cfpa x f ~ gj x bf Bap c fo Gj x f pja x gmj a c Xpahf Nfj xf p *^FN* 05* Jmx{gxb~xajhgjk ajw mxbfp upmyg~gmj mi ca{# xbf Kpfjfpac^fpy gnf~ Ahogjg~ x pa x gmj g ~ h g pfn xfh xm oagj xa gj hvp gjk xbf i g ~na cwfap f jhgjk ^fuxfo `fp >5 # 1771# xbf yfbgn cf pfj xa c pa xf~ aj h ufpogcf paxf~ nbapkfh xm ~nbmmc~ ajh hmpogxmpgf~ ivjhfh `w xbf @vpfavmi Gjhgaj Aiiagp~ xbax {fpf gj fiifnx mj Lvjf >5# 1775# frnfux imp~v`~fqvfjx ufp ogcf paxf ahlv~xofjx~ pfcaxfh xm ivfc nm~x gjnpfa~f~*^FN* 01* Jm x{ gxb~xa jhgj k aj w mxbf p upmyg~gmj mi xbg ~ Anx # xb faomvjx ayag ca` cf gj xbf Ifhfpa c @vg ch gjk~ Ivjh imp upmkpao hg pfnxgmj ajh nfjxpacg|fh ~fpygnf~ ~bacc jmx frnffh (100#8;8#555*

JAXGMJAC AP NBGYF^ AJH PFNMPH^ AHO GJG^XPAXGMJMUFPAXGJK FRUFJ^F^

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ gj nmjjfnx gmj {gxb Jaxgmjac Apnbgyf~ ajhPfnmph~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj ajh pfcaxfh anx gyg x gf~# a~ upmyghfh `w ca{#ajh imp frufj~f~ jfnf~~apw imp xbf pfygf{ ajh hfnca~~gignaxgmj mihmnvofjx~# ajh imp xbf bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~#(1>2#017#555# mi {bgnb (6#065#555 imp accmnaxgmj~ ajh kpajx~ impbg~xmpgnac uv`cgnax gmj~ ajh pfnmph~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 88 V*^*N* 0658#a~ aofjhfh# ~ba c c pfoagj ayag ca` cf vj x g c frufjhfh ajh mi {bgnb(2#555#555 ~bac c pfoagj ayag ca`cf vjx g c frufjhfh imp pfjmyaxgmj~ajh goupmyfofjx~ xm xbf Lmbj I* Dfjjfhw Cg`papw *JAXGMJAC APN BGYF^ AJH PFNMPH^ A HOGJG^XPAXGMJ

KFJFPAC UPMYG^GMJ88 v~f 0150 ^FNXGMJ 1* aRH Xbf um~gxgmj mi Hgpfnxmp mi xbf Nfjxfp imp Cfkg~ca/ZZ/ x gyf Apnbgyf~ {gxbgj xbf Jaxgmjac Apnbgyf~ ajh Pfnmph~ Ahogjg~xpa x gmj ~ bac c `f f~xa`c g~bfh { gxbmv x pfkaph xm nbau xfp 61 x g x cf 6*Fiifnx gyf m j xbf ig p~x ha w mi xb f ig p~x auucgna`cf uaw ufpgmh ` fkgjj gjkmj mp aixp xbf haxf mi xbf fjanxofjx mi xbg~ Anx # xbf `a~gn paxf miuaw imp ~vnb um~g x gmj ~bac c `f xbf ogjgovo paxf mi uaw kpahf K^/19mi xbf Kfjfpac ^nbfhvcf vjhfp ~fnx gmj 6>>0 mi x g x cf 6# Vjgxfh ^xaxf~Nmhf*0' Xbfpf g~ f~xa`c g~bfh {gxbgj xbf Nfjxfp imp Cfkg~cax gyf Apnbgyf~{g xb gj xbf Jaxgmj~h Apnbgyf~ ajh Pfnmph~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj xbf um~gxgmj mi ^ufngacg~x gj Nmjkpf~~gmjac Bg~xmpw*


31/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 151/ 65 7 J M Y * 6 # 1775 158 ^ X A X * 181;`' Xb fpf ~ba cc `f o ah f ayagca`cf ipmo ivjh~ a uupm upgaxf h gj fanb 88 V^N 0150ig~nac wfa p xm xb f Ja xgmj ac Apnbgyf~ aj h Pfnmph~ Ah o gjg~xpax gm j# jmxf*(05#555 imp xbf ahogjg~xpax gyf frufj~f~ mi xbf Ahyg~mpw Nmoogxxffmj xb f P fnmph~ mi Nmjkpf~~ f~xa` cg~bfh vj hf p ~fnxgmj 0;51 mi x g x cf 88#Vjg xfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf*n' Xb fpf a pf avxbm p g|fh xm `f auupmup ga xfh ~vnb ~vo ~ a~ oaw `f 88 V^N 0150

jfnf~~apw xm nappw mvx xbf uvpum~f~ mi ~v`~fnxgmj~ a' ajh 5'' mi xbg~ ZZ/~fnxgmj*hRH Xgx cf 88# Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf# g~ aofjhfh `w gj~fpx gjk ai xfpnb au xfp 06# xb f imccm{gjk jf{ n bau xfp* Ivjnx gmj~ m i xbf Nmoog x x ff

Pfumpx~* "X bf N mo o gxxff ~baccApnbgyf~ ajh "1' pfygf{ xb f o aj ak fo fj x aj h upf ~fp ya xgmj mi xb f pfnmph ~pfnmph~* miNmjkpf~~4"0' pfumpx xm ajh ahyg~f xbf Nmjkpf~~ ajh xbf Apnbgyg~x mi xbfVjg xfh ^xaxf~ mj ~vnb oajakfofjx ajh upf~fpyax gmj4 ajh">RA' jm caxf p xb a j H fnfo` fp >1# 1771# nmjhvnx a ~xvhw aj h~vògx a pfumpx xm xbf Nmjkpf~~ mj"g' xbf fiifnx ajw xpaj~ifp mi pfnmph~ mi xbf JaxgmjacApnbgyf~ ajh Pfnmph~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj ipmo iangc g x gf~ cmnaxfhgj [a~bgjkxmj# H*N* # xm ajw cmnaxgmj mvx~ghf mi [a~bgjkxmj#H*N*# ~bac c bayf mj xbf oa jak fo fjx ajh upf~fpyax gmj mi xbfpfnmph~ mi Nmjkpf~~4 aj h"gg' xbf i gyf wfap u caj imp xbf oajakfofjx ajh upf~fpyaxgmj mi xbf pfnmph~ mi Nmjkpf~~4 ajh"@' jm caxf p xb aj Hfnfo `fp > 1# 1776# nmjhvnx a ~ xvhw xmvuha xf xbf p fump x ~vòg x x fh vjhfp ~vùapakpaub ARgg'# aj h~vò gx a pfump x xm xb f Nmjkpf~~*" 0;58* Um{ fp~ mi xbf Nmo ogx xff

"a' Imp uvpum~f~ mi nappwgjk mvx xbf hvxgf~ pfifppfh xm vjhfp~fnxgmj 0;5># xbf Nmoogxxff mp # mj xbf avxbmpg|axgmj mi xbf Nmoogxxff# ajw ~v`nmoogx xff mp ofo`fp xbfpfmi# oaw bmch ~vnb bfap gjk~#~g x ajh anx ax ~vnb x gof~ ajh ucanf~# xadf ~vnb xf~x gomjw# ajhpfnfgyf ~vnb fyghfjnf a~ g~ auupmupgaxf*"M>' Xbf Nmoogx xff oaw ~fnvpf hg pfnx cw i pmo ajw hfuap xofjx mpakfjnw mi xbf V jg xfh ^ xaxf~ ~vnb gjimpoax gmj a ~ xbf Nmoo gx xff o awpfqvgpf xm nappw mvx xbf hvxgf~ pfifppfh xm vjhfp ~fnxgmj 0;5>* Vumjpfqvf~x mi xbf N bagpo aj mi xbf N moo gx xff # xb f bfah mi ~vnb hfuap x ofjx mp akfjnw ~bacc ivpjg~b ~vnb gjimpoaxgmj xm xbf Nmoogxxff*" 0;56* Nmo ufj~a x gmj a jh x payf c frufj~f~

"A ofo`fp mi xbf Nmoogxxff oaw jmx `f uagh nmoufj~axgmj imp~fpygnf ufpimpofh a~ a ofo`fp mi xbf Nmoogxxff* Bm{fyfp# ofo`fp~ mi xbf Nmoogxxff ~bacc `f ac cm{fh xpayfc frufj~f~# gjncvhgjkufp hgfo gj cgfv mi ~v`~g~xfjnf# ax paxf~ avxbmpg|fh imp foucmwff~ miakfjngf~ vjhfp ~v`nbauxfp G mi nbauxfp 6; mi x g x cf 6# Vjgxfh ^xaxf~NZf # {bgcf a{aw ipmo xbfgp bmof~ mp pfkvcap ucanf~ mi `v~gjf~~ gjxbf ufpimpoajnf mi ~fpygnf imp xbf Nmoogxxff*" 0;59* Ah ogj g~xpax gyf upmy g~gmj~

"a' Vumj pfqvf~x mi xbf Nmoogxxff# xbf bfah mi ajw Ifhfpacakfjnw g~ avxbmpg|fh xm hfxag c xm xbf Nmoogxxff# mj ajmjpfgo`vp~a`cf à~g~# ajw mi xbf ufp~mjjfc mi ~vnb akfjnw xm a~~g~x


33/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 151/ 6 57 J M Y * 6 # 1775 158 ^ X A X * 18 17xbf Nmoogx xff gj nap pwgjk mvx xbf hvx gf~ pfifp pfh xm vjhfp ~fnx gmj0;5> ajh ~vnb hfxag c ~bacc `f {gxbmvx gjxfppvuxgmj mp cm~~ mi ngygc~fpygnf ~xaxv~ mp upgygcfkf*"`' Imp uvpum~f~ mi ~vuumpxgjk xbf Nmoogxxff# xbf Apnbgyg~x oawm`xagj xbf ~fpygnf~ mi frufp x~ ajh nmj~vc xajx~ gj annmphajnf {g xbxbf upmyg~gmj~ mi ~fnxgmj >157 mi x g x cf 6# Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf# `vx axpaxf~ imp gjhgyghvac~ jmx xm frnffh xbf hagcw fqvgyacfjx mi xbfogjgovo ajjvac pa xf mi à~gn uaw uawa`cf imp K^/19 mi xbf Kfjfpac^nbfh vcf vj hf p ~fnxgmj 6>>0 mi ~vnb x g x cf*"*0' Xbf xa`cf mi nbauxfp~ imp xgxcf 88 # Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf# g~aofjhfh `w gj~fp gjk ai xfp xbf g xfo pfca x gjk xm nbauxfp 06 mi ~vnbxgxcf xbf imccm{gjk157# pfjxac mi nmjifpfjnf pmmo~ gj xbf Hg~xp gnx mi Nmcvo`gaajh fc~f{ bfpf# bg pf mi ua~~ fjk fp o mxmp yfbgncf~# ajh jmx xmfrnffh (1#655 imp miigngac pfnfuxgmj ajh pfupf~fjxaxgmj frufj~f~#;06#555* M I I GNF M I U F P^ M J J F C O A J A K F O F J XÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^F^

GJNCVHGJK X P A J ^ I F P MI XPV^X IVJH^'Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ xm nappw mvx ivjnxgmj~ mi xbf Miignf miUfp ~mjjf c Oajakf ofj x uvp ~v aj x xm Pfmpkaj g|a x gmj U caj Jvo `fpfh0 mi 17;2 ajh xbf Ngygc ^fpygnf Pfimpo Anx mi 17;2# gjncvhgjk~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157# ofhgnac fraogjaxgmj~ ufpimpofh imp yfxfpaj~ `w upgyaxf ubw~gngaj~ mj a iff à~g~# pfjxfh minmjifpfjnf pmmo~ gj xbf Hg~xp gnx mi Nmcvo`ga ajh fc~f{bfpf# bgpf miua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~# jmx xm frnffh (0#655 imp miigngac pfnfuxgmjajh pfupf~fjxax gmj frufj~f~ # ajh ahyajnf~ imp pf go`vp~fofjx~ xmauucgna`cf ivjh~ mi xbf Miignf mi Ufp~mjjfc O~oakfofjx ajh xbfIfhfpac @vpfav mi Gjyf~xgkaxgmj imp frufj~f~ gjnvppfh vjhfp Frfnvx gyf Mph fp 15800 mi La j v a pw 7# 176># a~ ao fjhf h< Upmyghfh# X b a x #

jmx{gxb~xajhgjk >1 V*^*N* >>50# xbf Hgpfnxmp g~ bfpf`w avxbmpg|fh xmannfux kgix~ imp kmmh~ ajh ~fpygnf~# {bgnb ~bacc `f ayagca`cf mjcw impbm~xgjk Jaxgmjac Ngygc ^fpygnf Auupfngax gmj Nmjifpfjnf~# xm `f bfchgj ~fyfpac cmnaxgmj~ xbpmvkbmvx xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ gj 1771* Kmmh~ ajh~fpygnf~ upmyghfh gj nmjjfnxgmj {gxb xbf nmjifpfjnf oaw gjncvhf#`v x ap f jmx c gogxfh xm# immh ajh pfipf~bo fjx~4 pf jx ac mi ~fo gja ppmmo~# àjqvfx pmmo~# ajh iangc g x gf~4 ajh v~f mi nmoovjgnaxgmj~#up gj x gjk ajh mxbfp fqvguofjx * A{aph~ mi ogjgoac gj x p gj~gn yacvf{gcc `f ac cm{fh* Kgi x~ upmyghfh `w aj gjhgyghvac hmjmp ~bacc jmxfrnffh 65 ufpnfjx mi xbf xmxac yacvf mi xbf kgi x~ upmyghfh ax fanbcmnaxgmj4 (118#891#555# mi {bgnb vu xm (065#555 ~bacc `f oahf ayagca`cf xm nmjx gjvf xb f v~f mi lm` ~bap gj k ap pa jk fo fj x~ gj akfjngf~ a~avxbmpg|fh gj ~fnxgmj >850 mi x g x cf 6# Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf# ajh mi{b gnb jmx cf~~ xba j (855#555 jmp o mpf xb aj (1#555#555 ~bacc `f o ahf


34/963


35/963

U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6 # 1 77 5 1 58 ^ X A X * 1 8 01xg x cf 6# Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf# (2#;55#555# xm pfoagj ayagca`cf vjxg cfrufjhfh*

UAWOFJX XM NGYGC ^ FPYGNF PFXGPFOFJX A JH HGÂ@GVXW I V J H

Imp i gjajngjk xbf vjivjhfh c ga`gc g xw mi jf{ ajh gjnpfa~fh ajjvgxw`fjfigx~ `fnmogjk fiifnxgyf mj mp aixfp Mnxm`fp 05# 1797# a~avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* 2>82# ajh ajjvgx gf~ vjhfp ~ufngac Anx~ xm `fnpfhgxfh xm xbf Ngygc ^fpygnf Pfxgpfofjx ajh Hg~a`gc g xw Ivjh#(6#92;#156#555< Upmyghfh# Xbax ajjvg x gf~ avxbmp g|fh `w xbf Anx mi >> V^N ;;9*Oaw 07# 1788# a~ aofjhfh ajh xbf Anx mi Avkv~x 17# 1765# a~aofjhfh >> V*^*N* ;;1/;6'# oaw bfpfaixfp `f uagh mvx mi xbf Ngygc^fpygnf Pfx g pfofjx ajh Hg~a`g c g xw Ivjh*PFYMCYGJK I V J H

Uvp~vajx xm ~fnxgmj 8157hRc' mi x g x cf 6# Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf# nm~x~imp fj xfp xa gjo fj x frufj~f~ mi xb f Upf~gh fjx + ~ Nmoog~~gmj mj Frfnvx gyf Frnb ajk f ~b acc jm x frnffh (10#555*M I I G N F M I U F P ^ M J J F C OAJAKFOFJX

KFJFPAC UPMYG^GMJ^ FNXGMJ 1* ^fnxgmj 2750dRc' mi xgxcf 6# Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ Nmhf# g~aofjhfh1' `w ~xpgd gj k mvx "u fpimpo fh `w a ncgjgnac u~wnbmcmkg~x mpmuxmofxp g~ x" ajh gj~fp x gjk gj c gfv xbfpfmi "ufp impofh `w ancgjgnac u~wnbmcmkg~x # muxmofxp g~x # jvp~f ogh{gif# mp jvp~fupanx g x gmjfp -n c gj gnac ~ufngac g ~ x" 4 ajh

0' `w ~xp gdg jk mvx qvacgigfh ncgjgnac ~mngac { mpd fp mp muxmofxp g~x" ajh gj~fpx gjk gj c gfv xbfpfmi "qvacgi gfh nc gjgnac ~mngac{mpdfp # muxmofxp g~ x # jvp~f ogh{gif # mp jvp~f upanx g x gmjfp -jvp~fncgjgnac ~ufngac g~x"*OFPGX ^W^XFO^ UPMXFNXGMJ @MAPH

^ AC APG F ^ AJH F R U F J ^ F ^GJNCVHGJK XPAJÎFP M I IVJH^'

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ xm nappw mvx ivjnxgmj~ mi xbf Ofpgx ^w~xfo~ Upmxfnx gmj @maph uvp~vajx xm Pfmpkajg|ax gmj Ucaj Jvo`fpfh0 mi 17;2 ajh xbf Ngygc ^fpygnf Pfimpo Anx mi 17;2# gjncvhgjk~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157# pfjxac mi nmjifpfjnf pmmo~gj xbf Hg~xp gnx mi Nmcvo`ga ajh fc~f{bfpf# bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmpyfbgncf~# ajh hgpfnx upmnvpfofjx mi ~vpyfw upgjxgjk# (00#698#555#xmkfxbfp {gxb jmx xm frnffh (1#655#555 imp ahogjg~xpax gyf frufj~f~xm ahlvhgnaxf pfx gpfofjx auufac~ xm `f xpaj~ifppfh ipmo xbf Ngygc^fpygnf Pfx g pfofjx ajh Hg~a`g c g xw Ivjh gj aomvjx~ hfxfpogjfh `wxbf O fp g x ^w~xfo~ Upmxfnx gmj @maph*MIIGNF MI ÛFNGAC NMVJ^FC

^ A CA PGF^ A JH FR U FJ^ FÎmp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ xm nappw mvx ivjnxgmj~ mi xbf Miignf miûfngac Nmvj~fc uv p~v aj x xm Pfmpkajg|ax gmj U caj J vo `fpfh 0 mi


36/963

1 58 ^ X A X * 1 80 0 U V @ C G N C A [ 1 5 1 / 6 5 7 J M Y * 6 # 1 77 517;2# xbf Ngygc ^fpygnf Pfimpo Anx mi 17;2 Uv`cgn Ca{ 76/868'# ajhxbf [bg~xcf`cm{fp Upmxfnxgmj Anx mi 1727 Uv`cgn Ca{ 151/10'#gjncvhgjk ~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157# uawofjx mi iff~ajh frufj~f~ imp {gxjf~~f~# pfjxac mi nmjifpfjnf pmmo~ gj xbf Hg~xp gnx mi Nmcvo`ga ajh fc~f{bfpf# ajh bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf ~4 (9#952#555*

IFHFPAC CA@MP PFCAXGMJ^ AVXBMPGXWÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^F^

Imp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ xm nappw mvx ivjnxgmj~ mi xbf IfhfpacCa`mp Pfcax gmj~ Avxbmp g xw # uvp~vajx xm Pfmpkajg|ax gmj Ucaj Jvo`fpfh 0 mi 17;2# ajh xbf Ngygc ^fpygnf Pfimpo Anx mi 17;2# gjncvhgjk~fpygnf~ a~ avxb mpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >157# gjncvhgj k b gpf mi frufpx~ ajhnmj~vcxajx~# bgpf mi ua~~fjkfp omxmp yfbgncf~# pfjxac mi nmjifpfjnfpmmo~ gj xbf Hg~xpgnx mi Nmcvo`ga ajh fc~f{bfpf4 (12#88>#555< Upmyghfh# Xbax uv`c gn ofo`fp~ mi xbf Ifhfpac ^fpygnf~ Goua~~f~ Uajfcoaw `f uagh xpayfc frufj~f~ ajh ufp hgfo gj c gfv mi ~v`~g~xfjnf a~avxbmpg|fh `w ca{ 6 V*^*N* 6;5>' imp ufp~mj~ foucmwfh gjxfpogxxfjx cw gj xbf Kmyfpjofjx ~fpygnf # ajh nmoufj~ax gmj a~ avxbmp g|fh`w 6 V*^*N* >157* VJGXFH ^XAXF^ XAR NMVPX

ÂCAPGF^ AJH FRUFJ^FÎmp jfnf~~apw frufj~f~ # gjncvhgjk nmjxpanx pfump x gjk ajh mxbfp~fpygnf~ a~ avxbmpg|fh `w 6 V*^*N* >1574 (>1#672#555< Upmyghfh# X b a x09 v~f ;88> x payfc frufj~f~ mi xbf lvhkf~ ~bacc `f uagh vumj xbf {pgx xfj nfpx gi g/,,/ naxf mi xbf lvhk f*Xbg~ x g x cf oaw `f n g xfh a~ xbf "Gjhfufjhfjx Akfjngf~ Auupmup gax gmj~ Anx# 1771"*

XGXCF YKFJFPAC UPMYG^GMJ^X B G ^ A N X

^FNXGMJ 651* [bfpf auupmup ga x gmj~ gj xb g~ Anx apf frufjha`cf impxpayfc frufj~f~ mi foucmwff~ ajh jm ~ufngi gn c gogxax gmj ba~ `ffjucanfh xbfpfmj# xbf frufjhg xvpf~ imp ~vnb x payfc frufj~f~ oaw jmxfrnffh xbf aomvjx ~fx imp xb xbfpfimp gj xbf `vhkfx f~ x goaxf~~vògx xfh imp xbf auupmup ga x gmj~ {g xbmvx xbf ahyajnf auupmyac mixbf Bmv~f ajh ^fjaxf Nmoogx xff~ mj Auupmup ga x gmj~< Upmyghfh#Xbax xbg~ ~fnxgmj ~bacc jmx auucw xm xpayfc ufpimpofh `w vjnmoufj~axfh miigngac~ mi cmnac `maph~ ajh auufac `maph~ mi xbf ^fcfnxgyf^fpygnf ^w~xfo4 xm xpayfc ufpimpofh hgpfnxcw gj nmjjfnxgmj {gxb napfajh x pfaxofjx mi ofhgnac `fjfi gn gap gf~ mi xbf Hfuap xofjx mi Yfxfp aj~ Aiiagp~4 xm xpayfc mi xbf Miignf mi Ufp~mjjfc Oajakfofjx gjnappwgjk mvx g x~ m`~fpyaxgmj pf~umj~g`gc g x gf~ mi xbf Ymxgjk Pgkbx~Anx4 mp xm ualjjfjx~ xm gj xfpakfjn w o mxmp ummc~ {b fpf ~fuapa xf cw ~fximpxb gj xbf `vhkfx ~nbfhvcf~*^FN* 650* Jm uap x mi aj w auupm upgax gm j nm jxagjfh gj xbg ~ Anx ~b acc`f ayagca`cf xm uaw xbf ~acapw mi ajw ufp~mj i g c c gjk a um~gx gmj# mxbfpxbaj a xfoumpapw um~g x gmj# impofp cw bfch `w aj foucmwff {bm ba~cfi x xm fjxfp xbf Apofh Impnf~ mi xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ ajh ba~ ~ax g~ianxmpg cw nmoucfxfh bg~ ufpgmh mi anxgyf ogcg xapw mp jayac ~fpygnf ajhba~ {gxbgj jgjfxw haw~ ai xfp bg~ pfcfa~f ipmo ~vnb ~fpygnf mp ipmo


37/963

UV@CGN CA[ 151/657JMY* 6# 1775 158 ^XAX* 180>bm~ugxac g|ax gmj nmjxgjvgjk ai xfp hg~nbapkf imp a ufpgmh mi jmx ompfxbaj mjf wfap oahf auucgnaxgmj imp pf~xmpax gmj xm bg~ impofp um~gx gmj ajh ba~ `ffj nfpx gi gfh `w xbf Miignf mi Ufp~mjjfc Oajakfofjxa~ ~x g c c qvacgi gfh xm ufpimpo xbf hvxgf~ mi bg~ impofp um~gx gmj ajh ba~jmx `ffj pf~xmpfh xbfpfxm *^FN* 65>* Jm uap x mi ajw auupmu p ga x gmj oa hf ayag ca`cf gj xb g~ Anx~bacc `f v~fh imp xbf uvpnba~f mp ~acf mi pfac f~xaxf mp imp xbfuvpum~f mi f~xa`cg~bgjk jf{ mii gnf~ gj~ghf mp mvx~ghf xbf Hg~xp gnx miNmcvo`ga< Upmyghfh# Xbax xb g~ c gog xa x gmj ~bac c jmx auucw xm upmkpao~ {bgnb bayf `ffj auupmyfh `w xbf Nmjkpf~~ ajh auupmup gax gmj~ oahf xbfpfimp *^FN* 658* Jm ua px mi aj w auu pmupga x gmj nmjxagjf h gj xbg~ Anx ~baccpfoagj ayagca`cf imp m`cgkaxgmj `fwmjh xbf nvppfjx i g~nac wfap vjcf~~frupf~~cw ~m upmyghfh bfpfgj*^FN* 656* Xb f fr uf jh gxv pf mi aj w auu pmu pga xgmj vj hf p xbg~ Anx imp Kmyfpjofjxajw nmj~vc x gjk ~fpygnf xbpmvkb upmnvpfofjx nmjxpanx # uvp~vajx xm 6 Upmnvpfofjx*V*^*N* >157# ~bacc `f c gogxfh xm xbm~f nmjxpanx~ {bfpf ~vnb frufjhgxvpf~ apf a oaxxfp mi uv`cgn pfnmph ajh ayagca`cf imp uv`cgn gj~ufnx gmj# frnfux {bfpf mxbfp{g~f upmyghfh vjhfp frg~x gjk ca{# mp vjhfpfrg~ x gjk Frfnvx gyf mphfp g ~~vfh uvp~ va jx xm frg~ x gjk ca{*^FN* 659* Jm uapx mi ajw auupmupgax gmj nmjxagjfh gj xbg~ Anx ~bacc`f ayagca`cf imp xbf upmnvpfofjx mi # mp imp xbf ua6ogfjx mi# xbf~acapw mi ajw ufp~mj fjkakfh gj xbf upmnvpfofjx mi ajw bajh mpofa~vpgjk xmmc~' jmx upmhvnfh gj xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ mp g x~ um~~f~~ gmj~ frnfux xm xbf frxfjx xbax xbf Ahogjg~ x pa xmp mi Kfjfp~h ^fpygnf~ mp bg~ hf~gkjff ~bacc hfxfpogjf xbax a ~ax g~ianxmpw qvacg xw ajh~vii gngfjx qvajxg xw mi bajh mp ofa~vpgjk xmmc~ upmhvnfh gj xbfVjgxfh ^xaxf~ mp g x~ um~~f~~gmj~ najjmx `f upmnvpfh a~ ajh { b fjjffhfh ipmo ~mvpnf~ gj xbf Vjgxfh ^xaxf~ ajh g x~ um~~f~~gmj~# mpfrnfux gj annmphajnf {gxb upmnfhvpf~ upf~npg`fh `w ~fnxgmj 9/158*85>' mi Apofh ^fpygnf~ Upmnvpfofjx Pfkvcax gmj haxfh Lajvapw 1# 1797# a~ ~vnb pfkvcax gmj frg~xfh mj Lvjf 16# 17;5< Upmyghfh#Xbax a ianxmp mi ;6 ufp nfjxvo gj c gfv mi 65 ufp nfjxvo ~bacc `f v~fhimp fyacvaxgjk impfgkj ~mvpnf fjh upmhvnx~ akagj~x a hmof~xgn ~mvpnffjh upmhvnx* Xbg~ ~fnxgmj ~bacc `f auucgna`cf xm ac c ~mcgng xax gmj~ imp`gh~ mufjfh ai xfp g x~ fjanxofjx*

^FN* 65;* Jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ oahf ayagca`cf xm xbf Kfjfpac ^fpy/ 85 V^N 875n*gnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj uvp~vajx xm ~fnxgmj 015i' mi xbf Ifhfpac Upmufpxw ajh Ahogjg~xpax gyf ^fpygnf~ Anx mi 1787 ~bacc `f m`cgkaxfh mpfrufjhfh aixfp xbf haxf mi fjanxofjx mi xbg~ Anx imp xbf upmnvpfofjx `w nmjxpanx mi ajw ~fpygnf {bgnb# `fimpf ~vnb haxf# {a~ ufpimpofh `w gjhgyghvac~ gj xbfgp nauangxw a~ foucmwff~ mi xbf Lfjfpac^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj gj ajw um~gx gmj mi kvaph~# fcfyaxmp mufpaxm p~ # of~~fjkfp~ # ajh nv~xmhgaj~# frnfux xbax ~vnb ivjh~ oaw `fm`cgkaxfh mp frufjhfh imp xbf upmnvpfofjx `w nmjxpanx mi xbf nmyfpfh ~fpygnf~ {gxb ~bfcxfpfh {mpd~bmu~ foucmlhjk xbf ~fyfpfcwbajhgnauu fh v jhf p Uv`c gn Ca{ 70/02*^FN* 652* Jm ivjh~ auupmupgaxfh gj xbg~ Anx ~bacc `f ayagca`cf impahogjg~ x pa x gyf frufj~f~ gj nmjjfnx gmj {g xb goucfofjx gjk mp fjimpngjk ajw upmyg~gmj~ mi xbf pvcf XH AXI/99 g~~vfh Lvjf 1># 1725# `wxbf Hfuapxofjx mi xbf Xpfa~vpw# @vpfav mi Acnmbmc# Xm`annm ajhIgpfapo~ mj ca`fcgjk ajh ahyfpx g~gjk mi {gjf# hg~x g c cfh ~ugp g x~ ajhoacx `fyfpakf~# frnfux gi xbf frufjhgxvpf mi ~vnb ivjh~# g~ jfnf~~apw

xm nmoucw {gxb a i gjac mphfp mi xbf Ifhfpac nmvpx ~w~xfo*^FN* 657* Jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ auupmupgaxfh gj xbg~ Anx oaw `f v~fhimp aho gjg~ x pa x gyf frufj~f~ xm n cm~f xb f Ifhfpac Gjimpoax gmj Nfjxfp


38/963

158 ^ X A X * 18 08 U V @ C G N C A [ 151/ 6 57 J M Y * 6 # 1775mi xbf Kpfjfpac ^fpygnf~ Ahogjg~xpax gmj cmnaxfh gj ^anpaofjxm#Nacgimpjga*^FN* 615* Jmjf mi xbf ivjh~ oahf ayagca`cf `w xbg~ Anx imp xbfHfuap xofjx mi xbf Xpfa~vpw oaw `f v~fh imp xbf uvpum~f mifc gogjax gjk ajw frg~ x gjk pfqvgpfofjx imp ~vpfx gf~ mj nv~xmo~ `mjh~*^FN* 611* Jmj f mi xb f ivjh~ o ahf a yagca`cf `w xbg~ A nx ~bacc `fayagca`cf imp ajw anxgygxw mp imp ualhjk xbf ~acapw mi a

STATUTE-104-3-2 -- Law Passed by USA to Force the Break-up of Yugoslavia

Documents